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1
Content available Comparison and analysis of modern combustion powertrain systems of rail vehicles
Daszkiewicz Paweł, Kołodziejek Daniel
Combustion Engines
|
2024
|
R. 63, nr 1
46--53
EN
The article presents the currently used technologies and solutions for rail vehicle drive systems that can be used in the future. The most popular systems used in locomotives and multiple units are described. In addition, modern solutions such as bi-mode locomotives and hybrid vehicles are shown. The article also discusses the possibility of using ultracapacitors, batteries, or fuel cells in order to increase the efficiency of the powertrain of a rail vehicle. The selection of the appropriate solution depends on the intended use of the vehicle and the assumed traction characteristics and requires a thorough analysis including, among others, modeling of the drive system and its management.
2
Content available Research of ecological indicators of two-way vehicle in stationary conditions
Kamińska Michalina, Andrzejewski Maciej, Daszkiewicz Paweł
Combustion Engines
|
2022
|
R. 61, nr 1
30--34
EN
The presented article concerns the research on the emission of pollutants of a rail-road tractor in two stationary research tests. The purpose of the tests was to carry out control tests of pollutant emissions and their analysis. The object used during the works was approved in accordance with the Stage V standard, which requires measurements of emissivity both in stationary, dynamic and real conditions. Despite the requirement to test engines installed on a vehicle during their normal duty cycle with PEMS, the emission limits measured in this test have not yet been defined. Therefore, the work below focuses on the stationary test cycle. The measurements were carried out in accordance with the internal combustion engine operating points described in the approval test, and then compared with the modernized NRSC test. It contains modified measuring points and rotational speeds of the crankshaft, adopted on the basis of the most common operating parameters of agricultural tractor combustion engines in real operating conditions. The measurements were performed with the use of a mobile dynamometer and devices for measuring emissions of harmful exhaust gas compounds and recording on-board data. In the performed test, the vehicle drive system worked at fixed operating points, with defined values of crankshaft rotational speed and load. Based on the recorded data on the concentrations of pollutants in the exhaust gases, the unit emission of the tested object was determined. In the final stage of the work, these data were used to perform a comparative analysis with the emission limits contained in the standard.
3
Content available Analysis of the Exhaust Emissions of Toxic Compounds from a Special Purpose Rail Machine PŁT-500 During Profiling the Ballast Cess
Daszkiewicz Paweł, Andrzejewski Maciej, Urbański Patryk, Woch Aleksandra, Stefańska Natalia
Journal of Ecological Engineering
|
2021
|
Vol. 22, nr 7
80--88
EN
Track works typically require the use of special-purpose rail machines, in which the main source of propulsion includes high-power compression ignition engines. Reliance on these types of engines, which are characterized by a significant degree of wear and tear, relates to relatively high specific fuel consumption and the exhaust emissions of toxic compounds. Using such rail machines to perform modernization and repair works has a negative impact on the natural environment. The article presents test results of toxic compounds exhaust emissions as measured from a special purpose rail machine. The tested vehicle was a machine designed for profiling the ballast cess labeled as PŁT-500. The machine was classified as NRMM (Non Road Mobile Machinery) as well as used for profiling and cleaning the cess. A PEMS (Portable Emissions Measurement System) type apparatus was used for the emissions measurement. This made it possible to measure the exhaust emissions as RDE (Real Driving Emissions) of toxic compounds from the machine under real operating conditions. The obtained test results include the measured exhaust emissions of gaseous compounds: CO, CO2, HC and NOx as well as the vehicle fuel consumption while performing its track works.
4
Content available Analysis of the selection of chosen technical parameters of the powertrain system for a diesel-electric rail-road tractor
Daszkiewicz Paweł, Andrzejewski Maciej, Medwid Marian, Urbański Patryk, Cierniewski Maksymilian, Woch Aleksandra, Stefańska Natalia
Combustion Engines
|
2021
|
R. 60, nr 3
64--71
EN
The article presents the results of a simplified analysis of the feasibility of designing a rail chassis of a two-way tractor with an internal combustion or electric drive. Basic traction and operating parameters have been assumed for which the road-rail tractor could operate in an effective manner. On their basis, strength calculations were carried out and mechanical elements of the drive system meeting the required assumptions were selected. All the calculations presented in the text were fulfilled. The technical feasibility of building the mechanical part of the rail running gear of a rail-road tractor driven by an internal combustion engine or electric motors has been demonstrated.
5
Content available Traction tests of the special self-propelled rolling stock : aims, methods, experience and prospects
Bolzhelarskyi Yaroslav, Dovhaniuk Stepan, Urshuliak Oleksandr, Daszkiewicz Paweł
Pojazdy Szynowe
|
2020
|
Nr 4
3--11
EN
Methods and results of experimental determination of the two most important parameters for traction calculations of the DGK-type speeder are given in the article. The first parameter is the specific acceleration, i.e. acceleration from the action of unit of force per unit of weight of the train. The second one is the specific rolling resistance. The results can be used to determine these parameters for different types of OTM.
PL
W artykule podane zostały metody i wyniki eksperymentalnego określania dwóch najważniejszych parametrów do obliczeń trakcyjnych samobieżnego pojazdu typu DGK (spalinowy pojazd inspekcyjny). Pierwszym parametrem jest przyśpieszenie, tj. przyspieszenie liczone z działania jednostki siły na jednostkę masy pociągu. Drugim są opory ruchu. Wynik może być wykorzystany do określenia tych parametrów dla różnego typu OTM (on Track Machines).
6
Content available Zagadnienia oceny wskaźników ekologicznych pojazdów dwudrogowych w aspekcie aktualnych przepisów homologacyjnych
Andrzejewski Maciej, Daszkiewicz Paweł, Kamińska Michalina, Jakuszko Wojciech, Rymaniak Łukasz
Napędy i Sterowanie
|
2020
|
R. 22, nr 7/8
64--65
PL
Poprawa stanu środowiska naturalnego wymaga coraz nowszych sposobów na obniżenie emisji związków szkodliwych spalin emitowanych przez pojazdy. Jednym z nich jest zastąpienie wyeksploatowanych lokomotyw manewrowych ciągnikami szynowo-drogowymi. Pojazdy takie przystosowane są do przetaczania wagonów, a ich konstrukcja zapewnia dużą funkcjonalność przy niskich kosztach eksploatacji. Głównym celem tego zabiegu jest zmniejszenie negatywnego oddziaływania pojazdu na środowisko i redukcja zużycia paliwa w porównaniu do lokomotywy wykonującej tę samą pracę. Badania emisyjności spalin testowanego pojazdu przeprowadzono podczas rzeczywistych warunków eksploatacji, dzięki czemu uzyskane wyniki są bardziej miarodajne.
7
Content available Badania zużycia energii przez pojazdy w warunkach rzeczywistych
Woźniak Krystian, Andrzejewski Maciej, Daszkiewicz Paweł, Rymaniak Łukasz
Napędy i Sterowanie
|
2020
|
R. 22, nr 1
74--79
PL
W artykule przedstawiono elementy składowe systemu CL (Contact Line) umożliwiającego pomiar energii pobranej i oddanej do sieci trakcyjnej, pozwalający na precyzyjny pomiar oraz zarządzanie i rozliczanie energii elektrycznej dla pojazdów szynowych. Przywołano najważniejsze normy i wymagania przeprowadzania testów dla pojazdów kolejowych i drogowych przeznaczonych do transportu osób. Zaprezentowano wyniki badań dla elektrycznego autobusu miejskiego przeprowadzone wg autorskiej procedury badawczej, opracowanej przez IPS „Tabor”, która wykorzystywana jest w postępowaniach przetargowych na dostawy autobusów elektrycznych do polskich miast. Pozwala ona na wyznaczanie całkowitej energii pobieranej przez autobus, która jest sumą energii pobieranej i energii oddawanej podczas procesu rekuperacji do zasobników energii. Badania przeprowadzono według opracowanego przez stowarzyszenie International Association of Public Transport testu jezdnego SORT 2, dla którego definiowana jest średnia prędkość jazdy, długość trasy i czas pokonywania przejazdu, co odzwierciedla warunki eksploatacji występujące na typowej trasie miejskiej. Podczas badań uwzględniono stan naładowania akumulatorów – zmiana stanu naładowania akumulatorów przed i po teście była bliska 0 zgodnie z SAE J2711.
EN
The article presents the components of the CL (Contact Line) system allowing for the measurement of energy collected and given to the traction network allowing for precise measurement and management and electricity accounting for rail vehicles. The most important standards and test requirements for railway and road vehicles allowing for the transport of persons were recalled. The results of tests for the electric city bus carried out according to proprietary research procedure developed by IPS „Tabor”, which is used in tender proceedings for the supply of electric buses to Polish cities. It allows you to determine the total energy consumed by the bus, which is the sum of energy consumed and energy returned during the recuperation process to the energy stores. The tests were carried out according to the SORT 2 driving test developed by the communication operator International Association of Public Transport, for which the average speed, route length and time of passing are defined, which reflects the operating conditions of a typical urban route. During the tests, the state of charge of the batteries was taken into account, so that it was the same and the change in the state of charge of the batteries before and after the test was close to 0 according to SAE J2711.
8
Content available The impact of camshaft control on combustion processes in a compression ignition VCR engine
Merkisz Jerzy, Bajerlein Maciej, Daszkiewicz Paweł, Urbański Patryk
Journal of civil engineering and transport
|
2020
|
Vol. 2, No. 1
9--18
EN
The article contains an analysis of thermodynamic indicators of the CI engine1 with direct fuel injection. The tested unit was an engine with an unconventional crank-piston configuration, in which at a constant compression ratio, different engine crankshaft control variants were compared In this article the time ranges in which the piston was located in the TDC2 were analyzed. Additionally, tests were carried out on a conventional unit for comparative purposes. For the purposes of the work, a piston displacement characteristic was generated in dynamic analysis in SolidWorks Motion3. Then, this characteristic was used in the simulations of the combustion process in the AVL Fire program, where the most important thermodynamic indicators of the engine cycle were analyzed.
PL
Artykuł zawiera analizę wskaźników termodynamicznych procesu spalania silnika CI z bezpośrednim wtryskiem paliwa. Badaną jednostką był silnik o niekonwencjonalnym układzie korbowo-tłokowym, w którym przy stałym stopniu sprężania poprzez wysterowanie krzywki w silniku porównano różne warianty jej ustawienia. W niniejszym artykule poddane analizie zostały zakresy czasowe w jakich tłok znajdował się w Górnym Martwym Punkcie (GMP). Dodatkowo w celach porównawczych przeprowadzono badania na jednostce konwencjonalnej. Na potrzeby pracy wygenerowana została droga tłoka w analizie dynamicznej w programie Solidworks Motion. Następnie charakterystyka ta została wykorzystana w symulacjach procesu spalania w programie AVL Fire, gdzie analizie zostały poddane najważniejsze wskaźniki termodynamiczne obiegu silnikowego.
9
Content available The selection of the engine unit - main engine generator during the modernization of the 19D/TEM2 locomotive
Michalak Piotr, Merkisz Jerzy, Stawecki Włodzimierz, Andrzejewski Maciej, Daszkiewicz Paweł
Combustion Engines
|
2020
|
R. 59, nr 3
38--46
EN
The paper aims to present a generating set selection methodology for a modernized diesel locomotive. An analysis of the number of rolling stock, with particular emphasis on the number of diesel locomotives owned by national carriers was performed. Based on the popularity of the locomotives operated on Polish railways, the TEM2 locomotive was chosen to be the base reference for the modernized 19D locomotive described in the paper. The scope of the locomotive's modernization was described. Modernization included: replacement of the internal combustion engine, replacement of the generator set, installation of a new braking system with a pneumatic board and air preparation and treatment system, application of a modern control and diagnostics system with anti-slip system at start-up and braking, and the installation of railway traffic safety devices.
10
Content available Analysis of exhaust emission measurements in rural conditions from heavy-duty vehicle
Ziółkowski Andrzej, Fuć Paweł, Lijewski Piotr, Rymaniak Łukasz, Daszkiewicz Paweł, Kamińska Michalina, Szymlet Natalia, Jagielski Aleks
Combustion Engines
|
2020
|
R. 59, nr 3
54--58
EN
Road transport holds for the largest share in the freight transport sector in Europe. This work is carried out by heavy vehicles of various types. It is assumed that, in principle, transport should take place on the main road connections, such as motorways or national roads. Their share in the polish road infrastructure is not dominant. Rural and communal roads roads are the most prevalent. This fact formed the basis of the exhaust emissions and fuel consumption tests of heavy vehicles in real operating conditions. A set of vehicles (truck tractor with a semi-trailer) meeting the Euro V emission norm, transporting a load of 24,800 kg, was selected for the tests. The research was carried out on an non-urban route, the test route length was 22 km. A mobile Semtech DS instrument was used, which was used to measure the exhaust emissions. Based on the obtained results, the emission characteristics were determined in relation to the operating parameters of the vehicles drive system. Road emission, specific emission and fuel consumption values were also calculated.
11
Content available An analysis of the use of cruise control in a passenger car
Andrzejewski Maciej, Merkisz Jerzy, Nowak Mateusz, Ziółkowski Andrzej, Daszkiewicz Paweł
Archiwum Motoryzacji
|
2020
|
Vol. 89, nr 3
37--49
EN
Most vehicles are powered by internal combustion engines. Due to the nature of their operation they emit, among others, carbon dioxide which contributes to the greenhouse effect. CO2 production is strictly correlated with fuel consumption. The article presents the results of road tests of a passenger car with a spark-ignition engine meeting the Euro 6 emission norm. The test vehicle was equipped with a classic exhaust gas aftertreatment system – a three-way catalytic converter. The aim of the study was to verify the impact of the cruise control use on the vehicle fuel consumption. The measurements were based on Portable Emission Measurement System type mobile equipment for exhaust emission tests. The tests were carried out in real driving conditions travelling on an express way. Test drives took place on a route with variable topographic profile. Three test drives with different speeds were carried out, but the aim was to obtain an average speed of 130 km/h.
12
Content available Ultracapacitors and fuel cells in rail vehicle drive systems
Pielecha Ireneusz, Merkisz Jerzy, Andrzejewski Maciej, Daszkiewicz Paweł, Świechowicz Robert, Nowak Mateusz
Pojazdy Szynowe
|
2019
|
Nr 2
9--19
EN
The article presents the issues of current and future solutions used in rail vehicle drive systems. The review and analysis of energy storage possibilities in vehicles including electrochemical, mechanical and hydraulic accumulators and batteries has been made. The importance of their charging frequency is indicated, which translates into their possible uses. Characteristics of hybrid drive systems with particular emphasis on systems with fuel cells and ultracapacitors were presented. Current and conceptual solutions of series and parallel drive systems have been presented.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono zagadnienia aktualnych i przyszłościowych rozwiązań układów napędowych stosowanych w pojazdach szynowych. Dokonano przeglądu oraz analizy możliwości gromadzenia energii w pojazdach z uwzględnieniem akumulatorów elektrochemicznych, mechanicznych oraz hydraulicznych. Wskazano na duże znaczenie częstości ich ładowania, co przekłada się na możliwość ich zastosowania. Przedstawiono charakterystyki układów napędu hybrydowego ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem układów z ogniwami paliwowymi oraz ultrakondensatorami. Zaprezentowano obecne i koncepcyjne rozwiązania szeregowych i równoległych układów napędowych.
13
Content available Rail-road tractor with diesel-electric drive
Medwid Marian, Daszkiewicz Paweł, Czerwiński Jarosław, Jakuszko Wojciech, Kazimierczak Emil
Pojazdy Szynowe
|
2019
|
Nr 3
15--23
EN
The paper presents the results of preliminary research works carried out in the ŁUKASIEWICZ Research Network - Rail Vehicles Institute "TABOR" in cooperation with CLAAS Polska on the development of a rail-road tractor concept for maneuvering works with the rolling stock in the open area and the closed spaces (maintenance and repair halls). As a result of the theoretical and design analyses, the concept of a two-drive (diesel-electric) rail-road tractor was developed. The general concept of the mechanical part of the tractor designed based on the massproduced CLAAS ARION 610 tractor is shown. The variant solutions of electric drive of rail axles and braking systems of the vehicle are presented.
PL
W opracowaniu zaprezentowano wyniki wstępnych prac badawczych prowadzonych w Sieci Badawczej Łukasiewicz - Instytut Pojazdów Szynowych „TABOR” we współpracy z CLAAS Polska nad opracowaniem koncepcji ciągnika szynowo-drogowego do prowadzenia prac manewrowych z taborem kolejowym w terenie otwartym i pomieszczeniach zamkniętych (halach remontowo-naprawczych). W efekcie prowadzonych analiz teoretycznych i projektowych opracowano koncepcję dwunapędowego (spalinowo-elektrycznego) ciągnika szynowo-drogowego. Zaprezentowano ogólną koncepcję części mechanicznej ciągnika zaprojektowanego na bazie seryjnie produkowanego ciągnika CLAAS ARION 610. Przedstawiono wariantowe rozwiązania napędu elektrycznego osi szynowych oraz układów hamulcowych pojazdu.
14
Content available Badania zużycia energii przez pojazdy w warunkach rzeczywistych
Woźniak Krystian, Andrzejewski Maciej, Daszkiewicz Paweł, Rymaniak Łukasz
Maszyny Elektryczne : zeszyty problemowe
|
2019
|
Nr 2 (122)
103--110
PL
W artykule przedstawiono elementy składowe systemu CL (Contact Line) pozwalającego na pomiar energii pobranej i oddanej do sieci trakcyjnej pozwalający na precyzyjny pomiar oraz zarządzanie i rozliczanie energii elektrycznej dla pojazdów szynowych. Przywołano najważniejsze normy i wymagania przeprowadzania testów dla pojazdów kolejowych i drogowych pozwalających na transport osób. Zaprezentowano wyniki badań dla elektrycznego autobusu miejskiego przeprowadzone wg autorskiej procedury badawczej opracowanej przez IPS „Tabor”, która wykorzystywana jest w postępowaniach przetargowych na dostawy autobusów elektrycznych do polskich miast. Pozwala ona na wyznaczanie całkowitej energii pobieranej przez autobus, która jest sumą energii pobieranej i energii oddawanej podczas procesu rekuperacji do zasobników energii. Badania przeprowadzono według opracowanego przez stowarzyszenia International Association of Public Transport testu jezdnego SORT 2, dla którego definiowana jest średnia prędkość jazdy, długość trasy i czas pokonywania przejazdu, co odzwierciedla warunki eksploatacji występujące dla typowej trasy miejskiej. Podczas badań uwzględniono stan naładowania akumulatorów – zmiana stanu naładowania akumulatorów przed i po teście była bliska 0, zgodnie z SAE J2711.
EN
The article presents the components of the CL (Contact Line) system allowing for the measurement of energy collected and given to the traction network allowing for precise measurement and management and electricity accounting for rail vehicles. The most important standards and test requirements for railway and road vehicles allowing for the transport of persons were recalled. The results of tests for the electric city bus carried out according to proprietary research procedure developed by IPS "Tabor", which is used in tender proceedings for the supply of electric buses to Polish cities. It allows you to determine the total energy consumed by the bus, which is the sum of energy consumed and energy returned during the recuperation process to the energy stores. The tests were carried out according to the SORT 2 driving test developed by the communication operator International Association of Public Transport, for which the average speed, route length and time of passing are defined, which reflects the operating conditions of a typical urban route. During the tests, the state of charge of the batteries was taken into account, so that it was the same and the change in the state of charge of the batteries before and after the test was close to 0 according to SAE J2711.
15
Content available Methods of evaluating the exhaust emissions from driving vehicles
Rymaniak Łukasz, Daszkiewicz Paweł, Merkisz Jerzy, Kamińska Michalina
Combustion Engines
|
2019
|
R. 58, nr 4
286--291
EN
The type approval tests of vehicles with internal combustion engines increasingly include issues regarding the assessment of ecological indicators in real traffic conditions. This is done with the help of specialized equipment from the PEMS (Portable Emissions Measurement Systems) group. This requires not only a series of test procedures, but also assembly of technically advanced equipment along with the proper preparation of the vehicle's exhaust system. Currently, activities are being carried out to develop solutions for non-invasive assessment of ecological indicators from moving vehicles. The article discusses these types of solutions, at the same time indicating their strengths and weaknesses. Also presented are pollutant emission tests in real operating conditions that will be used to develop a modular exhaust emission gateway. The result of the analysis was to indicate the development directions of methods for exhaust emission assessment from vehicles in motion.
16
Content available Issues of emission evaluation of road-rail vehicles in the aspect of current type approval regulations
Daszkiewicz Paweł, Rymaniak Łukasz, Kamińska Michalina
Combustion Engines
|
2019
|
R. 58, nr 3
269--273
EN
One of the ways to reduce exhaust emissions from vehicles is to replace worn-out shunting locomotives with road-rail tractors. The main purpose of this solution is to reduce the negative environmental impact of the vehicle and to reduce the fuel consumption compared to a shunting locomotive performing the same work. The tests on exhaust emissions of rail vehicles are carried out on an engine test bench, making it impossible to determine the environmental performance of these vehicles during real operation. Therefore, it is advisable to carry out measurements in real operating conditions in order to obtain reliable reference results. This enables the verification of vehicles ecological indicators in a wide range of operational work parameters. It is possible to obtain reliable results regarding the impact of the tested vehicle on the natural environment in this way and compare them with the applicable emission standards.
17
Content available Ocena energochłonności układów napędowych lokomotyw spalinowych
Andrzejewski Maciej, Świechowicz Robert, Merkisz Jerzy, Stawecki Włodzimierz, Daszkiewicz Paweł
Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe
|
2019
|
R. 20, nr 6
134--138
PL
W artykule dokonano oceny wskaźników ekonomicznych wybranych typów lokomotyw użytkowanych na liniach kolejowych w Polsce. Pojazdy szynowe charakteryzują się niższą energochłonnością w porównaniu do większości stosowanych obecnie środków transportu, co przekłada się na większą wydajność systemu transportu w skali całego kraju. Udział transportu szynowego w transporcie w Polsce i jego rozwój jest ograniczony kilkoma aspektami związanym z kosztami zakupu i eksploatacji pojazdów, infrastruktury oraz dostępnością nowych technologii. W artykule przedstawiono m.in. wyniki pomiarów przeprowadzonych na kilkunastu egzemplarzach lokomotywy ST44 o różnym stopniu zużycia technicznego. Badania wykazały przede wszystkim wpływ stopnia tego zużycia na wielkość zużycia paliwa przez układ napędowy.
EN
The article evaluates economic indicators of selected types of locomotives used on railway lines in Poland. Rail vehicles are characterized by lower energy consumption compared to the majority of currently used means of transport, which translates into higher efficiency of the transport system in the whole country. The share of rail transport in Poland and its development is limited by several aspects related to the costs of purchase and operation of vehicles, infrastructure and the availability of new technologies. The article presents, among others the results of measurements carried out on several ST44 locomotives with varying degrees of technical wear. The research showed above all the impact of the degree of this consumption on the fuel consumption by the propulsion system.
18
Content available Analiza wskaźników termodynamicznych silnika VCR wykonana w programie AVL Fire
Merkisz Jerzy, Bajerlein Maciej, Daszkiewicz Paweł, Urbański Patryk
Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe
|
2019
|
R. 20, nr 6
212--217
PL
W ramach pracy wykorzystano drogę tłoka wygenerowaną w symulacji dynamicznej w programie Solidworks do badania procesów zachodzących podczas procesu spalania. Symulację przeprowadzono w programie AVL Fire dla jednakowych warunków początkowych. Porównywano różne warianty wysterowania krzywki silnika przy jednakowym stopniu sprężania. W rozpatrywanym artykule analizowano moment oraz okres czasu jaki tłok pozostaje w Górnym Martwym Położeniu (GMP).
EN
As part of the work, the piston path generated in the dynamic simulation in the Solidworks program was used to study the processes occurring during the combustion process. The simulation was carried out in the AVL Fire program for the same initial conditions. Different variants of the motor cam control were compared at the same compression ratio. In the analyzed article, the moment and period of time that the piston remains in the Upper Dead Location (TDC) were analyzed.
19
Content available Evaluating the environmental costs in Poland of city buses meeting the Euro VI norm based on tests in real operating conditions
Rymaniak Łukasz, Fuć Paweł, Lijewski Piotr, Kamińska Michalina, Daszkiewicz Paweł, Ziółkowski Andrzej
Archives of Transport
|
2019
|
Vol. 52, iss. 4
109--115
EN
The article analyzes the environmental costs which consisted of determining the annual cost for gases and particles released into the atmosphere by city buses meeting the Euro VI norm. To this end, exhaust emissions of a city bus equipped with a conventional drive system were performed. The vehicle had a length of 18m and was powered by a CI engine with a swept volume of 10,5 dm3, with a maximum power of 240 kW. In order to measure the ecological indicators, tests were performed in real driving conditions using the PEMS system. The apparatus made it possible to measure the concentration of gaseous compounds and particulate matter in the exhaust, which made it possible to determine the road exhaust emissions of the tested vehicle. The research was carried out on a test route including urban and suburban roads in accordance with legislative guidelines. The measurements showed that the bus met the exhaust emission limits determined on the basis of measuring windows defined in relation to the work generated by the drive system. In addition to information on the emissivity of the vehicle, the annual emissions from city buses meeting the Euro VI standard in Poland were also estimated. The information contained in the central vehicle register for the number of vehicles registered in Poland that meet the latest emission standards has been used for this purpose.
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