2-Naftyloamina i jej sole – w przeliczeniu na 2-naftyloaminę : dokumentacja proponowanych dopuszczalnych wielkości narażenia zawodowego

• Autorzy: Czubacka Ewelina , Czerczak Sławomir

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.5604/01.3001.0014.1920

Warianty tytułu

EN

2-Naphthylamine and its salts – calculated as 2-naphthylamine : documentation of proposed values of occupational exposure limits (OELs)

• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

PL

2-Naftyloamina (2-NA) występuje w postaci bezbarwnych kryształów o słabym, aromatycznym zapachu, które różowieją pod wpływem światła. Substancja nie występuje naturalnie w przyrodzie. Obecnie produkcja 2-naftyloaminy dla zastosowań przemysłowych jest prawnie zakazana w państwach Unii Europejskiej. W przeszłości substancję wykorzystywano do wytwarzania barwników azowych, jako przeciwutleniacz w przemyśle gumowym oraz w wytwórniach kabli. Obecnie jest stosowana w niewielkich ilościach głównie w laboratoriach badawczych. Narażonych na 2-naftyloaminę i jej sole w zakładach pracy w Polsce w 2017 r. według Centralnego Rejestru Danych o Narażeniu na Substancje Chemiczne, ich Mieszaniny, Czynniki lub Procesy Technologiczne o Działaniu Rakotwórczym lub Mutagennym było 208 osób, przy czym były to praktycznie tylko osoby pracujące w: laboratoriach wyższych uczelni, instytutach, inspekcjach, urzędach kontrolnych, jak również w laboratoriach zakładów farmaceutycznych i zakładu produkującego farby. Zgodnie z załącznikiem XVII do rozporządzenia REACH stosowanie 2-naftyloaminy podlega następującym ograniczeniom: nie może być ona wprowadzana do obrotu ani stosowana jako substancja lub w mieszaninach o stężeniach większych niż 0,1% masowo. Przy narażeniu zawodowym na 2-naftyloaminę i jej sole większe znaczenie ma oddziaływanie na drogi oddechowe oraz skórę niż wchłanianie z przewodu pokarmowego. Większość wchłoniętej dawki 2-naftyloaminy jest wydalana głównie z moczem. Mediany dawek lub stężeń śmiertelnych 2-naftyloaminy, które uzyskano w badaniach na zwierzętach doświadczalnych, wskazują, że jest to substancja szkodliwa po połknięciu. Główne objawy zatrucia ostrego to zaczerwienienie spojówek, łzawienie oczu, sinoniebieskie zabarwienie błon śluzowych, paznokci i skóry, ból i zawroty głowy oraz duszności. Na podstawie wyników badań dostępnych w piśmiennictwie do skutków działania toksycznego 2-naftyloaminy w warunkach narażenia podprzewlekłego i przewlekłego można zaliczyć kontaktowe zapalenie skóry, przewlekłe zapalenie pęcherza moczowego oraz raki pęcherza moczowego. 2-Naftyloamina i jej sole to przede wszystkim związki o potwierdzonym działaniu rakotwórczym na ludzi. W 1974 r. Międzynarodowa Agencja Badań nad Rakiem (IARC) uznała 2-naftyloaminę za czynnik rakotwórczy dla ludzi (grupa 1.) na podstawie wystarczających dowodów działania rakotwórczego na ludzi. Zgodnie z rozporządzeniem CLP 2-naftyloaminę i jej sole klasyfikuje się jako substancje rakotwórcze kategorii zagrożenia 1A z przypisanym kodem zwrotu wskazującym rodzaj zagrożenia H350 (Może powodować raka) oraz jako substancje o toksyczności ostrej kategorii zagrożenia 4 z przypisanym kodem zwrotu wskazującym rodzaj zagrożenia H302 (Działa szkodliwie po połknięciu). W Polsce wartość najwyższego dopuszczalnego stężenia (NDS) dla 2-naftyloaminy ustalono na poziomie 0 mg/m³ . Spośród pozostałych państw Unii Europejskiej jedynie Francja ma wyznaczoną wartość dopuszczalną na poziomie 0,005 mg/m³ , a Węgry i Włochy wartość chwilową na poziomie odpowiednio 0,005 mg/m³ i 0,001 mg/m³ . Przyjmując współczynnik Slope Factor (współczynnik kierunkowy prostej dawka-odpowiedź) dla człowieka opublikowany przez California EPA i biorąc pod uwagę wartość akceptowanego ryzyka 10-4 dla wystąpienia dodatkowych przypadków raka pęcherza moczowego, zaproponowano wartość NDS dla 2-naftyloaminy i jej soli na poziomie 0,003 mg/m³ . Zaleca się oznakowanie substancji jako „Carc. 1A”, co oznacza substancję rakotwórczą kategorii zagrożenia 1A (substancja wykazuje potencjalne działanie rakotwórcze na ludzi). Zakres tematyczny artykułu obejmuje zagadnienia zdrowia oraz bezpieczeństwa i higieny środowiska pracy będące przedmiotem badań z zakresu nauk o zdrowiu oraz inżynierii środowiska.

EN

2-Naphthylamine (2-NA) occurs in a form of colourless crystals with a weak, aromatic odour, which turn pink under the influence of light. The substance does not occur naturally in nature. The production of the 2-naphthylamine on an industrial scale is now banned in the UE. In the past this substance was used in the production of azo dyes, as an antioxidant in the rubber industry and in cable factories. 2-Naphthylamine is used in small amounts mainly in research laboratories. According to the data from the Polish Registry on Exposure to Chemicals, Their Mixtures, Factors or Technological Processes on Carcinogenic or Mutagenic Effects, 208 workers working in university laboratories, institutes, inspections, control offices as well as in laboratories of pharmaceutical and paint production plant were exposed to 2-NA and its salts in Poland in 2017. According to Annex XVII of REACH Regulation, 2-naphthylamine and its salts shall not be placed on the market, or used, as substances or in mixtures in concentrations greater than 0,1 % by weight. In occupational exposure to 2-naphthylamine and its salts, respiratory tract and skin are more important than gastrointestinal absorption. Most of the absorbed dose of 2-naphthylamine is mainly excreted in the urine. Median doses or lethal concentrations of 2-naphthylamine that were obtained in experimental animal studies indicate that it is harmful if swallowed. The main symptoms of acute intoxication are conjunctival redness, watery eyes, blue mucosa, nails, skin, pain and dizziness, shortness of breath. Based on the results of studies available in the literature, the effects of 2-naphthylamine under subchronic and chronic exposure may include contact dermatitis, chronic cystitis and bladder cancers. 2-Naphthylamine and its salts are compounds with proven carcinogenic humans. In 1974, The International Agency for Research on Cancer recognized 2-naphthylamine as a human carcinogen (group 1) based on sufficient evidence of a carcinogenic effect on humans. According to the CLP Regulation, 2-naphthylamine and its salts are classified as carcinogenic category 1A substances with the assigned hazard code H350 (May cause cancer) and as acute toxicity category 4 with the hazard code H302 assigned (Harmful if swallowed). In Poland, MAC (Maximum Admissible Concentration) value for 2-naphthylamine was set at 0 mg/m³ . In other EU countries, only France has set a MAC value of 0.005 mg/m³ while Hungary and Italy have a short-term value of 0.005 mg/m³ and 0.001 mg/m³ , respectively. Taking the Slope Factor for humans published by the California EPA and taking into account the accepted risk value of 10-4 for the occurrence of additional cases for bladder cancer, the MAC value for 2-naphthylamine and its salts is proposed to be 0.003 mg/m³ . The letters “Carc. 1A” should be used – the substance has carcinogenic potential for humans. This article discussess the problems of occupational safety and health, which are covered by health sciences and environmental engineering.

Słowa kluczowe

PL

2-naftyloamina; NDS; dopuszczalny poziom narażenia zawodowego; toksyczność; narażenie zawodowe; kancerogen; rak pęcherza moczowego; nauki o zdrowiu; inżynieria środowiska

EN

2-naphthylamine; OEL; MAC; toxicity; occupational exposure; carcinogen; bladder cancer; health sciences; environmental engineering

• Wydawca: Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
• Czasopismo: Podstawy i Metody Oceny Środowiska Pracy
• Rocznik: 2020
• Tom: Nr 2 (104)
• Strony: 5--38
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 138 poz., rys., tab.

Twórcy

autor

Czubacka Ewelina

• Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. prof. dr. med. Jerzego Nofera 91-348 Łódź, ul. św. Teresy od Dzieciątka Jezus 8 POLAND

autor

Czerczak Sławomir

• Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. prof. dr. med. Jerzego Nofera 91-348 Łódź, ul. św. Teresy od Dzieciątka Jezus 8 POLAND

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Uwagi

Opracowanie rekordu ze środków MNiSW, umowa Nr 461252 w ramach programu "Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki" - moduł: Popularyzacja nauki i promocja sportu (2020).