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Elemental Composition of the Ultrafine Fraction of Road Dust in the Vicinity of Motorways and Expressways in Poland – Asphalt Versus Concrete Surfaces

Rogula-Kozłowska Wioletta, Penkała Magdalena, Bihałowicz Jan Stefan, Ogrodnik Paweł, Walczak Agata, Iwanicka Natalia

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 11

82--90

EN

Air pollution in the vicinity of roads is a complex and growing problem. In urbanised areas, there are many sources of dust emissions, but one of the main ones is road traffic. Investigating and assessing the physical and chemical properties of road dust and, more specifically, dust collected from surface courses is one way of providing an opportunity not only to identify the contribution of the emitters concerned to the formation of dust air pollution in the vicinity of roads but above all the environmental risks associated with traffic emissions. The study aimed to analyse the elemental composition of dust with a fraction <0.1 mm, collected from asphalt and concrete roads characterised by the highest technical and service parameters in Poland. The samples were analysed using a Shimadzu EDX 7000 energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer, then the results were statistically analysed using the t-Welch test, and the enrichment factors EF were determined. It was shown that road dust with a grain size of less than 0.1 mm collected from asphalt surface course was extremely highly enriched in Cu, Cr, Pb and S, while that from the concrete surface course was enriched in Zn and Zr, indicating a strong anthropogenic origin of these elements; exhaust gases were identified as their source. Irrespective of the type of surface course, very high dust enrichment occurs for Ca, Mn, Ni, S, Ti and Y. These elements may originate from the abrasion process of vehicle tyres. For road dust collected from both road types, the most similar EF values were found for Fe, K, Mn, Si, Sr and Ti. The source of these elements is most likely the roadside soil. It follows that the type of road surface is not the main determinant of the composition of road dust with a fraction <0.1 mm.

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Elemental composition and origin of PM10 in a fire station in Poland. Real-time results from the XRF analysis

Mach Tomasz, Rogula-Kozłowska Wioletta, Bihałowicz Jan Stefan, Rybak Justyna

Environment Protection Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 49, nr 1

57--72

EN

This work presents the first results of the metal in particulate matter PM10 analysis and source apportionment in one of the fire station garages in Poland. The study’s novelty includes the high temporal resolution of the elemental composition of PM-bound metals since the gamma-ray fluorescence spectrometer with the high temporal resolution was used in the study. The concentrations of PM10 were measured at the same time using the method of beta-ray attenuation. The concertations of PM10 and PM-bound metals were analyzed with a temporal resolution of 4 h. To identify the source apportionment of metals, three commonly used models were applied: principal component analysis (PCA), EPA UNMIX, and EPA PMF (positive matrix factorization). The concentrations of the investigated metals have high temporal variations while the concentrations of PM10 were low in the garage. The enrichment of PM10 was very high or high, especially in sulfur, zinc, arsenic, nickel, cadmium, and lead. PCA analysis, as well as UNMIX and PMF, showed a high impact of factors related to sulfur on the variability. It showed the impact of combustion, including combustion of liquid fuels, in fire engines may have a crucial impact on air pollution in the fire station. The PMF analysis allowed us also to identify factors responsible for external anthropogenic emissions on concentrations inside the garage. Other identified sources of PM10 and PM10-bound elements are mineral dust, and road dust related to non-exhaust emission, originating inside the firehouse (resuspension and abrasion) as well as from outside.

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One-year-long, comprehensive analysis of pm number and mass size distributions in Warszawa (Poland)

Bihałowicz Jan Stefan, Rogula-Kozłowska Wioletta, Rogula-Kopiec Patrycja, Świsłowski Paweł, Rajfur Małgorzata, Tomasz Olszowski

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2023

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Vol. 30, nr 4

541--556

EN

The properties of particulate matter PM, including its impact on the environment and human health, depend mainly on the size (more precisely: size distribution) of the particles since the size is usually dependent on the processes/sources of the PM. This work presents the results of a one-year-long measurement campaign of PM. PALAS Fidas 200 from Airpointer air quality station was used. The PM was measured in Warsaw, Poland continuously from 1st May 2022 to 30th April 2023; size distribution was recorded with 120 s intervals and averaged in 3600 s periods. It was found, that the number and the mass size distribution varied depending on the averaging period (different hours of the day, different days of the week, and different months of the year). Additionally, the authors determined the periods of impact on selected sources (traffic emission, municipal emission, and industrial emission) on the number and mass size distributions of PM at the sampling site. Monitoring of number and mass size distributions of PM is a relatively easy and more cost-effective method than analysing the chemical composition of PM. Therefore, is crucial to develop a method of identifying sources of PM based on size distributions. It was found that such a method can be in the future as successful in source apportionment as in the analysis of chemical compositions.

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Health hazard related to fine road dust in Poland

Penkała Magdalena, Bihałowicz Jan Stefan, Rogula-Kozłowska Wioletta, Rogula-Kopiec Patrycja, Klik Barbara, Bihałowicz Joanna, Lewicka Sylwia, Olszowski Tomasz, Majewski Grzegorz

Chemistry-Didactics-Ecology-Metrology

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2023

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R. 28, NR 1-2

79--92

EN

Air pollution emissions from road vehicles majorly contribute to particulate pollution. This poses significant threats to the environment and human health. Road dust contains various potentially toxic elements, which, when exposed to humans, can lead to severe illnesses such as asthma, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. This study assessed adult health risks through accidental ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact associated with heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in road dust (with a fraction size < 0.1 mm). The analysis covers areas between sound-absorbing screens (S), in open spaces without screens (F), and at highway/express exits (E) with different surfaces: asphalt (A) and concrete (C). Results indicate the highest health risk levels are associated with Zn in road dust in S and E areas, indicating its potential negative impact on human health. When comparing results for all metals, road dust collected from A surfaces might pose a greater health risk than C surfaces. The carcinogenic risk for Cr and Ni found in road dust collected from A and C surfaces at points S, F, and E is medium. The most significant carcinogenic risk (medium-high) is associated with Cr in road dust from A surfaces in the F area, whereas the lowest risk (low-medium) for both A and C surfaces is linked to Ni exposure in the S point. The contributions of Cr and Ni highlight the need to reduce emissions of these elements in areas surrounding heavily trafficked roads.

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Wykorzystanie elementów uczenia maszynowego do modelowania stężenia zanieczyszczeń atmosferycznych: studium przypadku pyłu pm2.5 w Szczecinie

Bihałowicz Jan Stefan

Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP / Szkoła Główna Służby Pożarniczej

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2022

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Nr 81

7--28

PL

W pracy przedstawiono możliwość modelowania stężeń zanieczyszczeń w lokalizacji o określonym, stałym profilu emisji przy wykorzystaniu modeli uczenia maszynowego. Jako zanieczyszczenie wybrano pył PM2.5,a jako zmienne objaśniające przyjęto parametry metrologiczne mierzone na stacji synoptycznej. Przeprowadzono uczenie i walidację sześciu różnych modeli na podstawie obserwacji meteorologicznych zarejestrowanych w latach 2013–2018 na stacji IMGW-PIB w Szczecinie (Polska) oraz średniodobowych stężeń pyłu PM2.5 z tego samego okresu zmierzonych na stacji GIOŚ w Szczecinie przy ul. Andrzejewskiego, podzielonych na trzy równoliczne klasy stężeń. Dwa modele, które dawały najdokładniejsze wyniki, zostały szczegółowo przedstawione. Czułość tych modeli, w zależności od klasy stężenia pyłu, zawierała się pomiędzy 0,484 a 0,711. Te dwa modele zostały zastosowane do identyfikacji wzrostu średniodobowych stężeń w trakcie zdarzenia nietypowego – pożaru składowisk odpadów. Stężenia przewidziane w dniach, w których trwał pożar, były zaniżone względem faktycznych stężeń, co pozwala na zastosowanie modeli w identyfikacji zjawisk atypowych, które mają wpływ na stężenia zanieczyszczeń w danym miejscu.

EN

The work presents the possibilities of using machine learning in modeling pollutant concentra tions at locations with defined constant sources of emission. The PM2.5 was chosen as the pollutant to be studied with meteorological variables as exogenous variables measured at a weather station. Six different models were implemented and cross-validated on meteorological data recorded in 2013-2018 at the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management station in Szczecin, Poland, and PM2.5 concentrations from the same period divided into three classes, measured at the air quality station of the Chief Inspectorate of Environmental Protection (Poland) located at Andrzejewskiego Street in Szczecin. Two best-performing models were described in detail. The sensitivity of the models was found to vary from 0.484 to 0.711 depending on the class of PM2.5 concentration. Those two models were then applied to identify increases in PM concentrations that were caused by an extraordinary incident – landfill fire. It was proven that the predicted values of concentration that occur during the fire were underestimated as compared to actual concentration levels and hence such models can be applied in the identification of abnormal phenomena that may affect the concentrations of pollutants in a given location.

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How to effectively analyse the impact of air quality on society – review of modern measurement techniques and apparatus: particulates

Mach Tomasz, Bihałowicz Jan Stefan

Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP / Szkoła Główna Służby Pożarniczej

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2022

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Nr 84

55--71

EN

The article discusses modern measurement techniques and equipment designed for air quality analysis. The problem of the quality of atmospheric and indoor air is strongly related to broadly understood public health. Modern measurement techniques allow faster and more effective assessments of the air quality condition in a given place. The paper discusses the structure, measurement method of solid pollutants and automatic measurement systems deploying the micro-oscillatory balance method, using the interaction of ionizing radiation with mattersuppression of beta radiation and gamma radiation spectrometry, optical methods based on light scattering on particulate matter and systems combining more than one method. Technical solutions introduced by manufacturers of measuring equipment, which allow more precise measurement of gaseous pollutants, were also discussed.

PL

W artykule omówiono nowoczesne techniki pomiarowe i urządzenia do analizy jakości powietrza. Problem jakości powietrza atmosferycznego i wewnętrznego jest silnie związany z szeroko rozumianym zdrowiem publicznym. Nowoczesne techniki pomiarowe pozwalają na szybszą i skuteczniejszą ocenę stanu jakości powietrza w danym miejscu. W artykule omówiono budowę, metodę pomiaru zanieczyszczeń stałych oraz automatyczne systemy pomiarowe wykorzystujące metodę wagi mikrosiłownikowej, wykorzystujące oddziaływanie promieniowania jonizującego z materią – tłumienie promieniowania beta i spektrometrię promieniowania gamma, metody optyczne oparte na rozpraszaniu światła na poszczególnych cząstkach pyłu zawieszonego oraz systemy łączące więcej niż jedną metodę. Omówiono również rozwiązania techniczne wprowadzone przez producentów sprzętu pomiarowego, które pozwalają na bardziej precyzyjny pomiar zanieczyszczeń gazowych.

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Air quality influence of selected pollutants emitted from a fire of 300 Mg of municipal waste on ambient air quality: an example of modelling with HYSPLIT

Rogula-Kozłowska Wioletta, Bihałowicz Jan Stefan

Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP / Szkoła Główna Służby Pożarniczej

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2022

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Nr 83

33--43

EN

Reducing the amount of waste disposed of in landfills requires treatment in specialised facilities. Potential threats that can arise both in waste processing and in its storage comprise a fire hazard. Waste fires hold a significant share of the total number of the largest fires in Poland. Fires in landfills and their treatment facilities are related to air quality since during a fire a large number of various pollutants is emitted into the atmosphere in a relatively short time. The paper discusses the impact of a fire taking place at a waste treatment facility on air quality, in which 300 Mg of municipal waste was burnt. Using the HYSPLIT package, the atmospheric dispersion of 23 selected organic and inorganic pollutants was determined and then analysed in GIS software. The concentrations were compared with reference values specified in relevant legal regulations. Of the 23 substances analyzed, the concentration levels were exceeded only for 6 substances at a distance of more than half a kilometre from the fire: benzo(a)pyrene, benzene, styrene, acetaldehyde, PM10, and NO2 . The substance with the greatest range as regards the reference concentration levels was benzo(a)pyrene, a compound with a proven carcinogenic effect, which indicates the importance of reducing landfill fires in the context of public health.

PL

Zmniejszenie ilości odpadów składowanych na wysypiskach wymaga ich przetwarzania w wyspecjalizowanych zakładach. Wśród zagrożeń, które pojawiają się zarówno w przetwarzaniu odpadów, jak i ich składowaniu, znajduje się zagrożenie pożarowe. Pożary odpadów mają znaczący udział w ogólnej liczbie największych pożarów w Polsce. Podczas pożaru duża liczba różnych zanieczyszczeń jest emitowana do atmosfery w stosunkowo krótkim czasie, w związku z czym pożary odpadów są związane z jakością powietrza atmosferycznego. W pracy omówiono wpływ pożaru w zakładzie przetwarzania odpadów na jakość powietrza, w którym spłonęło 300 Mg odpadów komunalnych. Przy wykorzystaniu pakietu HYSPLIT wyznaczono dyspersję atmosferyczną 23 wybranych zanieczyszczeń organicznych i nieorganicznych, a następnie przeanalizowano ją w oprogramowaniu GIS. Stężenia porównano z wartościami referencyjnymi określonymi w odpowiednich aktach prawnych. Spośród 23 analizowanych substancji poziomy odniesienia zostały przekroczone tylko dla 6 substancji w odległości ponad pół kilometra od ognia: benzo(a)pirenu, benzenu, styrenu, aldehydu octowego, PM10 i NO2 . Substancją o największym zakresie, jeśli chodzi o poziomy stężeń referencyjnych, był benzo(a)piren, związek o udowodnionym działaniu rakotwórczym, co wskazuje na znaczenie ograniczenia pożarów składowisk w kontekście zdrowia publicznego.

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Waste fires in Poland and some of Their Environmental Implications – A Ten-Year Perspective

Bihałowicz Jan Stefan

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 11

147--157

EN

Economic growth and development are connected with the increase in consumption. One of the side effects of progress is waste production. Sustainable development would also include proper management of waste, focusing on their recycling. However, the direct costs of recycling sometimes exceed the costs of waste storage. Therefore, waste storage in landfills is still widespread. Improper waste storage or deliberate actions can lead to waste fires. In the work, the statistics of landfill fires from the years 2012 to 2021 were analyzed. The work includes statistics of the parameters of fires reported in the reports of Polish State Fire Services. Additionally, the usage of the resources and materials for firefighting and their trends were discussed. It was shown that resources required for extinguishing waste fires were increasing in this period. The statistics are accompanied by spatiotemporal analyses of the location of fires based on Corine Land Cover which showed that approximately half of the fires are on arable land and non-continuous urban fabric while fires at dumpsites are relatively rare. The important concern is also that around 10% of very big waste fires are in forests. All these analyses lead to the assessment of some environmental impacts which are caused by waste fires.