Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Investigation of novel ceramic materials (Al2O3 and SSiC) for high-pressure pumps delivery sections

Idzior Marek, Karpiuk Wojciech, Smolec Rafał

Combustion Engines

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2024

|

R. 63, nr 1

153--160

EN

In this paper, a comparative analysis of structural materials used in the construction of high-pressure pumps delivery sections was carried out. The focus was on a comparison of the ceramic materials such as corundum (alumina, Al2O3) and silicon carbide (solid-state sintered) - SSiC with bearing alloy steel 100Cr6, that is the most common material used to make pistons and cylinders of the delivery section of common rail injection pumps. Simulations performed using the finite element method have proven that ceramic materials have a number of advantages and could therefore be an interesting substitute for materials traditionally used in this area.

2

Analysis of the share of natural gas in the total fuel supply dose on the combustion process in a CRDI engine

Wierzbicki Sławomir, Boruta Grzegorz, Konieczny Łukasz, Łazarz Bogusław

Transport Problems

|

2022

|

T. 17, z. 1

141--150

EN

Natural gas is one of the potential combustion engine fuels whose proportion in the overall energy balance is expected to increase. Owing to some of its properties, its use requires a dual-fuel supply system; thus, the use of natural gas as a fuel for diesel engines is currently limited. Systems that supply gas fuel to diesel engines do not usually interfere with the engine control system. This solution significantly reduces system-installation costs. However, as demonstrated in the present study, it considerably changes the course of the combustion process, which increases thermal and mechanical loads. In this case, the combustion process can be controlled by changing the liquid fuel injection pressure or advancing the injection angle. This, however, requires interference with the engine control system.

3

Ecological aspects of using mixtures of canola oil with n-hexane in diesel engine

Longwic Rafał, Sander Przemysław, Tatarynow Dawid

Combustion Engines

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2022

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R. 61, nr 3

56--60

EN

The article discusses the results of research on the use of canola oil and canola oil with the addition of n-hexane in a compression-ignition engine. An engine with a Common Rail injection system was tested in real traffic conditions on the road and on a chassis dynamometer. The tested fuels were fed to the engine by an additional fuel supply system. An analysis of the effect of the addition of n-hexane on the emission of the main components of toxic exhaust gases was carried out. The proposed solution may contribute to extending the service life of currently used compression ignition engines due to the improvement of the ecological properties of this type of drive sources.

4

Method for testing modern common rail piezoelectric fuel injectors

Stoeck Tomasz

Combustion Engines

|

2021

|

R. 60, nr 3

31--36

EN

The paper presents the author's own method for testing piezoelectric common rail fuel injectors, which for many years were considered non-repairable components. This was mainly due to the lack of availability of spare parts and dedicated measuring equipment, enabling full diagnostics under test bench conditions. As a result, their workshop and laboratory servicing was very limited, as effective disassembly concerned basically only the plunger and barrel assembly (needle with nozzle) for selected reference models. The situation has now improved to such an extent that an author’s own regeneration procedure has been proposed with the replacement of the most important controls and actuators. The tests were carried out on the example of Siemens VDO Continental PCR 2.3 fuel injectors from one engine, listing the most important stages of this process, including the correction of fuel dosage and returns.

5

Unrepeatability of the Fuel Injection and Combustion Processes in the Diesel Engine Fuelled with Renewable Fuel

Lotko Wincenty

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

|

2020

|

Vol. 14, no 4

68--77

EN

Despite the fact that more than a hundred years have passed since the first design of the compression ignition (CI) engine appeared, its optimal design has not yet been achieved. It is still the subject of constant modernisation in order to meet the new expectations of users in terms of its dynamics, economy, and, in recent months, also ecology. The most effective fulfillment of these requirements is achieved through new solutions of the fuel supply system and electronic control of injection and combustion processes. The publication includes the test results obtained on the basis of two engines. One of them is the single-cylinder CI engine AVL5402, and the other one – a threecylinder CI engine AD3.152. The first one is equipped with the Common Rail fuel supply system, electronically controlled with the selenoid injector. The second engine has a CAV distributor fuel injection pump and traditional, mechanical controlled injectors. The paper demonstrates how these two different structural systems for supplying and controlling engine parameters affect the selected indicators of the injection and combustion process. The influence of diesel fuel (DF) and rapeseed oil (RO) feeding the engine in both different injection and control systems on the unrepeatibility of the injection pressure on the maximum combustion pressures in the engine cylinder and, consequently, non-uniformity of the crankshaft rotational movement of the engine were also pointed out. The continuation of the research in this area seems to be expedient. They can be supplemented with statistical models of these phenomena. The results obtained in this way could be helpful in optimising the design of power supply systems and engine combustion chambers.

6

Modelling of Dynamic Interactions in the Fuel Rail for the Aircraft Diesel Engine

Sochaczewski Rafał, Magryta Paweł

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

|

2020

|

Vol. 14, no 4

168--176

EN

The paper reports a computer model for simulating dynamic responses in fuel rail of aircraft diesel engine. The fuel system was designed for use in a two-stroke compression-ignition engine with opposite pistons. The methodology of building a fuel system model in the AVL Hydsim program and the results of simulation studies were presented. Determination of dynamic phenomena in the fuel rail required the construction of a model of the entire supply system. It is a common rail system with a three-section positive displacement pump and electromagnetic fuel injectors. The system is also equipped with a PID regulator to maintain the present pressure in the fuel rail. For the purposes of the research, two structures of the fuel rail were developed. They differ in dimensions, spacing of the outlet ports and location of the high-pressure connection. The research allowed determining the interactions between the geometry of the fuel rail and the supply method with the fuel pressure and injector mass flow rate. This will optimise the design of the fuel rail for the three-cylinder engine power supply system.

7

Analysis of the applicability of a common rail pump for an aircraft engine

Sochaczewski Rafał, Szlachetka Marcin, Wendeker Mirosław, Karpiński Paweł

Combustion Engines

|

2019

|

R. 58, nr 4

192--197

EN

The paper presents an analysis of the possibility of using a common rail pump to supply an aircraft compression-ignition engine. It is an engine with a two-stroke cycle, three cylinders, opposing pistons and 100 kW power. Its each combustion chamber is supply by one or two injectors controlled by electromagnetic valves. In order to assess the possibility of using a common rail pump, four high-pressure pumps were tested on a bench. They are piston pumps differing in the number and geometry of their pumping sections. The analysis included the pumping output, the torque on the pump drive shaft and the power needed to drive the pump. The weight and overall dimensions of the pump were also considered, including the arrangement of the pumping sections and the way the drive is transmitted. The research allowed to optimize the engine power supply system depending on fuel demand and the way the pump is mounted on the engine.

8

An experimental analysis of performance and exhaust emissions of a CRDI diesel engine operating on mixtures containing mineral and renewable components

Duda Kamil, Wierzbicki Sławomir, Mikulski Maciej

Combustion Engines

|

2019

|

R. 58, nr 4

27--31

EN

The manuscript presents a comparative analysis of the performance and emission characteristics of a compression ignition engine equipped with a Common Rail injection system. The engine is fueled with diesel-biodiesel mixtures containing 25% and 50% share (by volume) of renewable components. Conventional diesel is used as a reference. Turkey lard and rapeseed oil are used as raw materials and subjected to the single-stage transesterification process to obtain methyl esters. The experiments are performed on a medium-duty, turbocharged, inter-cooled, Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDI) diesel engine. This study concentrates on one engine speed of 1500 rpm, typical for gen-set applications, and mid-load range from 100 Nm to 200 Nm. The scope of measurements covers the analysis of exhaust gasses concentration and engine efficiency parameters. In addition, the in-cylinder pressure measurements are performed in order to provide insight into the differences in combustion characteristics between examined fuel mixtures. The study reveals that the addition of the renewable component to fuel mixture positively affects a number of examined performance parameters as well as de-creases the concentration of the examined toxic exhaust components, in the majority of cases.

9

Impact of changes in friction factor on the loading of the pumping section in a high pressure injection pump

Smolec R., Bor M., Idzior M., Karpiuk W., Borowczyk T.

Journal of Mechanical and Transport Engineering

|

2018

|

Vol. 70, No. 2

53--62

EN

The operational problems of currently manufactured high-pressure injection pumps are related to the use of fuels with inadequate lubricating properties. Even one-time use of fuel that does not meet the requirements assumed by the manufacturer may lead to irreversible changes in the structure of joints, which is tantamount to, among other things, change of the friction coefficient and attenuation in mobile nodes. This article presents and compares the results of dynamic simulation performed in the Autodesk Inventor Professional environment, in which the influence of changes of the friction coefficient value in the mobile nodes of pumps with cam drive and hypocycloid drive on loading of the pumping section was analyzed.

PL

Problemy eksploatacyjne dotyczące współcześnie produkowanych wysokociśnieniowych pomp wtryskowych związane są ze stosowaniem paliw o niedostatecznych właściwościach smarnych. Nawet jednorazowe zastosowanie paliwa niespełniającego założonych przez producenta wymagań może prowadzić do nieodwracalnych zmian w strukturze połączeń, co jest równoważne między innymi ze zmianą współczynnika tarcia i tłumienia w węzłach ruchowych. W artykule przedstawiono i porównano wyniki symulacji dynamicznej wykonanej w środowisku Autodesk Inventor Professional, w której przeanalizowano wpływ zmian wartości współczynnika tarcia w węzłach ruchowych pompy o napędzie krzywkowym oraz napędzie hipocykloidalnym na obciążenie sekcji tłoczącej.

10

Diagnostics of common rail components based on pressure curves in the fuel rail

Karczewski M., Koliński K.

Combustion Engines

|

2018

|

R. 57, nr 2

3--8

EN

Majority of modern diesel engines is fitted with common-rail (CR) fuel systems. In these systems, the injectors are supplied with fuel under high pressure from the fuel rail (accumulator). Dynamic changes of pressure in the fuel rail are caused by the phenomena occurring during the fuel injection into the cylinders and the fuel supply to the fuel rail through the high-pressure fuel pump. Any change in this process results in a change in the course of pressure in the fuel rail, which, upon mathematical processing of the fuel pressure signal, allows identification of the malfunction of the pump and the injectors. The paper presents a methodology of diagnosing of CR fuel injection system components based on the analysis of dynamic pressure changes in the fuel rail. In the performed investigations, the authors utilized LabView software and a μDAC data acquisition module recording the fuel pressure in the rail, the fuel injector control current and the signal from the camshaft position sensor. For the analysis of the obtained results, ‘FFT’ and ‘STFT’ were developed in order to detect inoperative injectors based on the curves of pressure in the fuel rail. The performed validation tests have confirmed the possibility of identification of malfunctions in the CR system based on the pressure curves in the fuel rail. The ‘FFT’ method provides more information related to the system itself and accurately shows the structure of the signal, while the ’STFT’ method presents the signal in such a way as to clearly identify the occurrence of the fuel injection. The advantage of the above methods is the accessibility to diagnostic parameters and their non-invasive nature.

11

Konstrukcja pompy o napędzie hipocykloidalnym w ujęciu zastosowania paliw trudnych

Bor M., Borowczyk T., Idzior M., Karpiuk W., Smolec R.

Prace Naukowe Politechniki Warszawskiej. Transport

|

2017

|

z. 118

7--16

PL

Nowoczesne pompy paliwa generują bardzo wysokie ciśnienia wtrysku, które przekładają się bezpośrednio na występowanie znacznych sił w układzie napędowym pompy smarowanym z wykorzystaniem przetłaczanego paliwa. Zmiana paliwa, a co za tym idzie zmiana jego właściwości fizyko-chemicznych, jest przyczyną wielu uszkodzeń w mechanizmach napędowych pomp typu krzywka-wałek mimośrodowy. Obecnie coraz większy udział w rynku paliw zyskują paliwa alternatywne, z których najbardziej popularnym paliwem są estry metylowe kwasów tłuszczowych oleju rzepakowego. Istnieją również inne paliwa, takie jak wykazująca dobry potencjał aplikacyjny suspensja węglowo-wodna (CWS), której wykorzystanie zostało szerzej opisane w niniejszej publikacji. W artykule została przedstawiona autorska idea zastosowania napędu hipocykloidalnego w konstrukcji pompy paliwa do silników o zapłonie samoczynnym. Konstrukcja ta charakteryzuje się między innymi nowatorskim rozwiązaniem układu napędowego tłoczków sekcji w stosunku do pomp tradycyjnych. Zaproponowano ponadto niezależny układ smarowania elementów ruchowych pompy. Te i inne cechy predysponują to rozwiązanie do zastosowania w pompie paliw alternatywnych w tym tzw. paliw trudnych.

EN

Modern fuel pumps generates very high injection pressures, which directly translate into significant forces in the fuel injection pump driving system. Changing the fuel and thus changing its physicochemical properties causes many damages in the eccentric cam-shaft drive. At present, an increasing share of the fuel market is derived from alternative fuels, of which the most popular fuel is the methyl esters of rapeseed oil fatty acids, while other fuels such as coal-water slurry are available. The article presents the idea of applying hypocycloid propulsion in the construction of a fuel pump for compression-ignition engines. This design is characterized by, among other things, a different solution of the drive of the pumping section compared to traditional pumps. An independent lubrication system for the pump movement components was also proposed. These and other features predispose this solution for use in an alternative fuel pump includingb the so-called difficult fuels.

12

The effectiveness of fault detection in common rail injectors examination methods

Kneba Z., Straszak P., Jakóbczyk K.

Combustion Engines

|

2017

|

R. 56, nr 3

49--56

EN

The article presents the effectiveness tests of fault detection in common rail injectors. 40 injectors with different wear levels were tested. Testing was made on two test benches of a completely different design. Research includes comparison of accuracy, reproducibility and testability to detect specific defects. A device was created for visualization of the fuel injector spraying steam.

13

Detection of damage to the power supply system of diesel engine under field conditions

Mazuruk P., Wojs M. K., Orliński P., Sikora M.

Combustion Engines

|

2017

|

R. 56, nr 3

159--163

EN

Fuel injection system damages is a major problem for internal combustion engines. Approximately 70% of the injection system malfunction is due to injector damages. Authors of the article tested an unique method of diagnosis injectors by using an acoustic emission. The acoustic emission signal (EA) is a phenomenon used in various field of technology and it is a wave generated in solid materials. The EA signal was measured during operation of damaged and undamaged injectors body in a few series, analized and verified in term of result obtain in response signals. The relationship between the acoustic emission signal and the injectors operating phases has been determined. On base of coefficient variation of the duration in the third phase the value of which increases substantially when the injectors are damaged were found in ranges of 45%. For correct working injectors value of coefficient variation were found in range from 21% to 37%.

14

Assessment of the potential of dimethyl ether as an alternative fuel for compression ignition engines

Smolec R., Idzior M., Karpiuk W., Kozak M.

Combustion Engines

|

2017

|

R. 56, nr 2

181--186

EN

The main problem that the automotive industry has been dealing with since the beginning of the XXI century is the need to reduce the exhaust emissions from piston combustion engines. Another, not at all less important problem is the depleting natural resources of crude oil. There are many concepts aiming at resolving of the said issues. One of them is the possibility of application of dimethyl ether (DME) in a classic engine. The paper characterizes this fuel, drawing attention to the aspects related to the adaptation of the engine to this type of fuel, presents the process of its atomization and relevant exhaust emissions.

15

Evaluation of the impact of temperature variations in selected fuels on their atomization in internal combustion engines with common rail injection systems

Karpiuk W., Idzior M., Smolec R., Bor M.

Journal of Mechanical and Transport Engineering

|

2016

|

Vol. 68, No. 4

17--26

EN

The first part of this paper presents an evaluation of the rheology of three fuel types for compression ignition engines, i.e. a conventional fuel grade and two biofuel grades, each with rapeseed oil. The analysis completed for this work has uncovered that a clear relationships exist between fuel temperature, density and viscosity. The second part of this paper is a determination of stream parameters of the analyzed fuels injected into a specially designed metering chamber via a common rail injection system. The third and last part of this paper is an evaluation of the microstructure of rapeseed stream by division of the stream into contours of different light reflectivity values corresponding to different fuel concentrations within the stream.

PL

W pierwszej części artykułu przedstawiono ocenę parametrów reologicznych trzech paliw stosowanych do zasilania silników o zapłonie samoczynnym – paliwa konwencjonalnego oraz dwóch rodzajów biopaliw rzepakowych. Przeprowadzona analiza uwidoczniła istnienie wyraźnych zależności pomiędzy temperaturami paliw a ich gęstościami i lepkościami. Druga część pracy obejmuje wyznaczenie parametrów strug analizowanych paliw wtryskiwanych do specjalnie w tym celu przygotowanej komory pomiarowej przy użyciu układu wtryskowego typu commonrail. Ostatni etap dotyczy oceny mikrostruktury strugi oleju rzepakowego poprzez jej podział uwzględniający warstwice o różnym stopniu odbicia światła tj. różnym stopniu nagromadzenia paliwa w strudze.

16

Analiza uszkodzeń pomp wysokiego ciśnienia układów zasilania common rail

Kurczyński Dariusz, Adrian Augustyn

TTS Technika Transportu Szynowego

|

2015

|

R. 22, nr 12

1986--1991, CD

PL

Tłokowe silniki spalinowe o zapłonie samoczynnym w ostatnich latach uległy intensywnemu rozwojowi. Rozwój ten był możliwy dzięki wprowadzeniu do stosowania zasobnikowych układów zasilania Common Rail. Układy te pozwalają spełnić rygorystyczne wymagania stawiane silnikom ZS. Ich prawidłowa praca w dużej mierze zależy od jakości paliwa. W artykule przedstawiono analizę uszkodzeń pomp wysokiego ciśnienia z układów zasilania Com-mon Rail różnych producentów i różnych konstrukcji. Przeprowadzona analiza wskazuje, że najczęściej występują-cą przyczyną uszkodzeń pomp wysokiego ciśnienia jest zużycie ścierne współpracujących elementów pojawiające się na skutek zanieczyszczeń mechanicznych zawartych w paliwie lub niewystarczających właściwości smarnych paliwa.

EN

Internal combustion, compression ignition, piston engines have been largely modified in recent years. The development of those engines was possible due to the introduction of the later generation fuel systems, espe-cially the Common Rail. The system allows meeting strict emissions legislation. The quality of fuel is critical to the correct operation of the system. The paper pre-sents the analysis of damages to high-pressure pumps in the Common Rail systems with different design and produced by different manufacturers. The analysis indi-cates that the most frequently, damages to common rail high-pressure pumps originate from abrasive wear of mating components, which results from mechanical impurities in the fuel or poor lubricating properties of the fuel.

17

Zastosowanie biopaliw w układach wtryskowych typu common rail

Karpiuk W., Smolec R.

Logistyka

|

2015

|

nr 3

2090--2101, CD 1

PL

Wraz z rozwojem motoryzacji pojawił się problem z kurczącymi się zasobami ropy naftowej. Spowodowało to dynamiczny rozwój badań nad paliwami alternatywnymi. W silnikach ZS największą popularność zdobyły estry metylowe kwasów tłuszczowych. Większość obecnie eksploatowanych silników o zapłonie samoczynnym wyposażona jest w generujące wysokie ciśnienia układy wtryskowe typu common rail. W celu zapewnienia odpowiednich parametrów aparatura ta optymalizowana jest do pracy z paliwem o ściśle określonych właściwościach. Stosowanie paliw nawet o lepszej smarności, ale nieznacznie różniącymi się innymi właściwościami wywoływać może niepożądane efekty w postaci wzrostu i zmiany rozkładu sił. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań przeprowadzonych na specjalnym mobilnym stanowisku badawczym wyposażonym w pompę wysokiego ciśnienia typu common rail napędzaną silnikiem elektrycznym. Wyniki badań pokazują, że istotny wpływ na zużycie elementów pompy ma wartość i rozkład sił powstających w układzie, a nie jak dotąd sądzono, wartość parametrów fizykochemicznych takich jak smarność.

EN

With the development of the automotive industry the problem with dwindling oil resources become more important. This increases the dynamics of the development of research into alternative fuels . The greatest popularity for supplying CI engines have gained by fatty acid methyl esters. Most of the currently used diesel engines equipped with generating high pressure injection systems common rail. In order to assure performance of this equipment is optimized to work with the fuel with specific properties. The use of fuel even better lubricity, but slightly different other properties may cause adverse effects in the form of growth and changes in the direction of forces. The article presents the results of research carried out on a special mobile bench equipped with a high pressure pump common rail driven by an electric motor. The results show that a significant impact on the amount of wear of the pump is set and the direction of forces arising in the system, and not, as previously thought, the physico-chemical parameters such as lubricity.

18

Eter dimetylowy jako nowoczesne paliwo alternatywne drugiej generacji do zasilania współczesnych silników o zapłonie samoczynnym

Idzior M., Karpiuk W., Smolec R.

Logistyka

|

2015

|

nr 3

1836--1845, CD 1

PL

Ograniczone zasoby ropy naftowej kreują potrzebę prowadzenia badania nad paliwami alternatywnymi służącymi do zasilania silników spalinowych. W przypadku silników o zapłonie samoczynnym paliwa alternatywne pierwszej generacji takie jak EMKOR tracą popularność, ze względu na wysoki koszt produkcji, nieznaczny wpływ na redukcję emisji związków szkodliwych, oraz problemy żywnościowe występujące w niektórych regionach świata. Coraz większą popularność zdobywają paliwa alternatywne drugiej generacji. Należą do niej m.in. paliwa syntetyczne takie jak omawiany eter dimetylowy. Dzięki właściwościom zbliżonym do oleju napędowego idealnie nadaje się do zasilania silników ZS. W artykule przedstawiono porównanie właściwości fizykochemicznych DME i ON, metody otrzymywania paliwa alternatywnego, aplikację do silników ZS oraz oddziaływanie na środowisko.

EN

Limited oil resources creates the need for research into alternative fuels using in CI engines. In the case of diesel engines first generation of alternative fuels such as FAME loses popularity, due to the high cost of production, a slight impact on the reduction of harmful emissions and food problems which occur in some regions of the world. Second-generation alternative fuels becomes more and more popular. These include the synthetic fuels such as dimethyl ether. Thanks to its similar to diesel properities, it is a good solution for powering diesel engines. Paper presents a comparison of the physicochemical properties of DME and diesel fuel, the method of obtaining an alternative fuel, the application to CI engines, and the impact on the environment by presenting the results of the test emissions in the exhaust gases.

19

Możliwości wykorzystania zjawiska stuku i zadymienia spalin do regulacji parametrów wtrysku układu common-rail

Różycki A.

Combustion Engines

|

2015

|

R. 54, nr 3

1046--1052

PL

W artykule opisano zjawiska związane z procesem spalania, które ograniczają osiągi i emisji silnika o ZS. Do głównych zaliczono zjawisko stuku i niecałkowitego spalania. Omówiono sposób optymalizacji parametrów wtrysku, który polegał na doborze kątów początku wtrysku dawki pilotującej i dawki głównej ON Dobór parametrów wtrysku uwzględniał wyżej wymienione zjawiska. Wyniki zostały przedstawione na bazie charakterystyk obciążeniowych jednostkowego zużycia paliwa, stężeń tlenków azotu i zadymienia spalin (współczynnika pochłaniania światła) oraz na charakterystykach prędkościowych momentu obrotowego i kąta wtrysku ON.

EN

The paper describes phenomena related to the combustion process that limit the performances and emission of a diesel engine. Knocking and incomplete combustion were taken into consideration as the most important parameters. The paper describes the way of injection parameters optimization consisting in a proper selection of the injection timing of the pilot and the main diesel oil doses. The results were presented on the basis of load characteristics of specific fuel consumption, nitrogen oxide emissions and smoke level (light absorption coefficient) as well as speed-torque and speed-injection timing curves.

20

Przegląd konstrukcji silników spalinowych stosowanych w pojazdach użytkowych sektora budowlanego w świetle wymagań europejskich norm emisji spalin EURO VI

Kruczyński S. W., Chrupek B., Wojs M. K.

Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Pojazdów / Politechnika Warszawska

|

2014

|

z. 1/97

119--130

PL

W artykule przedstawiono obowiązujące regulacje prawne odnośnie poziomu emisji substancji toksycznych z silników o zapłonie samoczynnym samochodów ciężarowych i autobusów. Przedstawiono technologie stosowane przez producentów tych pojazdów celem spełnienia coraz bardziej restrykcyjnych norm emisji spalin Euro VI, oraz wynikających z tego korzyści ekologicznych i ekonomicznych.

EN

The article presents the legal regulations regarding emissions of toxic substances from diesel engines of trucks and buses. The presented technologies are being used by manufacturers of these vehicles in order to meet increasingly restrictive emission Standards Euro VI, and the environmental and economic benefits which result from it.