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1

Waste disposal sites as sources of mercury in the atmosphere in the coastal zone of the Gulf of Gdańsk (southern Baltic Sea)

Falkowska L., Witkowska A., Bełdowska M., Lewandowska A.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2013

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Vol. 42, No. 1

99-109

EN

Elemental mercury re-emission into the air from an old burial ground in Gdańsk Letnica and from a modern landfill in Gdańsk Szadółki resulted in noticeably increased TGM concentrations from the urban background level of 1.9 ng m-3 to a maximum value of 164.4 ng m-3. Hgtot concentrations in the soil of the burial ground ranged from 37.3 to 4817.3 ng g-1 and in the surrounding water: from 22.0 to 55.0 ng dm-3. The highest Hg_tot concentrations in the modern landfill (Gdańsk Szadółki) were reported for the unsorted waste: 36.1 - 972.8 ng g-1. Laboratory experiments on the re-emission of Hg(0) into the air showed that emission from soil was stimulated by solar radiation and from the water – additionally by turbulent mixing.

2

Residue of chlorinated pesticides in fish caught in the Southern Baltic

Reindl A. R., Falkowska L., Szumiło E., Staniszewska M.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2013

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Vol. 42, No. 3

251--259

EN

The aim of this study was to estimate the residue of chlorinated pesticides in the edible fish caught in the Gulf of Gdańsk and in the Vistula Lagoon. The highest mean concentrations of total DDT were found in the muscles of salmon (331.45 ng g−1 lw.) and sabre carp (306.29 ng g−1 lw.) caught in the Vistula Lagoon, and in the muscles of cod (309.88 ng g−1 lw.) and herring (304.86 ng g−1 lw.) from the Gulf of Gdańsk. Moreover, it was discovered that the following were present in the muscles of fish: DDT metabolites (pp’-DDE and pp’-DDD isomers) as well as hexachlorobenzene and its metabolites and endrin, dieldrin, α-endosulfan isomers and methoxychlor. Pesticides concentrations were higher in the livers of fish than in the muscles, which proves that the removal of toxins from the fish systems dominates over their accumulation. Because no concentration limits for pesticides have been defined, consumer safety assessment of fish caught in the Southern Baltic and in the Vistula Lagoon is not possible. The authors, having observed an increase in heksachlorobenzen in fish tissues suggested the existence of contemporary sources of pesticides which introduce them into the coastal zone.

3

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the marine food web: herrings from the southern Baltic Sea (Clupea harengus) - penguins from the zoo (Spheniscus demersus)

Reindl A. R., Bolałek J., Falkowska L.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2013

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Vol. 42, No. 1

51-58

EN

The aim of this project was to study the fate of chemically persistent organochlorine xenobiotics in the marine link of the food web, between penguins and herrings (Clupea harengus), which are the only food for Spheniscus demersus from the Gdańsk Zoo. Concentrations of hexachlorobenzene (HCBz), pentachlorobenzene (PCBz), trichlorobenzene (TCBz) and the .- HCH isomer were determined in Baltic herrings, in muscles, fat and liver of penguins, unhatched eggs, contour feathers and guano. The highest concentrations of fungicides were observed for HCBz. Fungicides were not detected in the liver of penguins and herrings. The bioaccumulation factor (BAF) for fungicides reached the highest values in the penguin brain. The highest biomagnification factor (BMF) for PCBz was determined in the muscle tissue and for lindane – in liver. It was confirmed that detoxification of penguins occurred through deposition of fungicides and lindane in guano and through epithelial tissue and eggs.

4

Mercury in immature and adults Herring Gulls (Larus argentatus) wintering on the Gulf of Gdańsk area

Szumiło E., Szubska M., Meissner W., Bełdowska M., Falkowska L.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2013

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Vol. 42, No. 3

260--267

EN

This study presents total mercury concentrations (HgT) in selected tissues and organs (blood, muscles, liver, kidneys, feathers and claws) of the herring gull (Larus argentatus) in order to assess the environmental pollution in the coastal zone of the southern Baltic. Dead, frozen birds were collected in the vicinity of Wladysławowo between December 2009 and March 2010, an exceptionally severe winter — a total of 13 specimens; 6 adults (>4 years old) and 7 immature birds (≤4 years old). Mercury concentrations in all analyzed samples exceeded the detection limit. The lowest average concentration, at a level of 0.4 μg Hg g−1 (d.w.) was observed in the muscles of adult and immature gulls while the highest, at a level of 3.3 μg Hg g−1 (d.w), was determined in the contour of immature gulls. A significant linear correlation was found between mercury concentration in the blood and the concentration in the kidneys and liver, with the coefficients of determination at R2 = 0.87 and 0.86, respectively. This indicates that blood of birds, as a mercury carrier, may reflects the concentration of mercury in tissues and internal organs of birds and, in the case of kidneys and liver, may express long-term exposure to mercury in nourishment.

5

Mercury distribution in muscles and internal organs of the juvenile and adult Baltic cod (Gadus morrhua callarias Linnaeus, 1758)

Kwaśniak J., Falkowska L.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2012

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Vol. 41, No. 2

65-71

EN

Cod (Gadus marrhua L), a fish caught in the Baltic Sea, is very popular with consumers. Research on the distribution of mercury in cod tissues and organs was conducted on a group of adult (27) and juvenile (49) individuals in the years 2006-09. Total mercury concentration values in mature cod were always, on average, 1.7 times higher than those in juveniles. The highest HgT concentrations were found in the heart, while the lowest ones were found in the gills and gonads. The essential age-specific differences manifest in a relationship between the mercury concentration in fish muscles and brain. Mature individuals, i.e. of length >80 cm, accumulated Hg in muscles, most likely in an attempt to protect the nervous system from toxic exposure. In young individuals, more mercury was concentrated in the brain than in the muscles.. The distribution of HgT in organs as well as the low value of the [HgT]liver/[HgT]muscle ratio testify to relatively low-level mercury contamination in southern Baltic waters.

6

Nonylphenol and 4-tert-octylphenol in the Gulf of Gdansk coastal zone

Staniszewska M., Falkowska L.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2011

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Vol. 40, No.2

49-56

EN

The concentrations of nonylphenol and 4-tert-octylphenol were measured in surface waters in the Gulf of Gdansk coastal zone (summer 2010). The mean concentration in the samples of subsurface water were 34.49 ng dm-3 (nonylphenol) and 3.04 ng dm-3 (4-tert-octylphenol). The highest nonylphenol concentrations were detected in the samples of subsurface water collected from the Sea Boulevard (Gdynia) while the highest concentrations of 4-tert-octylphenol were found in the yacht harbor Marina Gdynia, and in the Kacza and Gizdebka rivers. A significant enrichment (13-45 times) of 4-tert-octylphenol was observed in the surface microlayer of water. These levels exceeded the predicted no effect concentration by 2-9 times.

7

The role of air masses on iron concentrations in wet atmospheric deposition over the urbanized coastal zone of the Gulf of Gdańsk

Falkowska L., Lewandowska A., Sikorowicz G., Bełdowska M., Madeja J.H.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2008

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Vol. 37, No.2

21-37

EN

This paper describes the role of air masses in transporting iron to the coastal zone of the Gulf of Gdansk. Fe(II) concentrations in rainfall were measured between 19th January and 30th November 2005 in Gdynia, during which time they varied from 0.74 žmol dm-3 to 97.45 žmol dm-3. The relationship between iron concentrations and precipitation amount, including during preceding rainless periods, was calculated. The effectiveness of washing iron out of the atmosphere is described by the exponential function of precipitation duration. Air masses arriving from west of the area transport terrigenous iron to the coastal zone of the Gulf of Gdańsk, while anthropogenic sources in Western Europe and Pomerania hardly affected the iron concentrations.

8

Chemometric exploration of sea water chemical component data sets with missing elements

Smoliński A., Falkowska L., Pryputniewicz D.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2008

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Vol. 37, No.3

49-62

EN

The results of the application of chemometric methods, such as principal component analysis (PCA) and its generalization for N-way data, the Tucker3 model, for the analysis of an environmental data set are presented. The analyzed data consists of concentration values of chemical compounds of organic matter, and their transformed products, in a short-term study of a sea water column measured at the Gdańsk Deep (.[fi]= 55°1’N, [lambda] = 19°10’E). The main goal of this paper is to present improved approaches for exploration of data sets with missing elements, based on the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm. The most common methods for dealing with missing data, generally consisting of setting the missing elements to zero or to mean values of the measured data, are often unacceptable as they destroy data correlations or influence interpretation of relationships between objects and variables. The EM algorithm may be built into different computational procedures used for exploratory analysis (i.e. EM/PCA or EM/TUCKER3).

9

Total gaseous mercury in the area of southern Baltic and in the coastal zone of the Gulf of Gdańsk during spring and autumn

Bełdowska M., Zawalich K., Falkowska L., Siudek P., Magulski R.

Environment Protection Engineering

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2008

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Vol. 34, nr 4

139-144

EN

Total gaseous mercury (TGM) concentration was measured over the offshore waters of the Gdańsk Deep during spring and autumn in the years 1999-2006. The results obtained were compared with TGM concentrations recorded at the same time in the air of the coastal zone of Gdynia and Sopot. Both offshore and in coastal zone, higher Hg(g) concentrations were measured in autumn than in spring. When analyzing mean Hg(g) concentrations in subsequent hours of the day, solar radiation effect on mercury level in the air was evident. Mercury levels in the air seemed to be controlled also by the presence of dissolved organic matter in the seawater, which is responsible for mercury complexation and for algae detoxification processes.

PL

Stężenie całkowitej gazowej rtęci (TGM) w powietrzu mierzono nad otwartym morzem w rejonie Głębi Gdańskiej wiosną i jesienią w latach 1999-2006. Wyniki porównano ze stężeniami TGM rejestrowanymi w tym samym czasie w strefie brzegowej nad Gdynią i Sopotem. Zarówno z dala od lądu, jak i w powietrzu strefy brzegowej Zatoki Gdańskiej zmierzone stężenia Hg(g) były wyższe wiosną niż jesienią. Analizując średnie stężenia Hg (g) w poszczególnych godzinach doby, nad Głębią Gdańską i na stacjach brzegowych zaobserwowano wyraźny wpływ natężenia radiacji słonecznej na poziom stężenia rtęci w powietrzu. Oprócz natężenia radiacji słonecznej ważnym czynnikiem, wpływającym na stężenie rtęci, była prawdopodobnie rozpuszczona materia organiczna, z którą należy łączyć kompleksowanie rtęci i detoksyfikację glonów.

10

Chosen anions and cations in the precipitation over the coastal zone of the Gulf of Gdańsk

Siudek P., Falkowska L., Lewandowska A., Pryputniewicz D., Bełdowska M., Gic P.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2006

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Vol. 35, No.1

39-53

EN

The study of the chemical composition of precipitation was carried out from November 2002 till October 2003, in the urbanized area of the Gulf of Gdańsk. About 88% of the collected samples showed acid value, and the average pH was 5.14. The highest acid values were found in summer when sulfates were the dominant ions. The highest concentrations of nitrates were noted between autumn and spring, and the precipitation pH was less acidic than in summer. The coastal station at the Gulf of Gdańsk was characterized by more effective neutralization of precipitation in the heating season as compared to the other urbanized areas. It was found that the neutralization process in the coastal zone was much more intense due to the sea salt particle presence in aerosols rather than in gaseous ammonia. The most intensive neutralization of precipitation was observed between late autumn and spring. In May, when offshore winds dominated, the values of neutralization coefficient (NF) for Na+ and NH_4+ were 1.3 and 0.2, respectively. It was evidenced that the specific combination of meteorological parameters (velocity and direction of wind, humidity and temperature of air) had a significant influence on the chemical composition of precipitation.

11

Airborne trace metals (Hg, Cd, Pb, Zn) of the coastal region, Gulf of Gdańsk

Bełdowska M., Falkowska L., Lewandowska A.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2006

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Vol. 35, No.2

159-169

EN

Concentrations of gaseous mercury and trace metals in aerosols (Hg ,Cd ,Pb, Zn) were measured at the Hel station during the summer season. Additionally, concentrations of Ti, V, Mn, Fe, Se, Rb, and Cu in aerosols were measured, as well as macroelement concentrations in aerosols and nitrogen compounds in the air. These results were then compared with results collected at the same time at coastal stations located in the southern Baltic: Preila, Hoburg and Kap Arkona. Observed concentrations of mercury, zinc, cadmium and lead in aerosols in the air of the coastal region of the Gulf of Gdańsk were much higher than those measured in the same season in a different region of the Southern Baltic Sea. They also were characterized by the highest standard deviation. Based on principal component analysis, three air masses were separated, which bear metals from marine, terrigenous and anthropogenic sources.

12

Influence of building activities and high-temperature processes on the concentration of gaseous mercury in air

Bełdowska M., Falkowska L., Siudek P., Otremba M.

Environment Protection Engineering

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2006

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Vol. 32, nr 3

31-38

EN

Total gaseous mercury (TGM) concentration in the air has been recorded continuously by means of an automated gaseous mercury analyzer GARDIS 3. In winter, when the reemission of gases from land and sea is restricted, the concentration of TGM increases several times as a result of building activities, such as: ground works, foundation building, and road asphalting. A similar increase in the TGM concentration has been observed in air masses flowing over exhaust fume emitters. The phenomena observed can affect the health of the inhabitants of Gdynia, workers and tourists, as the respiratory system is the main route for mercury to enter a human organism.

PL

Pomiary stężenia całkowitej gazowej rtęci (TGM) w powietrzu prowadzono w Gdyni z zastosowaniem automatycznego analizatora rtęci gazowej GARDIS 3. Zimą, gdy procesy reemsji gazów z powierzchni lądu i wody są ograniczone, obserwowano kilkukrotny wzrost stężenia TGM podczas prowadzonych działań remontowych i budowlanych takich jak: wykopy, powstawanie fundamentów, smołowanie, wylewanie asfaltu. Zmierzono również kilkunastokrotnie wyższe stężenie Hg(g) w masach powietrza przemieszczających się nad emiterami spalin. Ma to duże znaczenie zarówno dla pracowników, mieszkańców, jak i turystów, gdyż układ oddechowy jest główną i bezpośrednią drogą wnikania rtęci do organizmu człowieka.

13

The impact of solar radiation on changes in chlorophyll a concentration in the sea surface microlayer in the southern Baltic

Falkowska L., Pryputniewicz D., Magulski R., Dunajska D., Sikorowicz G., Kowacz M.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2005

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Vol. 34, No.3

109--123

EN

The potential effect of an increase in ultraviolet radiation on organic matter in the sea surface microlayer and subsurface bulk seawater was evaluated in spring during three sampling periods in 1997, 1998, and 2000. The phytoplankton concentration is high in the water of the southern Baltic during this period. The results of temporal changes in chlorophyll a, phaeopigments, and oxygen concentrations were taken into account. An inhibitory effect (expressed as a decline in chlorophyll a concentrations) on biological processes in the sea surface microlayer as well as in the subsurface layer occurred around noon and in the early afternoon. High levels of ultraviolet radiation intensified chlorophyll a reduction. The measurements conducted in the microlayer and the subsurface layer indicated the possibility of photodamage to phytoplankton under natural conditions when there is an excessive increase of UV-B radiation in comparison to PAR. A significant increase in the phaeophytin a concentration and a decrease in the chlorophyll a concentration was observed at noon when the UV-B/PAR ratio was high.

14

Stratification of particulate organic carbon and nitrogen in the Gdańsk Deep (southern Baltic Sea)

Burska D., Pryputniewicz D., Falkowska L.

Oceanologia

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2005

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No. 47 (2)

201-217

EN

Particulate organic carbon (POC) and nitrogen (PON) concentrations and fluxes were measured during an experiment in the Gdańsk Deep in late spring (30.05.-06.06.2001). The vertical POC and PON concentration profiles were characterised by the highest values in the euphotic layer, a gradual decrease with depth, and an increase below the halocline. The hydrophysical conditions had a decisive impact on POC and PON fluxes in the water column. Preferential removal of nitrogen from suspended mater was observed in the entire water column (maximum - in the vicinity of thermocline). There were also differences in the diurnal effectiveness of nitrogen removal as compared to carbon removal. The removal rate was highest at night.

15

Diurnal variations in nitrogen, phosphorus and iron compounds in the southern Baltic Sea

Sikorowicz G., Falkowska L., Burska D., Dunajska D., Pryputniewicz D., Magulski R., Lewandowska A.

Oceanologia

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2005

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No. 47 (2)

243-263

EN

In order to assess their short-term variability, nutrient concentrations were measured at standard depths at 2 h intervals in the deepest region of the Gdańsk Deep during the first ten days of June 2001. The mean concentrations of nutrients in the euphotic zone were: NN (NO_2-, NO_3-, NH_4+) - 1.93 žmol dm^-3, PO_4^3- - 0.12 žmol dm^-3 and Fetot - 0.11 žmol dm^-3. During daylight hours, when the rate of assimilation was fastest, concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus and iron compounds were very low. The phosphate concentration fell to a minimum (0.03 žmol dm^-3) between 04:00 and 10:00 hrs, while total iron dropped to 0.01 žmol dm^-3 between 10:00 and 16:00 hrs. Both levels were below the limiting values for phosphorus and iron. At night, concentrations of NO_3- and PO_4^3- rose by 25%, those of NH_4+ and Fetot by 35%. The mean molar ratios of N_N:PO_4^3- and Fetot:PO_4^3- in the surface layer were subject to significant daily fluctuations. The molar N_N:PO_4^3- ratio was higher than the optimum value established for the Baltic Sea. Below the halocline, the concentrations of dissolved iron and phosphorus rose as a result of diffusion from sediments in response to changing redox conditions.

16

Transfer of chemical substances through the marine water - atmosphere boundary layer

Falkowska L., Lewandowska A., Magoński J.

Archiwum Ochrony Środowiska

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2005

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Vol. 31, no. 3

5--14

EN

The processes occurring at the marine water - atmosphere boundary layer and involving selected important components of our environment are discussed. Special attention is focused on the specific role of the marine water surface microlayer in transfer of those components, properties of aerosols, fundamental question of CO2 absorption/desorption balance and environmental conditions enabling rc-cmission of mercury from marine water into the atmosphere. Simple laboratory experiments on CO2 absorption from atmosphere and desorption of CO2 from marine water arc shown as an initial point for any wider discussion on the global carbon budget. The emission of mercury to the atmosphere is considered to be promoted by the solar radiation. Under strong solar radiation the ability of organic matter to reduce these ions is enhanced thus making the emission more effective. The phenomenon observed seems to be confirmed by the analysis of the data for months of low and high radiation intensity. A significant role of atmospheric iron in eutophication of southern Baltic is emphasized. Concentration of this clement in dry and wet deposition is, however, too low to prevent limitation of phytoplankton growth in marine water.

PL

Praca prezentuje wyniki badań i główne hipotezy naukowe skupione wokół procesów występujących na granicy wody i atmosfery. Główny nacisk położono na określenie roli mikrowarstwy powierzchniowej morza w przenoszeniu substancji chemicznych w postaci gazów i aerozoli pomiędzy oboma ośrodkami. W wyniku badań pojawiły się fundamentalne pytania o zachwianą równowagę pomiędzy absorpcją i desorpcją CO2 na granicy warstw oraz rc-cmisję rtęci Hg(0) z wody do atmosfery. Eksperymenty laboratoryjne nad absorpcją CO, z atmosfery i desorpcją CO2 z wody morskiej stały się ważną przesłanką do szerokiej dyskusji naukowej o globalnym budżecie węgla. Re-emisja rtęci do atmosfery to problem przejawiający się silnym oddziaływaniem radiacji słonecznej i zdolności materii organicznej do redukcji jonów Hg(II). Problem efektywnej re-emisji rtęci do atmosfery został zaprezentowany jako złożony zespół uwarunkowań dynamicznych, fotochemicznych i biologicznych w transformacji Hg(II) do Hg(0). Rola żelaza atmosferycznego rozpatrywana jest na tle eutrofizacji wód powierzchniowych południowego Bałtyku. Depozycja tego elementu w aerozolach i w opadach deszczy jest prawdopodobnie zbyt mała, aby stymulować rozwój fitoplanktonu i wzmagać poziom troficzności morza.

17

Anthropogenic aerosols over the coastal zone of the Gdańsk Basin

Lewandowska A., Falkowska L.

Archiwum Ochrony Środowiska

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2005

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Vol. 31, no. 3

15--24

EN

Concentrations of ionic components of aerosols and gaseous components of air in the coastal zone of the Southern Baltic were determined. In aerosols over the seawater sulphates of marine origin were always found, however, they were not related to the marine salt. Their role as condensation nuclei in clouds is emphasized with the particular focus on scatter of solar radiation behind the atmosphere. In May 2003, in the atmosphere over Gdynia, no ammonium sulphate was detected and ammonium nitrate was found to be responsible for the reflection of the solar radiation. At the same time when aerosols over the Gulf of Gdańsk were poor with ammonium nitrate the backscatter of light was made essentially by ammonium sulphate. Because of high Rh of the air over both stations aerosol was likely to be supersaturated with water vapor. Both ammonium salts were, in turn, observed over Sopot in August with the NH4NO3 / (NH4),2SO4 ratio equal to 1:3. The relative air humidity was above crystallization point. The aerosol was wet and considered to be responsible for the backscattering of the solar radiation.

PL

W strefie brzegowej południowego Bałtyku i nad otwartym morzem zmierzono stężenia jonowych składników aerozoli oraz gazowych składników powietrza. W atmosferze nadmorskiej w aerozolach obecne były zawsze siarczany morskiego pochodzenia, niezwiązane z solą morską (nssSO4), które jako jądra kondensacji w chmurach odbijają promieniowanie słoneczne poza atmosferę. W maju 2003 w atmosferze nad Gdynią nic obserwowano siarczanu amonu w aerozolach, a za odbijanie światła odpowiedzialny był azotan amonu. W tym samym czasie, gdy w aerozolach nad Głębią Gdańską nie było azotanu amonu rolę tę pełnił siarczan amonu. Ze względu na wysoką wilgotność powietrza nad obiema stacjami aerozol był przesycony parą wodną. Nad Sopotem, w sierpniu 2003 roku obserwowano obie sole amonowe, a stosunek NH4NO3 / (NH4),2SO4 wynosił 1:3. Wilgotność względna powietrza atmosferycznego była wówczas powyżej punktu krystalizacji, aerozol był "mokry" i odpowiadał za odbijanie promieniowania słonecznego.

18

Short-term fluctuations of chlorophyll α fluorescence versus diurnal variations of solar radiation in the surface water of the Gdańsk Basin

Magulski R., Falkowska L., Dunajska D., Pryputniewicz D., Sikorowicz G.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2004

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Vol. 33, No. 3

57--68

EN

Measurements of chlorophyll α fluorescence accompanied by solar radiation measurements were carried out during two spring cruises in the region of the Gdańsk Basin. Chlorophyll α fluorescence, similarly to that of chlorophyll a concentration in the seawater, showed considerable diurnal variability. The measurements provided statistically significant negative correlation coefficients that indicated that chlorophyll α fluorescence is inhibited as solar PAR and UV radiation intensity increases. The approximate range of radiation intensity that corresponded to a clearly marked decline in chlorophyll α fluorescence and chlorophyll α concentration was determined. It was revealed that the decline in chlorophyll a concentration in the surface water layer resulted from the photodegradation of chlorophyll α as well as phytoplankton grazing. In both cases, the resulting observation was an increase of pheophytine a concentration. The vertical migration of phytoplankton was identified as an additional process induced by high radiation levels.

19

Sulphates in particles of different sizes in the marine boundary layer over the southern Baltic Sea

Falkowska L., Lewandowska A.

Oceanologia

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2004

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No. 46 (2)

201-215

EN

Concentrations of sulphate ions and particle size distributions were measured in the marine boundary layer using a ten-cascade Berner impactor at Hel between December 1997 and March 1998, and with a filter pack in Gdynia from February to May 2001. In the marine boundary layer over the Hel Peninsula the presence of natural sea-salt and non-sea-salt sulphate ions (nssSO42-) was confirmed in the aerosols. The nssSO4 were present in all size ranges only in December 1997 and in the first half of January 1998, making up an average of 83.7 š 2.4% of the total sulphate content. In the other winter months, nssSO42- were recorded only in aerosols of diameters from 0.4 to 1.5 žm, and their average contribution dropped by over 20%. The extended growing season in the Southern Baltic resulted in the formation of fine particles that appeared in the marine boundary layer in early winter. At that time the proportion of nssSO42- in ultra-fine particles ranged from 75.7% to 100%. The concentration of nssSO42-, which varied from 0.8 to 2.3 nmol m-3 in particles < 0.4 žm in size probably constituted the natural background aerosol population in the relatively clean coastal environment of the Southern Baltic Sea. In the coastal urbanised area of Gdynia, the sulphate concentration in aerosols was higher than at Hel (av. 75.3 nmol m-3) but the proportion of nssSO4 was low, of the order of 24%. Sea salt was then the dominant source of sulphate.

20

Ammonia and ammonium over the southern Baltic Sea. Part 2. The origin of ammonia and ammonium over two coastal stations : Gdynia and Hel

Lewandowska A., Falkowska L., Bełdowska M.

Oceanologia

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2004

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No. 46 (2)

185-200

EN

Ammonia concentrations in aerosols and ammonium concentrations in the air were measured in the coastal zone of the southern Baltic Sea. The main study area was the Hel Peninsula, where measurements were carried out from December 1997 to March 1998. There was a second such area in Gdynia, where the first measurement period extended from May to December 2000, and the second one lasted from February to May 2001. At the same time, chloride, sulphate and sodium concentrations in the aerosols were determined; meteorological parameters were also measured. Aerosol samples were collected with a filter pack, and the gaseous phase species were collected on denuders. At both stations, the ammonium concentration in aerosols was at least one order of magnitude higher than that of the ammonia in the air samples. It was found that the marine boundary layer always contained ammonium chloride and ammonium sulphate. The presence of ammonium nitrate was detected only when winds were slight and was attributed to local anthropogenic sources. The ammonia concentration related to nitrate increased with rising air humidity and a falling temperature. The contribution of marigenic ions in aerosols was noted at onshore wind of speeds >3.5 m s-1. In winter as in summer, conditions occurred facilitating light backscattering by a "wet" aerosol, which contained ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulphate in proportions of 2.5:1 and 1:1.