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Composition, features, problems, and treatment related to cooling fluid - a review

Stajuda Łukasz, Levchenko Dmytro, Kubiak Przemysław, Siczek Kamil, Bogusławski Grzegorz, Kuchar Maciej, Woźniak Marek, Szymczyk Mateusz, Ozuna Gustavo, Siczek Krzysztof

Combustion Engines

2024

R. 63, nr 1

106--125

Vehicle coolant is one of the most important operating fluids. Along with changes in the design of engines, the composition of the coolant has also changed. The main function of the coolant is heat transfer (HT). It absorbs up to one-third of the heat energy generated by the engine. The coolant is also responsible for protecting the cooling system from damage caused by corrosion, scaling and deposits. The unfavorable working environment of the engine is also affected by smaller capacities of the cooling systems (CSs) of the drive units, extreme temperatures and increased pressure in the CS, enhancing the importance of the fluid composition. The coolant must be replaced every three years or 100,000 kilometers or every five years or 250,000 kilometers with the Organic Acid Technology (OAT). It is worth remembering that coolant of unknown composition or low quality used for a long time can expose the system to engine overheating, corrosion, deposits and restriction of liquid flow. This can lead to engine failure, in extreme cases even engine seizure. Currently, many types of fluids, including nanocoolants with different compositions, are available on the cooling market. The article presents these fluids, describe the most common failures of CSs, present the currently used methods of fluid replacement in the engine and proposes an innovative method based on the pressure method, which allows both replacing the fluid in the entire system and cleaning it.

Study on the friction coefficient between eggshells and powders with various chosen surfaces

Wozniak Marek, Kuchar Maciej, Zakrzewski Sergiusz, Siczek Krzysztof, Obraniak Andrzej, Rylski Adam, Kubiak Przemyslaw

Technologia i Jakość Wyrobów

2023

R. 68

111--151

Transport of fresh or powdered chicken eggs uses conveyors with elements made of steel or plastics, and surfaces often coated by Teflon. Various forms of eggs contact with said surfaces and are subject to friction processes between them. The frictional resistances cause a load on the devices driving the conveyors and a local and temporary increase in temperature in the contact zones and allow the abrasive wear of both the surfaces of the conveyors, packages and the eggshells themselves. This study aimed to determine such the coefficient of friction and wear intensity at various contacts. The friction and wear tests were conducted on two tribotesters and the results are shown in the article.

Transport świeżych lub sproszkowanych jaj kurzych wykorzystuje przenośniki z elementami wykonanymi ze stali lub tworzyw sztucznych, a powierzchnie często pokryte teflonem. Różne formy jaj stykają się ze wspomnianymi powierzchniami i podlegają procesom tarcia między nimi. Opory tarcia powodują obciążenie urządzeń napędzających przenośniki oraz lokalny i tymczasowy wzrost temperatury w strefach styku i pozwala na zużycie ścierne powierzchni przenośników, pakietów i samych skorupek jaj. Badanie to miało na celu określenie takiego współczynnika tarcia i intensywności zużycia w różnych stykach. Testy tarcia i zużycia przeprowadzono na dwóch tribotesterach, a wyniki pokazano w artykule.

Impact of Whip Roller Parameters on Warp Dynamic Loads for 3D Fabrics Made on a Four-Comb Warp-Knitting Machine

Michalak Andrzej, Kuchar Maciej, Mikołajczyk Zbigniew

Autex Research Journal

2020

Vol. 20, no. 1

73--77

The most advantageous geometry of the warp feeding system was determined from the viewpoint of compensating temporary changes in the warp length during the technological cycle of a four-comb warp-knitting machine. Dynamic simulations of the feeding system were carried out for 3 different lengths of the shift of the slider with a guide bar – designating variants (series) of the cross-sectional sizes of the 3D knitted fabrics. The courses of instantaneous warp tensions during the operating cycle of the warp-knitting machine were presented. Limit dynamic loads of the warp were determined and presented as a function of natural frequency of the whip roller. Based on the criterion of the smallest dynamic loads of the warp, the optimum natural frequencies of the whip roller were determined. In the analyzed range of the whip roller parameters, they are 3–6 times greater than the operation frequency of the warp-knitting machine.