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1

The effect of diffuse component of solar radiation on the performance of photovoltaic modules

Żdanowicz T., Rodziewicz T.

Elektronika : konstrukcje, technologie, zastosowania

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2006

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Vol. 47, nr 12

21-24

EN

In the paper the effect of solar spectrum with special special emphasis on diffuse component on the performance of PV modules is presented. Performance of the PV modules based on different semiconductor absorbers has been compared during clear sunny and cloudy summer days, respectively. The effect of the module's tilt angle on the amount of the diffuse component incident on its surface estimated with use of specialized PC programs as Solar Spectrum or SMARTS2 has been shown as well. The solar spectra corresponding to various weather conditions have been estimated.

PL

Przedstawiono wpływ rozkładu widma promieniowania słonecznego ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem zawartości składowej rozproszonej na parametry elektryczne modułów fotowoltaicznych (PV) wykonanych w różnych technologiach. Przedstawiono zależność niektórych parametrów modułów PV od zastosowanego absorbera półprzewodnikowego w czasie pracy podczas letnich dni słonecznych bądź pochmurnych. Dokonano analizy wpływu nachylenia powierzchni ekspozycji modułów na zawartość składowej rozproszonej, a przez to również na ich teoretyczną sprawność. Widma promieniowania odpowiadające określonym warunkom pogodowym symulowane były z wykorzystaniem oprogramowania Solar Spectrum oraz SMARTS2.

2

Applicability of equivalent diode models to modeling various thin-film photovoltaic (PV) modules in a wide range of temperature and irradiance conditions

Prorok M., Werner B., Żdanowicz T.

Electron Technology : Internet Journal

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2005/2006

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Vol. 37/38, nr 6

1-4

EN

In the paper results of fitting of current-voltage (I-V) curves acquired in a wide range of irradiances and temperatures with use of equivalent either single (SEM) or double (DEM) diode model as applied to several commercial thin-film photovoltaic (PV) modules are presented. It is shown that like in case of crystalline silicon PV modules also for CIGS (CuInGaSe2) as well as CdTe thin-film modules both models may be reliably applied whereas in case a-Si (amorphous silicon), whether it is single or multi-junction structure, obtained results can not be accepted as being credible.

3

Effect of air mass factor on the performance of different type of PV modules

Żdanowicz T., Rodziewicz T., Ząbkowska-Wacławek M.

Opto-Electronics Review

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2004

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Vol. 12, No. 1

69-73

EN

The paper presents the results of the outdoor performance tests made on several types of commercial PV modules. These were both single crystal and multicrystalline Si modules as well as thin-film CIS and two amorphous Si devices-single junction, marked as SJ, and triple junction, marked as TJ, respectively. Special emphasis has been put on the effects related to actual solar spectrum and meteorological parameters like air humidity and ambient temperature that may influence it. Besides short term changes that could be observed during a single day, also the results collected for more than one year of monitoring are presented. Additionally, the results of some theoretical calculations supplementing the experimental data are given. Performance of thin-film CIS module and both a-Si modules after well visible period of degradation seems to be more affected by weather and climatic conditions than the modules made of crystalline Si cells.

4

Advanced system for calibration and characterization of solar cells

Granek F., Żdanowicz T.

Opto-Electronics Review

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2004

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Vol. 12, No. 1

57--67

EN

This paper presents high performance setup developed at the SolarLab to measure current-voltage (I–V) curves of solar cells. The core of a setup is a steady light solar simulator of class A, according to specifications of IEC 60904-9 and ASTM E927 standards. Available range of measurements enables us to characterise not only all kinds of silicon wafer-based solar cells but also thin film cells and minimodules. A lot of effort has been done to make a setup as a powerful tool for advanced research work. For that purpose, such options have been implemented as various algorithms for I–V curve translation to external conditions other than those recorded during measurement or several techniques to determine lumped series resistance of solar cells (in both cases procedures recommended by IEC 60891 standard have been included). Advanced numerical fitting algorithms allow to extract from I–V curves the parameters corresponding to either of three commonly used equivalent diode models of a solar cell. Using an independent microprocessor unit, the temperature of the measuring table may be controlled in the range 0–60 °C due to a system of four Peltier cells attached to its rear side. This allows for routine determination of thermal coefficients of basic cell parameters. The paper discusses also some of elemental random and nonrandom error sources that can be encountered during the standard I–V measurements of a solar cell. The test results of repeatability of measurements, problems related to probe configuration, and heating up of the cells during “light” measurements are presented showing that the developed system can be successfully used both for laboratory work and as a tester on a production line. The system meets all requirements of the IEC 60904-1, IEC 60904-3, and IEC 60904-9 standards.

5

Seasonal behaviour of different PV modules

Rodziewicz T., Ząbkowska-Wacławek M., Żdanowicz T.

Chemia i Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2002

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Vol. 9, nr 10

1241--1249

EN

This work has been continuation of the earlier joint research work of the University of Opole and Solar Lab in Wrocław University of Technology on the performance of commercial PV modules fabricated in different technologies, i.e. single crystal (c-Si), multicrystalline (m-Si) as well as thin film amorphous silicon (a-Si) and CIS type modules. Results of this work, showing dependence of basic characteristic module parameters on the actual values of solar irradiation and spectrum, have been presented during 17th EC PVSEC in Munich. This time data collected for the same modules during more than one year period from July 2001 till September 2002, are presented, and behaviour of all devices is analysed as a complex function of such atmospheric data as irradiation intensity and solar spectrum including the effect of air humidity, ambient temperature and water vapour contents in air. To estimate the true long-term performance of the modules some parameters such as short circuit current, current at the rated voltage (in that case equal to 12 V for all modules) and power determined at MPP (Maximum Power Point) have been integrated in time thus giving potentially available cumulative values of electrical charge and energy, respectively. To enable direct comparison of the modules that differed in their size and rated parameters data collected for each module were normalized in relations to nominal value of the appropiate parameter, i.e. either Isc or I12 or Pm, respectively. Cumulative energy generated by modules rather than power related efficiency has been used to analyse performance of the modules during different periods of the year.

PL

Praca jest kontynuacją wspólnych badań prowadzonych w Uniwersytecie Opolskim i Politechnice Wrocławskiej. Przeanalizowano pracę w różnych warunkach pogodowych w ciągu roku kalendarzowego typowych konwencjonalnych modułów fotowoltaicznych: monokrystalicznego (c-Si), multikrystalicznego (m-Si), cienkowarstwowego amorficznego (a-Si) oraz modułu typu CIS (CuInSe2). W okresie od lipca 2001 do września 2002 r. analizowano parametry modułów jako funkcję warunków atmosferycznych (nasłonecznienia, widma promieniowania słonecznego z uwzględnieniem wilgotności powietrza, temperatury otoczenia oraz modułów). W celu umożliwienia porównania modułów różniących się kształtem i mocą, parametry każdego z modułów poddawano normalizacji do jego wartości nominalnych, tzn. Isc albo I12 lub Pm. W ciągu słonecznych, letnich dni względny przyrost ładunku i uzyskiwanej energii były podobne dla wszystkich badanych modułów. Najmniej wrażliwy na warunki pogodowe i zmiany widma słonecznego okazał się moduł cienkowarstwowy CIS.

6

Evaulation of actual PV modules performance at low insolation conditions

Żdanowicz T., Rodziewicz T., Ząbkowska-Wacławek M.

Opto-Electronics Review

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2001

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Vol. 9, No. 4

361-366

EN

In the paper the results of analysis of some data gathered by three independent Data Aquisition Systems, during prolonged outdoor testing of several commercial photovoltaic modules (PV modules) working in Solar Lab of Wrocław University of Technology and University of Opole, are presented and discussed. The effects of solar radiation intensity, ambient temperature, and even wind rate and direction on the actual performance of standard silicon solar cells based PV modules are shown. Special emphasis has been put on potentially cumulated electric and energy generated by the modules in different ambient conditions rather than on standard parameters measured. Effect of single-axis sun tracking is demonstrated showing that in poor insolation conditions using of such systems may be nonbeneficial.

7

Design and application of autonomous data acquisition systems used as calibration and qualification tool in photovoltaics

Żdanowicz T., Roguszczak H.

Opto-Electronics Review

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2000

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Vol. 8, No. 4

356-367

EN

In the paper basic design rules and possible applications of specialised autonomous adata acquisition systems (DAS) in photovatics (PV) are discussed. Their usefulness for both estimation of PV modules rating and prediction of the overall PV system actual performance, especially at strongly changeable weather and low insolation conditions, is presented. Some technical guidelines how to measure solar irradiation and current-voltage (I-V) curves of PV modules and big PV arrays are given. Examples of analysis and presentation of data stores by several installed systems are shown. Finally, new concept of modular PV DASs developed in Solar Lab which allows to reduce cost of installation yet increasing flexibility and extendibility of the PV monitoring systems is described. The concept is based on fully self-contained functional PVDA-Modules (PV Data Acquisition Modules). The heart of PVDA-Module is an 8 - bit PIC family microcontroller (RISC-type). Each module is uniquely addressed and it communicates with PC computer, i.e., receives commands and/or exports stored data via RS485 bus with baud rate up to 100 kB and distance up to 1.2 km. Several examples of PVDA - Modules are given. A substantial list of representative references may be helpful for those who are going to get involved in photovoltaic measurement and monitoring.

8

Analiza pracy modułów fotowoltaicznych w obszarach geograficznych Polski Południowej

Rodziewicz T., Ząbkowska-Wacławek M., Żdanowicz T.

Chemia i Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2000

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Vol. 7, nr 6

607-619

PL

Przedstawiono analizę wyników pochodzących z trzech niezależnych systemów akwizycji danych monitorujących parametry komercyjnych modułów fotowoltaicznych (PV) w warunkach naturalnych, pracujących w laboratorium Politechniki Wrocławskiej i Uniwersytetu Opolskiego. Przedstawiono wpływ takich czynników, jak promieniowanie słoneczne, temperatura otoczenia oraz kierunek i prędkość wiatru na rzeczywiste parametry krzemowych modułów PV. Szczególny nacisk położono na wartość kumulowanego ładunku elektrycznego oraz energii generowanych przez moduły PV w warunkach różnych od STC (Standard Test Conditions). Dokonano analizy ilościowej korzyści wynikających z zastosowania systemu nadążnego w stosunku do stacjonarnego.

EN

The results of analysis of some data gathered by three independent Data Acquisition Systems during prolonged outdoor testing of several commercial photovoltaic modules (PV modules) working in Solar Lab of Wrocław University of Technology and University of Opole are presented and discussed. The effects of solar radiation intensity, ambient temperature and even wind rate and direction on the actual performance of standard silicon solar cells based PV modules are shown. The special emphasis has been put on potentially cumulated electric charge and energy generated by the modules in different ambient conditions rather than on standard parameters measured. Effect of single-axis sun-tracking is demonstrated showing that in poor insolation conditions using of such systems may be rather non beneficial.

9

Zastosowanie ogniw krzemowych w systemach fotowoltaicznych do pomiaru nasłonecznienia i rzeczywistej temperatury modułów

Rodziewicz T., Żdanowicz T., Ząbkowska-Wacławek M.

Chemia i Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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1998

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Vol. 5, nr 1-2

91-100

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki pomiarów nasłonecznienia i rzeczywistej temperatury złącza p-n ogniw krzemowych wykonanych za pomocą kalibrowanych ogniw krzemowych. Dwa identyczne ogniwa krzemowe zostały użyte jako czujniki. Wartość prądu zwarcia pochodzącego od jednego ogniwa wskazuje bezpośrednio na wartość nasłonecznienia, natomiast napięcie obwodu otwartego drugiego z nich w sposób pośredni, przy uwzględnieniu wartości nasłonecznienia określa temperaturę czujnika krzemowego. Dwa czujniki - prod. ESTI i czujnik wykonany w laboratorium Solar Lab poddane zostały badaniom, a wyniki tych badań gromadzone były poprzez system akwizycji danych i poddane porównaniu. Temperatura ogniwa krzemowego była dodatkowo sprawdzana przymocowanym do jego tylnej strony miniaturowym termorezystorem Pt100.

EN

Some results on measurement of insolation and "real" cell's temperature carried out with use of standard silicon solar cells are presented. Two identical cells are applied in such a sensor. Short circuit current of one celi is a direct indication of insolation value and open circuit voltage of the other celi is indirect indication of actual sensor's temperature but in this case more complex formuła must be used for temperature calculation. Two sensors - ESTI's and Solar Lab's - assembled in different ways have been compared. Temperature of the Si sensors was additionally measured using miniature Pt100 thermoresitors attached to the back side of the sensor paneis.