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1

Respiratory Disorders - Measuring Method and Equipment

Nitkiewicz S., Barański R., Kukwa A., Zając A.

Metrology and Measurement Systems

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2018

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Vol. 25, nr 1

187--202

EN

Respiratory disorders can occur from birth and accompany us throughout life. Very relevant and timely diagnosis of dysfunction is very important. Many currently performed examinations are not sufficient and do not give a full view of the cause of the disorder. In this paper the authors give several methods and pieces of equipment to do so. Furthermore, the proposed solution enables precise quantification of individual breaths, as well as their entire series. In addition to the above mentioned equipment, the authors present an example of software that works with the adopted solution. The considerations are illustrated with an example, along with calculations made using the authors’ software.

2

Production of fuel blends from diesel oil and waste products

Ambrosewicz-Walacik M., Tańska M., Walacik M., Nitkiewicz S.

Combustion Engines

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2017

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R. 56, nr 4

255--258

EN

The aim of the study was to evaluate the physico-chemical parameters of the fuel blends consist of a diesel oil and waste products, such as a pyrolytic oil from car tires and a frying oil. The samples were characterized by the kinematic viscosity at 40°C, density at 15°C, acid value, sulphur content, temperature of flash point and temperature of cold filter plugging point. The obtained results indicated that the fraction of the pyrolysis oil due to the very low temperature of flash-point and high sulphur content is a difficult material to use in the biofuels sector. While the sulphur content of that material may be reduced by the desulphurisation, whereas the increasing temperature of flash point, which greatly influenced the low value of this parameter for the mixture, is problematic. What is more, a high degree of oxidation of the frying oil determined too low stability of the produced methyl esters, and thus the fuel blends.

3

The effect of the ultrasounds treatment on frying oils intended for biodiesel production

Ambrosewicz-Walacik M., Szostak P., Nitkiewicz S., Tańska M., Walacik M.

Journal of KONES

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2016

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Vol. 23, No. 3

19--24

EN

The aim of the study was to determine the ultrasounds treatment of frying oil on their properties important in order to biodiesel production. The research material was a frying oil, which prior to transesterification oil was treated with ultrasounds (37 kHz) during 15, 30 and 60 min. In next step, prepared samples were analysed in terms of fatty acid composition, acid value, FFA % and then subjected to alkali transesterification process. After producing methyl esters the yield of biodiesel was analysed with thin liquid chromatography technique (TLC), and then samples were characterized in terms of viscosity in 40 °C, density at 15 °C, acid value, sulphur content and flash point. The results showed that an ultrasonic treatment had a little impact on the fatty acid composition of the test samples. The yield of biodiesel was the higher the longer time of ultrasounds treatment were used. One the other hand, determined with thin liquid chromatography technique yield of biodiesel was the higher the longer time of ultrasounds treatment were used. What is more, the ultrasounds treatment of oil before transesterification process had no impact on viscosity, density and acid value of these samples, while flash point values and sulphur content were changed.

4

Possibility of use a small fraction of rape seeds for the production of biofuels for compression ignition engines

Tańska M., Ambrosewicz-Walacik M., Nitkiewicz S.

Journal of KONES

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2016

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Vol. 23, No. 1

391--395

EN

The aim of the study was to determine the possibility of using small seeds of rape (diameter <1.6 mm,) perceived as a raw material of inferior nutritional quality, for the biofuels production. Research material was samples of industrial mass of rapeseeds originating from three Polish regions. The seed mass was cleaned in a sieve separator, removing mineral matter (stones), cereal grains, stems and dusts. Then, the sample was sifted through a set of sieves and two fractions were received: seeds with diameter >1.6 mm – sample F1 and with diameter < 1.6 mm – sample F2. Each fraction was characterized by its share in bulk mass, moisture content, 1000 seeds weight, yield of pressing, fat content and phosphorus content. Cold-pressed oils were determined in terms of total and unhydrated phosphorus content, acid value and fatty acids content. Fractionation by weight rapeseeds with using an industrial sieve separation may provide a simple method for improving the technological value of the raw material used for food purposes, and thus obtain fine seed that could be intended exclusively for the production of technical oil. Despite the stated inferior quality of small seeds, it was found that the increased values of some discriminants would not have impact on the technology of biofuel production and cost of production.

5

Wpływ rodzaju i ilości odnawialnych źródeł energii na jakość alternatywnych paliw wykorzystywanych w silnikach o zapłonie samoczynnym

Ambrosewicz-Walacik M., Duda K., Nitkiewicz S.

Combustion Engines

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2015

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R. 54, nr 3

794--799

PL

Celem badań było określenie wpływu alkoholu etylowego i metylowego na jakość otrzymanych paliw alternatywnych. Materiał badań stanowiła próbka handlowego oleju rzepakowego, która posłużyła do przeprowadzenia procesu etanolizy i metanolizy. Otrzymane rzepakowe estry etylowe (REE) i metylowe (RME) przeanalizowano pod względem: zawartości wody, stopnia hydrolizy (liczba kwasowa i %WKT – (Wolnych Kwasów Tłuszczowych)), stabilności oksydacyjnej (test Rancimat) gęstości w temp. 15°C, lepkości w temp. 40°C, zawartości siarki oraz temperatury zapłonu. Następnie sporządzono mieszaniny RME i REE z ON w proporcjach 1:3, 1:1 i 3:1, dla których przeprowadzono ww. oznaczenia fizyko-chemiczne. Wykazano, że rodzaj użytego alkoholu (metylowy, etylowy) w niewielkim stopniu różnicował jakość otrzymanych estrów rzepakowych. Wartości większości badanych wskaźników jakościowych czystych RME i REE były zgodne z dopuszczalnymi w normie wartościami. Wyjątek wykazano natomiast w przypadku wartości liczby kasowej i %WKT, które przekraczały graniczną wartość 0.50 mg KOH/g oleju i 0.25 %WKT, oraz stabilności oksydacyjnej (>6,0 h). Podobną zależność wykazano także w przypadku mieszanin ON z REM i REE. Jakość otrzymanych mieszanin etylowych i metylowych estrów rzepakowych i ON była warunkowana wielkością udziału poszczególnych składników. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań stwierdzono, że sporządzone mieszaniny estrów rzepakowych i ON spełniały większość wymagań stawianych w normie PN-EN 14214, w związku z czym przypuszcza się, iż stanowiłyby one odpowiednie alternatywne paliwo do silników o ZS.

EN

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of ethyl and methyl alcohol on the quality of the alternative fuels. The research material was a sample of commercial rapeseed oil, which was used to carry out the ethanolysis and methanolysis processes. Received rapeseed ethyl (REE) and methyl (RME) esters were analyzed in terms of: the water content, the degree of hydrolysis (acid number and % FFA (Free Fatty Acid)), oxidative stability (Rancimat test), density at temp. of 15 ºC, viscosity at temp. of 40 ºC, sulfur content as well as the fuel flash point. A mixtures of REE and RME with ON were produced in the ratio 1:3, 1:1 and 3:1. Those samples were analyzed in terms of above physico-chemical determination. It has been shown that the kind of alcohol (methyl, ethyl) slightly differentiate the quality of the obtained esters of rapeseed oil. The values of most of the quality parameters of studied pure REE and RME were consistent with PN-EN 14214 standard. An exception has been shown in the case of the acid value and %FFA, which exceeded the limit value of 0.5 mg KOH/g and 0.25 %FFA, and oxidative stability (> 6.0 h). A similar relationship was also demonstrated in the case of mixtures of the REE, RME and ON. Quality of obtained fuel mixtures were determined by share of individual components. During the tests it has been shown that RME and ON mixtures meet requirements according to PN-EN 14214 standard, therefore are suitable as CI engines.

6

The demand analysis of the biogas plant with chp system on substrate, the aim to obtain required electrical and thermal power

Piętak A., Meus M., Nitkiewicz S.

Journal of KONES

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2012

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Vol. 19, No. 3

334-344

EN

Due to the ending resources of fossil fuels, as well as instability of the political situation on the world, especially in countries that are their main supplier, governments of poor countries in resources are forced to seek alternative sources of energy. Currently the most commonly used raw material to produce an electrical and thermal power in Poland are coal and lignite, However, in a result of an increase of their prices and an exacerbated by the EU of regulations about an emission of the greenhouse gas, emerged trends, that aim to transform the energy sector through the implementation of technologies based on alternative energy sources. The main focus is to put on renewable energy sources. The methodology, which is contained in this paper, presents a way to designation the demand of the biogas plant with CHP system on substrate of agricultural origin, the aim to obtain required electrical and thermal power. Moreover, the paper presents a simplified diagram of anaerobic fermentation, which is the basis of biogas production, as well as an illustrative diagram of a biogas plant with CHP system. In this paper also was mentioned the possibility of application biogas for transportation purposes.

7

Possibilities of applications of stirling engine in cogeneration systems

Boruta G., Drogosz P., Nitkiewicz S., Piętak A.

Journal of KONES

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2012

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Vol. 19, No. 2

67-75

EN

This study takes into account engines working in Stirling cycles in cogeneration systems. Stirling engines have been selected because of their characteristics of exploitation. The possibility of their use in cogeneration systems is more favourable in comparison with other combustion engines because they can avoid usage of industrial and transport fuels. The Stirling engines enable the use of biomass, agricultural and other waste energy sources in micro tri- and cogeneration plants dedicated for the use in agriculture and forestry. Considering such applications, three types of usage structures of Stirling engines are proposed. All three structures are dedicated to install in small residential or farm buildings. These three types of structure are named: “type master”, “type slave” and “type customer”. In accordance with the proposed structures, different types of engine constructions are discussed, too. At the same time, the authors described the dependences between Stirling engines and electric power energy systems. The arguments of grid power systems and dispersed energy resource in text were reviewed. After that overview, some legal problems are discussed. Finally, the conception of independent dispersed micro agropower system and some technical equipment were described. Technical realization of the proposed conception requires: proper type, installation and usage of Stirling engines and proper expectations of achieved results.

8

Uzdatnianie metanu pofermentacyjnego

Nitkiewicz S., Duda K.

Silniki Spalinowe

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2011

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R. 50, nr 3

PL

W artykule przedstawiono rolę biometanu jako paliwa odnawialnego. Warunkiem takiego rozwiązania jest dokładne oczyszczenie biogazu z substancji, które tworzą się w procesie beztlenowej fermentacji razem z metanem. Zawartość metanu w biogazie, który ma być wykorzystany w silnikach nie powinna być mniejsza niż 96%, stężenie pary wodnej powinno być mniejsze niż 15 mg/m3 i zawartość siarkowodoru nie może przekraczać 100 mg/m3, w gazie nie mogą też być obecne cząstki stałe większe niż 40 mikrometrów, które mogą powodować utrudnienia w eksploatacji silników. Aby osiągnąć tak wysokie stężenie metanu możemy stosować różne rozwiązania, które należy wybrać adekwatnie do zapotrzebowania w danym przypadku zwracając uwagę na koszt, który czasem powoduje wykluczenie danej metody pomimo bardzo wysokiej efektywności. Procesami, które należy przeprowadzić w celu uzdatnienia gazu są: odsiarczenie, usunięcie dwutlenku węgla, usunięcie pary wodnej. W tym artykule przedstawimy kilka sposobów, które w znaczny sposób polepszają właściwości fizyko-chemiczne pozyskanej mieszanki gazowej.

EN

The article presents the role of biomethane as a renewable fuel. The condition for such a solution is thoroughly cleaned biogas from substances that are formed in the process of anaerobic methane fermentation. The content of methane in the biogas, which is to be used in engines should not be less than 96%, the concentration of water vapor should be less than 15 mg/m3 and hydrogen sulphide content cannot exceed 100 mg/m3, the gas may not also be present any solid particles greater than 40 microns, which may cause difficulties in the operation of engines. To achieve such a high concentration of methane, we can apply different solutions to be selected adequately to the demand, paying attention at costs, which sometimes leads to the exclusion of the method even despite its very high efficiency. Processes to be carried out in order to purify methane are: desulfurization, removal of carbon dioxide, water vapor removal. In this article we will present some ways which significantly improve the physical and chemical properties extracted gas mixture.

9

The selection of stirling engines applied to cogeneration systems

Drogosz P., Nitkiewicz S., Piętak A.

Journal of KONES

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2011

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Vol. 18, No. 4

85-90

EN

The cogeneration systems of energy production are built and developed to achieve the highest economic and ecologic efficiency. These two aims can be realized by increasing energetic efficiency of transforming different sources of energy into technical systems and optimizing usage of own energy. These can be achieved by the usage of different equipment. The search for new constructions, structure and systems is still developing. This article describes the basic principles for use of Stirling engines in micro immobility cogeneration systems. This attempt is made because the Stirling engines seem to be a convenient equipment of optimizing usage of own energy in micro agropower plants. Especially we try to determine which type of the Stirling engine seems to be the best to fulfil the demands in practice. For this purpose a procedure of selection and adjustment of Stirling engines was formulated. In the described procedure many steps ought to be taken for correct choice of all technical arrangements. In this paper the following topics were considered: energetic demands of small houses, maximum instantaneous electric power, consumption of electric energy throughout a year, maximum instantaneous heating power, consumption of heat energy of the year, selection and choice of construction of Stirling engines, selection and choice of pressure of working gas.