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1

The use of renewable energy in the form of methane via electrolytic hydrogen generation

Hashimoto K., Kumagai N., Izumiya K., Takano H., Żabiński P. R., El-Moneim A. A., Yamasaki M., Kato Z., Akiyama E., Habazaki H.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2013

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Vol. 58, iss. 1

231-239

EN

Extrapolation of world energy consumption from 1990 to 2010 indicates the complete exhaustion of world reserves of oil, natural gas, uranium and coal by 2040, 2043, 2046 and 2053, respectively. For the survival of all people in the whole world, intermittent and fluctuating electricity generated from renewable energy should be supplied in the form of usable fuel to all people in the whole world. We have been working on research and development of global carbon dioxide recycling for the use of renewable energy in the form of methane via electrolytic hydrogen generation using carbon dioxide as the feedstock. We created energy-saving cathodes for hydrogen production, anodes for oxygen evolution without chlorine formation in seawater electrolysis, and catalysts for methanation of carbon dioxide and built pilot plants of industrial scale. Recent advances in materials are described. Industrial applications are in progress.

PL

Ekstrapolacja światowego zużycia energii z lat 1990-2010 wskazuje, że całkowite wyczerpanie światowych zasobów ropy naftowej nastąpi w 2040 roku, gazu ziemnego w 2043 roku, uranu w 2046 roku a węgla w 2053 roku. Dla przetrwania ludzkości na całym świecie energia elektryczna powinna być generowana z odnawialnego zródła w formie paliwa dostępnego dla kazdego. Opracowano technologie globalnego recyklingu dwutlenku wegla i zastosowania metanu jako formy odnawialnej energii generowanej poprzez uwodornienie CO2 wodorem produkowanym podczas elektrolizy wody morskiej. Opracowano energooszczedne katody do produkcji wodoru, anody do produkcji tlenu bez towarzyszącej temu emisji gazowego chloru podczas elektrolizy wody morskiej oraz katalizatory stosowane w procesie uwodornienia dwutlenku węgla. Wybudowano również pilotażowa instalacje w skali przemysłowej. Praca opisuje ostatnie postępy w industrializacji procesu.

2

New technologies for decontamination of radioactive substances scattered by nuclear accident

Nishizaki Y., Miyamae H., Ichikawa S., Izumiya K., Takano T., Kumagai N., Hashimoto K.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2013

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Vol. 58, iss. 1

283-290

EN

Our effort for decontamination of radioactive cesium scattered widely by nuclear accident in March 2011 in Fukushima, Japan has been described. Radioactive cesium scattered widely in Japan has been accumulating in arc or plasma molten-solidified ash in waste incinerating facilities up to 90,000 Bq/kg of the radioactive waste. Water rinsing of the ash resulted in dissolution of cesium ions together with high concentrations of potassium and sodium ions. Although potassium inhibits the adsorption of cesium on zeolite, we succeeded to precipitate cesium by in-situ formation of ferric ferrocyanide and iron rust in the radioactive filtrate after rinsing of the radioactive ash with water. Because the regulation of no preservation of any kind of cyanide substances, cesium was separated from the precipitate consisting of cesium-captured ferric ferrocyanide and ferric hydroxide in diluted NaOH solution and subsequent filtration gave rise to the potassium-free radioactive filtrate. Cesium was captured by zeolite from the potassium-free radioactive filtrate. The amount of this final radioactive waste of zeolite was significantly lower than that of the arc-molten-solidified ash.

PL

Opisano wysiłki podjęte po awarii nuklearnej w marcu 2011 w Fukushimie, Japonia. Radioaktywny cez rozproszony na znacznym obszarze Japonii jest akumulowany do poziomu 90,000 Bq/kg w spalarniach śmieci w procesie stapiania w łuku plazmy radioaktywnych śmieci. Przemywanie wodą popiołów powoduje wymywanie radioaktywnego cezu wraz ze znacznymi ilościami potasu i sodu. Ponieważ potas inhibituje adsorpcję cezu na zeolitach, udało się stracić cez w postaci kompleksu z żelazo żelazicyjankiem oraz tlenków żelaza w przesączu po przemywaniu radioaktywnego popiołu. Ustawodawstwo zakazuje przechowywania jakiejkolwiek substancji zawierającej grupę cyjanową, dlatego otrzymany osad rozpuszczono stosując rozcieńczony NaOH. Ponowna filtracja doprowadziła do uzyskania radioaktywnego przesączu nie zawierającego jonów potasu. Następnie radioaktywny cez został zaadsorbowany na zeolitach. Końcowa ilość radioaktywnych zeolitów była znacząco mniejsza od popiołów.

3

Estimation of next human action and its timing based on the human action model considering time series information of the situation

Hashimoto K., Doki K., Doki S.

Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing Research

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2012

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Vol. 2, No. 3

223--233

EN

In order to realize a system that supports human actions timely, the system must have a certain model of human actions. Therefore, we propose a modeling method of human actions. In this method, it is supposed that a person changes his action according to the situation around him, and the causality between the situation around a person and the change of a human action is modeled. This causality is expressed by an If-then-Rule style where a human action and the situation around a human are expressed by a discrete event and time series data respectively. Moreover, as the necessary function for human support systems, an estimation method of the next human action and its execution timing is consisted based on the proposed modeling method. The usefulness of the proposed modeling and estimation methods is examined through the estimation experiment of next human action and its execution timing with a radio-controlled vehicle.

4

Development of a fatigue testing machine to study crack initiation and propagation in high carbon high strength steel during rolling contact

Rozwadowska J., Kida K., Santos E.C., Honda T., Kanemasu K., Hashimoto K.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Mechanika / Politechnika Opolska

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2011

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z. 99

46-48

EN

An innovative type of one-point rolling contact fatigue (RCF) machine was developed to investigate crack initiation and propagation in metals. The microstructural changes and propagation of subsurface cracks during rolling contact in specimens tested by using the new device were studied by laser confocal microscope and X-ray diffraction. It was shown that this new method presents several important advantages compared to the conventional thrust type RCF machines.

5

A new type of dielectric bolometer mode of infrared detector using ferroelectricn thin film capacitors for uncooled focal plane array

Noda M., Hashimoto K., Kubo R., Tanaka H., Mukaigawa T., Xu H., Okuyama M.

Opto-Electronics Review

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1999

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Vol. 7, No. 4

313-320

EN

We have developed a new type of detector pixel circuit operated in an infrared image sensor of dielectric bolometer mode. The detector pixel consists of capacitors of ferroelectric thin film, whose dielectricc constant changes drastically with temperature. After comparing a few kind of ferroelectric materials such as Ba₁₋xSrxTiO₃ (BST) and La modified Sr₁₋xBaxNb₂O₆ (SBN) among each other, the BST is selected as the ferroelectric film in the structure of the detector. Our proposed circuit is a serially connected capacitor-capacitor, where one capacitor is composed of a BST ferroelectric thin film irradiated by infrared light and the other is nonirradiated one. BST film has been prepared on Si membrane structure by pulsed laser deposition method (PLD). Dielectric constant of the BST film, which is about 450 at 25°C, changes by about 1 to 10% K⁻¹ at ambient temperature. As a result of on-board evaluation of the assembled circuit with a source-follower output, the output level is about 40 mV when a relative capacitance change in the capacitor is about 3%. On the other hand, in PSPICE circuit simulations, the output level is about 25 mV when a relative capacitance change in the capacitor of about 100 pF is 1%. The simulated relationship between the output voltage of the assembled circuit and capacitance change of the BST film agrees well with that in the experimental results. It is considered that the circuit has enough output signal level for input of conventional operational amplifier. Voltage responsivity Rv, and specific detectivity D* estimated from temperature change of dielectric constant are 50 kVW⁻¹ and 6.5 x 10⁹ cmHz¹/² W⁻¹, respectively, which means high-sensitivity compared to the other type of IR sensors. The pixel structure also shows a simple configuration, and then is very effective in reducing their pixel size and then increasing the pixel density.