What are cleats? Preliminary studies from the Konin lignite mine, Miocene of central Poland

• Autorzy: Widera M.

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.2478/logos-2014-0001

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Cleats (fractures, joints) are discontinuities in coals, including lignites. They are important in mining activity because of their gas and water permeability in hard coal, and mainly because of their water permeability in lignites. As opposed to hard-coal cleats, lignite cleats have not been studied in detail before. The present contribution does so, using as an example the 1st Middle-Polish Lignite Seam (MPLS-1) in the Jóźwin IIB opencast mine in central Poland. It should be mentioned here that any remarks in the present contribution concerning MPLS-1 refer exclusively to this lignite seam in the Jóźwin IIB opencast mine. The investigated discontinuities consist of two sets, i.e. the face and butt cleats, which are roughly oriented NW–SE and NE–SW, respectively. The mean spacing of the face cleats is ~12.4 cm, while the mean spacing of the butt cleats is ~12.8 cm. The maximum average aperture is ~4.9 mm for the face cleats and ~4.1 mm for the butt cleats. The cleat spacing and aperture do not depend on the lignite thickness, but the cleat spacing increases with increasing mineral-matter and xylite content, whereas the aperture increases when the contents decrease. The regional folding and local salt diapirism tentatively explain the formation of the orthogonal system of the lignite cleats, partly because of the parallelism of the face cleats and the major tectonic directions in central Poland.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

lignite cleats; structural geology; lignite seams; Miocene; Central Poland

PL

węgiel brunatny; geologia strukturalna; pokłady węgla brunatnego; miocen; Polska centralna

• Wydawca: Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza. Instytut Geologii
• Czasopismo: Geologos
• Rocznik: 2014
• Tom: Vol. 20, No. 1
• Strony: 3--12
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 44 poz.

Twórcy

autor

Widera M.

• Institute of Geology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Maków Polnych 16, 61-606 Poznań, Poland

Bibliografia

• Ammosov, I.I. & Eremin, I.V., 1963. Fracturing in coal. IZDAT Publishers (Moscow) / Office of Technical Services, U.S. Department of Commerce (Washington, DC), 109 pp.
• Bielowicz, B., 2013. Petrographic composition of Polish lignite and its possible use in a fluidized bed gasifi cation process. International Journal of Coal Geology 116–117, 236–246.
• Billings, M.P., 1972. Structural geology (3rd ed.)., Prentice Hall (New Delhi), 606 pp.
• Close, J.C., 1993. Natural fractures in coal. [In:] Law, B.E. & Rice, D.D. (Eds), Hydrocarbons from coal. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Studies in Geology 38, 119–132.
• Close, J.C. & Mavor, M.J., 1991. Influence of coal composition and rank on fracture development in Fruitland coal gas reservoirs of San Juan Basin. [In:] Schwochow, S.D. (Ed.), Coalbed methane of western North America. Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists, 109–121.
• Dadlez, R. & Jaroszewski, W., 1994. Tektonika [Tectonics]. Polish Geological Press (Warszawa), 743 pp. (in Polish)
• Dadlez, R., Marek, S. & Pokorski, J., 2000. Geological map of Poland without Cenozoic deposits, scale 1:1000000. Polish Geological Institute (Warszawa).
• Dawson, G.K.W. & Esterle, J.S., 2010. Controls on coal cleat spacing. International Journal of Coal Geology 82, 213–218.
• Grimm, K. (Ed.), 2002. Tertiary. [In:] German Stratigraphic Commission (Ed.): Stratigraphic table of Germany 2002. GFZ GeoForschungsZentrum (Potsdam), 14 pp.
• Hancock, P., 1985. Brittle microtectonics: principles and practice. Structural Geology 7, 437–458.
• Jarosiński, M., Porawa, P. & Ziegler, P.A., 2009. Cenozoic dynamic evolution of the Polish Platform. Geological Quarterly 53, 3–26.
• Jaroszewski, W., 1981. Tektonika uskoków i fałdów [Fault and fold tectonics]. Geological Press (Warszawa), 360 pp. (in Polish)
• Karacan, C.Ö. & Okandan, E., 2000. Fracture/cleat analysis of coals from Zonguldak Basin (northwestern Turkey) relative to the potential of coalbed methane production. International Journal of Coal Geology 44, 109–125.
• Karnkowski, P.H., 2008. Regionalizacja tektoniczna Polski – Niż Polski [Tectonic subdivision of Poland – Polish Lowlands]. Przegląd Geologiczny 56, 895–903. (in Polish)
• Kendall, P.F. & Briggs, H., 1933. The formation of rock joints and the cleat of coal. Proceedings of the Royal Society, Edinburgh 53, 164–187.
• Kwiecińska, B. & Wagner, M., 1997. Typizacja cech jakościowych węgla brunatnego z krajowych złóż według kryteriów petrograficznych i chemiczno-technologicznych dla celów dokumentacji geologicznej złóż oraz obsługi kopalń [Classification of qualitative features of brown coal from Polish deposits according to petrographical, chemical and technological criteria]. Wydawnictwo Centrum PPGSMiE Polskiej Akademii Nauk (Kraków), 87 pp. (in Polish)
• Kwiecińska, B. & Wagner, M., 2001. Możliwość zastosowania refleksyjności jako metody badawczej w klasyfikowaniu i technologicznej ocenie jakości węgla brunatnego [Application of reflectance in the natural and technological classification of brown coal]. Wydawnictwo Akademii Górniczo-Hutniczej (Kraków), 35 pp. (in Polish)
• Laubach, S.E, Marrett, R.A., Olson, J.E. & Scott, A.R., 1998. Characteristics and origins of coal cleat: a review. International Journal of Coal Geology 35, 175–207.
• Law, B.E., 1993. The Relationship between coal rank and cleat spacing: implications for the prediction of permeability in coal. Proceedings of International Coalbed Methane Symposium II, the University of Alabama (Tuscaloosa), 435–441.
• Macuda, J., Nodzeński, A., Wagner, M. & Zawisza, L., 2011. Sorption of methane on lignite from Polish deposits. International Journal of Coal Geology 87, 41–48.
• Marshak, S. & Mitra, G., 2006. Basic methods of structural geology (2nd ed.)., Prentice Hall (New Jersey), 446 pp.
• McCulloch, C.M., Deul, M. & Jeran, P.W., 1974. Cleats in bituminous coalbeds. U.S. Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations Report 7910, 23 pp.
• McCulloch, C.M., Lambert, S.W. & White, J.R., 1976. Determining cleat orientations of deeper coalbeds from overlying coals. U.S. Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations Report 8116, 24 pp.
• Miall, A.D., 1977. A review of the braided-river depositional environment. Earth-Science Reviews 13, 1–62.
• Nelson, W.J., 1983. Geologic disturbances in Illinois coal seams. Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 530, 50 pp.
• Paul, S. & Chatterjee, R., 2011. Determination of in-situ stress direction from cleat orientation mapping for coal bed methane exploration in south-eastern part of Jharia coalfield, India. International Journal of Coal Geology 87, 87–96.
• Pietraszewski, A., 2013. Polskie górnictwo węgla brunatnego w 2012 roku [Polish lignite mining industry in 2012]. Węgiel Brunatny 82, http://www.ppwb.org.pl/wb/82/2.php. (in Polish)
• Piwocki, M., 1992. Zasięg i korelacja głównych grup trzeciorzędowych pokładów węgla brunatnego na platformowym obszarze Polski [Extent and correlations of main groups of the Tertiary lignite seams on Polish platform area]. Przegląd Geologiczny 40, 281–286. (in Polish)
• Piwocki, M., 1987. Chemiczne i technologiczne właściwości głównych trzeciorzędowych grup pokładów węgla brunatnego w Polsce [Chemical and technological properties of the main groups of Tertiary brown coal seams in Poland]. Biuletyn Instytutu Geologicznego 357, 41–60. (in Polish)
• Piwocki, M. & Ziembińska-Tworzydło, M., 1997. Neogene of the Polish Lowlands – lithostratigraphy and pollen-spore zones. Geological Quarterly 41, 21–40.
• Pollard, D.D. & Fletcher, R.C., 2005. Fundamentals of structural geology. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge), 500 pp.
• Price, N. & Cosgrove, J., 1990. Analysis of geological structures. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge), 502 pp.
• Sadowska, A. & Giża, B., 1991. Flora i wiek węgla brunatnego z Pątnowa [The flora and age of the brown coal from Pątnów]. Acta Palaeobotanica 31, 201–214. (in Polish)
• Solano-Acosta, W., Mastalerz, M. & Schimmelmann, A., 2007. Cleats and their relation to geologic lineaments and coalbed methane potential in Pennsylvanian coals in Indiana. International Journal of Coal Geology 72, 187–208.
• Su, X., Feng, Y., Chen, J. & Pan, J., 2001. The characteristics and origins of cleat in coal from Western North China. International Journal of Coal Geology 47, 51–62.
• Ting, F.T.C., 1977. Origin and spacing of cleats in coal beds. Journal of Pressure Vessel Technical Transactions ASME 99, 624–626.
• Troć, M. & Sadowska, A., 2006. Wiek formacji poznańskiej na obszarze Poznania [The age of the Poznań Formation in the Poznań region]. Przegląd Geologiczny 54, 588–593. (in Polish)
• Twiss, R.J. & Moores, E.M., 1992. Structural geology. W.H. Freeman & Company (New York), 532 pp.
• Ważyńska, H. (Ed.), 1998. Palynology and palaeogeography of the Neogene in Polish Lowlands. Prace Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego 160, 1–41. (in Polish)
• Widera, M., 2012. Macroscopic lithotype characterisation of the 1st Middle-Polish (1st Lusatian) Lignite Seam in the Miocene of central Poland. Geologos 18, 1–11.
• Widera, M., 2013a. Changes of the lignite seam architecture – a case study from Polish lignite deposits. International Journal of Coal Geology 114, 60–73.
• Widera, M., 2013b. Sand- and mud-filled fluvial palaeochannels in the Wielkopolska Member of the Neogene Poznań Formation, central Poland. Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae 83, 19–28.
• Widera, M., Ćwikliński W. & Karman R., 2008. Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Poznań-Oleśnica Fault Zone, central-western Poland. Acta Geologica Polonica 58, 455–471.
• Widera, M. & Hałuszczak, A., 2011. Stages of the Cenozoic tectonics in central Poland: examples from selected grabens. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften 162, 203–214.