PL EN


Preferencje help
Widoczny [Schowaj] Abstrakt
Liczba wyników
Tytuł artykułu

Assessment of Pedestrian-Vehicle Interaction on Urban Roads: a Critical Review

Treść / Zawartość
Identyfikatory
Warianty tytułu
Języki publikacji
EN
Abstrakty
EN
Walking is being promoted as either a main mode of transportation or as a part of multimodal mobility. However, a rapid growth and development in urban areas has resulted in a drastic increase in human population as well as vehicular population in most of the metropolitans across the globe. Due to this, there is an unavoidable increase in conflicts between vehicular traffic and pedestrians often sharing the same road space. At an undesignated crossing, pedestrians wait for suitable inter-vehicular gap to cross the road. However, in order to reduce the waiting delay, pedestrians often take risk by accepting smaller gaps while crossing the road. It increases the probability of their collision with approaching vehicles. Apart from the frequency of crashes, the crash severity is also vastly governed by traffic flow characteristics. In this regard, it is a common belief that the reduction in speed of approaching vehicles can significantly bring down the severity of pedestrian crashes. On the other hand, vehicular movements also get obstructed due to the pedestrian activities carried out on the carriageway. During pedestrian crossing maneuvers, pedestrians often force the approaching vehicle(s) either to slow down or to change the lane which leads to reduction in the average speed of traffic stream. However, in case of pedestrians walking along the road, vehicles tend to shy away towards the center of carriageway to ensure the safe movements of pedestrians. Hence, pedestrians irrespective of crossing or walking along the road, eventually results in the reduction in speed as well as capacity of the road and sometimes prove to be a promising threat to safety of the road users. Therefore, in order to delve into the phenomena of pedestrian-vehicle interaction, one should need to study the mutual influences of pedestrian and vehicular movements on each other. In this background, this paper puts forward a detailed literature review on the assessment of pedestrian-vehicle interaction on urban roads. Findings of the paper are specific and infer the behaviors of both pedestrians and vehicles while sharing the same road space.
Rocznik
Strony
49--63
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 93 poz., rys., tab., wykr.
Twórcy
  • National Institute of Technology Hamirpur, Department of Civil Engineering, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, India
  • National Institute of Technology Hamirpur, Department of Civil Engineering, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, India
Bibliografia
  • [1] Adinarayana, I. and Anil, N. C. (2017) ‘The study exploration towards side friction influences by traffic performance measures on roads’, International Journal of Science Engineering and Advance, 5(9), pp. 963–970.
  • [2] Advani, M. and Nisha, G. (2013) ‘Behavioural Analysis of Pedestrians for Walking on Footpath and on Carriageway in “Space-Sharing” Traffic Scenario’, Indian Highways, Indian Roads Congress, New Delhi, 41(7), pp. 40–46.
  • [3] Alhajyaseen, W. K. M., Nakamura, H. and Asano, M. (2011) ‘Effects of Bi-directional Pedestrian Flow Characteristics upon the Capacity of Signalized Crosswalks’, Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 16, pp. 526–535. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.04.473.
  • [4] Archana, G. and Reshma, E. K. (2013) ‘ANALYSIS OF PEDESTRIAN LEVEL OF SERVICE FOR CROSSWALK AT INTERSECTIONS FOR URBAN CONDITION’, International Journal of Students Research in Technology & Management, 1(December), pp. 604–609.
  • [5] Aronsson, K. F. M. and Bang, K. L. (2006) ‘Influence on vehicle speed profiles of interactions with other road users’, in European Transport and Contributors, pp. 1–14.
  • [6] Asaithambi, G. et al. (2018) ‘Study of traffic flow characteristics using different vehicle-following models under mixed traffic conditions’, Transportation Letters. Taylor & Francis, 10(2), pp. 92–103. doi: 10.1080/19427867.2016.1190887.
  • [7] Asaithambi, G., Kuttan, M. O. and Chandra, S. (2016) ‘Pedestrian Road Crossing Behavior Under Mixed Traffic Conditions: A Comparative Study of an Intersection Before and After Implementing Control Measures’, Transportation in Developing Economies. Springer International Publishing, 2(2), pp. 1–12. doi: 10.1007/s40890-016-0018-5.
  • [8] Bak, R. and Kiec, M. (2012) ‘Influence of midblock pedestrian crossings on urban street capacity’, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2316, pp. 76–83. doi: 10.3141/2316-09.
  • [9] Baltes, M. R. and Chu, X. (2002) ‘Pedestrian Level of Service for Midblock Street Crossings’, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1818, pp. 125–133.
  • [10] Banerjee, A., Kumar, A. and Gregor, M. (2018) ‘A review of pedestrian flow characteristics and level of service over different pedestrian facilities’, Collective Dynamics, 17, pp. 1–52. doi: 10.17815/CD.2018.17.
  • [11] Bang, L. (1995) ‘Impact of Side Friction on Speed-Flow Relationships for Rural and Urban Highways’, SWEROAD, Indonesia, (July), p. 27.
  • [12] Bassani, M., Dalmazzo, D. and Marinelli, G. (2013) ‘Variables influencing speed distribution on urban arterials and collectors’, in 92nd Annual Meeting of Transportation Research Board, pp. 1–16.
  • [13] Brewer, M. et al. (2007) ‘Exploration of Pedestrian Gap-Acceptance Behavior at Selected Locations’, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1982(January 2006), pp. 132–140. doi: 10.3141/1982-18.
  • [14] Cantillo, V., Arellana, J. and Rolong, M. (2015) ‘Modelling pedestrian crossing behaviour in urban roads : A latent variable approach’, TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PART F. Elsevier Ltd, 32, pp. 56–67. doi: 10.1016/j.trf.2015.04.008.
  • [15] Chandra, S. et al. (2014) ‘Pedestrian behaviour under varied traffic and spatial conditions’, European Transport - Trasporti Europei, (56), pp. 1–13.
  • [16] Chandra, S., Rastogi, R. and Das, V. R. (2014) ‘Descriptive and parametric analysis of pedestrian gap acceptance in mixed traffic conditions’, KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 18(1), pp. 284–293. doi: 10.1007/s12205-014-0363-z.
  • [17] Cherry, C. et al. (2012) ‘Illegal mid-block pedestrian crossings in China: gap acceptance, conflict and crossing path analysis’, International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 19(4), pp. 320–330. doi: 10.1080/17457300.2011.628751.
  • [18] Chiguma, M. L. M. (2007) Analysis of side friction impact on urban road links; case study Dar-es-salaam. PhD Thesis, Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm, Sweden.
  • [19] Chung, Y. S. (2019) ‘Multilevel modeling of gap-selection behaviors: Effects of vehicle arrival time and personal walking time projection abilities in mixed traffic conditions’, Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour. Elsevier Ltd, 60, pp. 783–797. doi: 10.1016/j.trf.2018.09.010.
  • [20] Das, S., Manski, C. F. and Manuszak, M. D. (2005) ‘Walk or wait? An empirical analysis of street crossing decisions’, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 20(4), pp. 529–548. doi: 10.1002/jae.791.
  • [21] Davis, G. A. (2001) ‘Relating Severity of Pedestrian Injury to Impact Speed in Vehicle-Pedestrian Crashes Simple Threshold Model’, Transportation Research Record, 1773(01), pp. 108–113.
  • [22] Dhamaniya, A. and Chandra, S. (2015) ‘Influence of Undesignated Pedestrian Crossings on Midblock Capacity of Urban Roads’, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2461(1), pp. 137–144. doi: 10.3141/2461-17.
  • [23] Dixon, L. B. (1996) ‘Bicycle and Pedestrian Level-of-Service Performance Measures and Standards for Congestion Management Systems’, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1538, pp. 1–9.
  • [24] Ewing, R. and Dumbaugh, E. (2009) ‘The Built Environment and Traffic Safety: A Review of Empirical Evidence’, Journal of Planning Literature, 23(4), pp. 347–367. doi: 10.1177/0885412209335553.
  • [25] Faria, J. J. et al. (2010) ‘Collective behavior in road crossing pedestrians : the role of social information’, Behavioral Ecology, 9(September), pp. 1236–1242. doi: 10.1093/beheco/arq141.
  • [26] Ferenchak, N. N. (2016) ‘Pedestrian age and gender in relation to crossing behavior at midblock crossings in India’, Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering (English Edition). Elsevier Ltd, 3(4), pp. 345–351. doi: 10.1016/j.jtte.2015.12.001.
  • [27] Gaca, S. and Pogodzińska, S. (2017) ‘Speed management as a measure to improve road safety on Polish Regional Roads’, Archives of Transport, 43(3), pp. 29–42. doi: 10.5604/01.3001.0010.4225.
  • [28] Galanis, A. and Nikolaos, E. (2012) ‘Pedestrian Crossing Behaviour in Signalized Crossings in Middle Size Cities in Greece’, Proceedings REAL CORP 2012, 0(May), pp. 563–570.
  • [29] Gårder, P. E. (2004) ‘The impact of speed and other variables on pedestrian safety in Maine’, Accident Analysis and Prevention, 36(September 2002), pp. 533–542. doi: 10.1016/S0001-4575(03)00059-9.
  • [30] Goh, P. K. and Lam, W. H. K. (2004) ‘Pedestrian Flows and Walking Speed : A Problem at Signalized Crosswalks’, Institute of Transportation Engineers. ITE, (January), pp. 28–33.
  • [31] Golakiya, H. D. and Dhamaniya, A. (2019) ‘Modeling Speed and Capacity Estimation at Urban Midblock Sections under the Influence of Crossing Pedestrians’, American Society
  • Civil Engineers, 145(1998), pp. 1–14. doi: 10.1061/JTEPBS.0000260.
  • [32] Gupta, A. and Pundir, N. (2015) ‘Pedestrian Flow Characteristics Studies: A Review’, Transport Reviews, 35(4), pp. 445–465. doi: 10.1080/01441647.2015.1017866.
  • [33] Gupta, D. and Patel, V. R. (2014) ‘Pedestrian Simulation in Congested Urban Area’, International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR), 2(3), pp. 111–115.
  • [34] Haleem, K., Alluri, P. and Gan, A. (2015) ‘Analyzing pedestrian crash injury severity at signalized and non-signalized locations’, Accident Analysis and Prevention. Elsevier Ltd, 81, pp. 14–23. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2015.04.025.
  • [35] Hamed, M. M. (2001) ‘Analysis of pedestrian’s behavior at pedestrian crossings’, Safety Science, 38, pp. 63–82.
  • [36] Harrell, W. A. (2010) ‘Factors Influencing Pedestrian Cautiousness in Crossing Streets’, The Journal of Social Psychology, 131(3), pp. 367–372. doi: 10.1080/00224545.1991.9713863.
  • [37] Hawas, Y. E. and Khan, M. B. (2012) ‘A Fuzzy Logic Modeling Approach to Assess the Speed Limit Suitability in Urban Street Networks’, in International Conference on Agents and Artificial Intelligence, ICAART 2012. Vilamoura, Algarve, Portugal, pp. 1–16. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-36907-0.
  • [38] Henson, C. (2000) ‘Levels of Service for Pedestrians’, Institute of Transportation Engineers. ITE, 70(9), pp. 26–30.
  • [39] Holubowycz, O. T. (1995) ‘Age, sex, and blood alcohol concentration of killed and injured pedestrians’, Accident Analysis & Prevention, 27(3), pp. 417–22. doi: 10.1016/0001-4575(94)00064-S.
  • [40] Hubbard et al. (2007) ‘Assessing the Impact of Turning Vehicles on Pedestrian Level of Service at Signalized Intersections: A New Perspective’, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2027, pp. 27–36. doi: 10.3141/2027-04.
  • [41] Hubbard, S. M. L., Bullock, D. M. and Mannering, F. L. (2009) ‘Right Turns on Green and Pedestrian Level of Service : Statistical Assessment’, JOURNAL OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING © ASCE, 135(April), pp. 153–159.
  • [42] Ibrahim, N. I., Karim, M. R. and Kidwai, F. A. (2005) ‘Motorists and pedestrian interaction at unsignalised pedestrian crossing’, Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, 5, pp. 120–125.
  • [43] Jain, A., Gupta, A. and Rastogi, R. (2014) ‘Pedestrian Crossing Behaviour Analysis At Intersections’, International Journal for Traffic and Transport Engineering, 4(1), pp. 103–116. doi: 10.7708/ijtte.2014.4(1).08.
  • [44] Jin, S. et al. (2013) ‘Dynamic characteristics of traffic flow with consideration of pedestrians’ road-crossing behavior’, Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications. Elsevier B.V., 392(18), pp. 3881–3890. doi: 10.1016/j.physa.2013.04.030.
  • [45] Kadali, B. R., Chiranjeevi, T. and Rajesh, R. (2015) ‘Effect of Pedestrians Un-Signalized Mid-Block Crossing on Vehicular Speed’, International Journal for Traffic and Transport Engineering, 5(2), pp. 170–183. doi: 10.7708/ijtte.2015.5(2).07.
  • [46] Kadali, B. R., Rathi, N. and Perumal, V. (2014) ‘Evaluation of pedestrian mid-block road crossing behaviour using artificial neural network’, Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering. Elsevier, 1(2), pp. 111–119. doi: 10.1016/S2095-7564(15)30095-7.
  • [47] Kadali, B. R. and Vedagiri, P. (2013a) ‘Effect of Vehicular Lanes on Pedestrian Gap Acceptance Behaviour’, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. Elsevier B.V., 104, pp. 678–687. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.11.162.
  • [48] Kadali, B. R. and Vedagiri, P. (2013b) ‘Modelling pedestrian road crossing behaviour under mixed traffic condition’, European Transport - Trasporti Europei, (55), pp. 1–17.
  • [49] Kadali, B. R. and Vedagiri, P. (2016) ‘Review of Pedestrian Level of Service: Perspective in Developing Countries’, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2581(1), pp. 37–47. doi: 10.3141/2581-05.
  • [50] Kadali, R. B. and Perumal, V. (2016) ‘Critical Gap Analysis based on Pedestrian Behavior during Peak-Hour Traffic at Unprotected Midblock Crosswalks’, Asian Transport Studies ATS, 4(1), pp. 261–277. doi:
  • 10.11175/eastsats.4.261.
  • [51] Keegan, O. and Mahony, M. O. Õ. (2003) ‘Modifying pedestrian behaviour’, Transportation Research Part A, 37, pp. 889–901. doi: 10.1016/S0965-8564(03)00061-2.
  • [52] Kurek, A., Jużyniec, J. and Kielc, B. (2018) ‘ANALYSIS OF ROAD SAFETY IN THE CITY OF SOSNOWIEC IN THE PERIOD 2006-2016’, Scientific Journal of Silesian University of Technology. Series Transport, 100, pp. 69–79. doi: https://doi.org/10.20858/sjsutst.2018.100.6.
  • [53] Kuttam, M. O., Babu, S. and Asaithambi, G. (2017) ‘Impact of Pedestrian Road Crossing on Capacity and Level of Service of Urban Undivided Roads in Indian Traffic Conditions’, 96th Annual Meeting of Transportation Research Board, (November 2016), pp. 1–15.
  • [54] Kwon, Y., Morichi, S. and Yai, T. (1998) ‘Analysis of Pedestrian Behavior and Planning Guidelines with Mixed Traffic for Narrow Urban Streets’, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1636, pp. 116–123.
  • [55] Laxman, K. K., Rastogi, R. and Chandra, S. (2010) ‘Pedestrian Flow Characteristics in Mixed Traffic Conditions’, Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 136(1), pp. 23–33. doi: 10.1061/(asce)0733-9488(2010)136:1(23).
  • [56] Lee, J. Y. S. et al. (2005) ‘New Level-of-Service Standard for Signalized Crosswalks with Bi-Directional Pedestrian Flows’, JOURNAL OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING © ASCE, 131(December), pp. 957–960.
  • [57] Lee, J. Y. S. and Lam, W. H. K. (2008) ‘Simulating pedestrian movements at signalized crosswalks in Hong Kong’, Transportation Research Part A. Elsevier Ltd, 42(10), pp. 1314–1325. doi: 10.1016/j.tra.2008.06.009.
  • [58] Ma, W. J. et al. (2010) ‘Socioeconomic status and the occurrence of non-fatal child pedestrian injury : Results from a cross-sectional survey’, Safety Science. Elsevier Ltd, 48(6), pp. 823–828. doi: 10.1016/j.ssci.2010.02.021.
  • [59] Mako, E. and Szakonyi, P. (2016) ‘Evaluation of human behaviour at pedestrian crossings’, Transportation Research Procedia. Elsevier B.V., 14, pp. 2121–2128. doi: 10.1016/j.trpro.2016.05.227.
  • [60] Marisamynathan, S. and Vedagiri, P. (2017) ‘Modeling Pedestrian Level of Service at Signalized Intersection Under Mixed Traffic Conditions’, Transportation Reasearch Record, Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2634, pp. 86–94.
  • [61] McLean Anderson, R., Farmer, M., Lee, B. & Brooks, C, A. (1994) ‘Vehicle Travel Speeds and The Incidence of Fatal Pedestrian Collisions’, NHMRC Road Accident Research Unit, I(5), p. 98.
  • [62] Montufar, J. et al. (2007) ‘Pedestrians ’ Normal Walking Speed and Speed When Crossing a Street’, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2002, pp. 90–97. doi: 10.3141/2002-12.
  • [63] Mori, M. and Tsukaguchi, H. (1987) ‘A new method for evaluation of level of service in pedestrian facilities’, Transportation Research Part A: General, 21(3), pp. 223–234. doi: 10.1016/0191-2607(87)90016-1.
  • [64] Munawar, A. (2011) ‘Speed and capacity for urban roads, Indonesian experience’, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 16, pp. 382–387. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.04.459.
  • [65] Muraleetharan, T. et al. (2003) ‘A Study on Evaluation of Pedestrian Level of Service along Sidewalks and at Intersections Using Conjoint Analysis’, in Annual Meeting of Japanese Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE).
  • [66] Muraleetharan, T. et al. (2005) ‘Method to determine pedestrian level-of-service for crosswalks at urban intersections’, Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, 6(June 2014), pp. 127–136.
  • [67] Oxley, J. A. et al. (2005) ‘Crossing roads safely: An experimental study of age differences in gap selection by pedestrians’, Accident Analysis and Prevention, 37(5), pp. 962–971. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2005.04.017.
  • [68] Papadimitriou, E., Lassarre, S. and Yannis, G. (2016) ‘Pedestrian Risk Taking while Road Crossing: A Comparison of Observed and Declared Behaviour’, Transportation Research Procedia. Elsevier B.V., 14, pp. 4354–4363. doi: 10.1016/j.trpro.2016.05.357.
  • [69] Pasanen, E. and Salmivaara, H. (1993) ‘Driving speeds and pedestrian safety in the city of Helsinki’, Traffic Engineering & Control,
  • 34(6), pp. 308–310.
  • [70] Pasha, M. et al. (2015) ‘Pedestrian’s Behaviour on Road Crossing Facilities’, Jurnal Teknologi (Sciences & Engineering), 73(4), pp. 77–83. doi: 10.11113/jt.v73.4292.
  • [71] Pawar, D. S. and Patil, G. R. (2016) ‘Critical gap estimation for pedestrians at uncontrolled mid-block crossings on high-speed arterials Critical gap estimation for pedestrians at uncontrolled mid-block crossings on high-speed arterials’, Safety Science. Elsevier Ltd, 86(July 2016), pp. 295–303. doi: 10.1016/j.ssci.2016.03.011.
  • [72] Peden, M. et al. (2004) World report on road traffic injury prevention. Geneva.
  • [73] Petritsch, T. et al. (2007) ‘Part 2: Pedestrians: Level-of-Service Model for Pedestrians at Signalized Intersections’, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1939(January), pp. 53–62. doi: 10.3141/1939-07.
  • [74] Polus, A., Schofer, J. L. and Ushpiz, A. (2008) ‘Pedestrian Flow and Level of Service’, Journal of Transportation Engineering, 109(1), pp. 46–56. doi: 10.1061/(asce)0733-947x(1983)109:1(46).
  • [75] Rastogi, R., Ilango, T. and Chandra, S. (2013) ‘Pedestrian flow characteristics for different pedestrian facilities and situations’, European Transport - Trasporti Europei, (53), pp. 1–21.
  • [76] Roberts, I. et al. (1995) ‘Effect of Environmental-Factors on Risk of Injury of Child Pedestrians by Effect of environmental factors on risk of injury ofchild pedestrians by motor vehicles : A case-control study’, BMJ, 310(June 2014), pp. 91–94. doi: 10.1136/bmj.310.6972.91.
  • [77] Rosén, E. and Sander, U. (2009) ‘Pedestrian fatality risk as a function of car impact speed’, Accident Analysis and Prevention, 41, pp. 536–542. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2009.02.002.
  • [78] Rosenbloom, T. (2009) ‘Crossing at a red light : Behaviour of individuals and groups’, Transportation Research Part F: Psychology and Behaviour. Elsevier Ltd, 12(5), pp. 389–394. doi: 10.1016/j.trf.2009.05.002.
  • [79] Salini, S., George, S. and Ashalatha, R. (2016) ‘Effect of Side Frictions on Traffic Characteristics of Urban Arterials’, Transportation Research Procedia. The Author(s), 17(December 2014), pp. 636–643. doi: 10.1016/j.trpro.2016.11.118.
  • [80] Sarsam, S. I. and Abdulameer, M. W. (2015) ‘Modeling of Pedestrian Walking Characteristics at Erbil CBD’, International Journal of Mathematics and Computational Science, 1(5), pp. 234–241.
  • [81] Serag, M. . (2014) ‘Modelling pedestrian road crossing at uncontrolled mid-block locations in developing countries’, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING V Research, 4(3), pp. 274–285. doi: 10.6088/ijcser.201304010027.
  • [82] Shi, J. et al. (2008) ‘Research on Pedestrian Behavior and Traffic Characteristics at Unsignalized Midblock Crosswalk’, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2038(1), pp. 23–33. doi: 10.3141/2038-04.
  • [83] Singh, H. et al. (2007) ‘A Review of Pedestrian Traffic Fatalities’, 29(4), pp. 971–973.
  • [84] Sun, D. et al. (2003) ‘Modeling of Motorist-Pedestrian Interaction at Uncontrolled Mid-block Crosswalks’, Transportation Research Record, 2(December).
  • [85] Thiessen, A., El-Basyouny, K. and Gargoum, S. (2017) ‘Operating Speed Models for Tangent Segments on Urban Roads’, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2618(1), pp. 91–99. doi: 10.3141/2618-09.
  • [86] Vanumu, L. D., Ramachandra Rao, K. and Tiwari, G. (2017) ‘Fundamental diagrams of pedestrian flow characteristics: A review’, European Transport Research Review.
  • European Transport Research Review, 9(4). doi: 10.1007/s12544-017-0264-6.
  • [87] Várhelyi, A. (1996) Dynamic speed adaptation based on information technology, a theoretical background. Lund Institute of Technology, Lund University, Sweden.
  • [88] Wang, T. et al. (2010) ‘Study of Pedestrian’s Gap Acceptance Behavior when they Jaywalk outside Crossing Facilities’, in Annual Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, pp. 3–8.
  • [89] Yannis, G., Papadimitriou, E. and Theofilatos, A. (2013) ‘Pedestrian gap acceptance for mid-block street crossing’, Transportation Planning and Technology, 36(5), pp. 450–462. doi: 10.1080/03081060.2013.818274.
  • [90] Zhang, J. and Seyfried, A. (2013) ‘Empirical Characteristics of Different Types of Pedestrian Streams’, Procedia Engineering. Elsevier B.V., 62, pp. 655–662. doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2013.08.111.
  • [91] Zhao, J. and Wu, J. (2003) ‘Analysis of Pedestrian Behavior With Mixed Traffic Flow at Intersection’, IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Proceedings, ITSC, 1, pp. 323–327.
  • [92] Zhao, L. et al. (2014) ‘Method to Determine Pedestrian Level of Service for the Overall Unsignalized Midblock Crossings of Road Segments’, Advances in Mechanical Engineering, 6. doi: 10.1155/2014/652986.
  • [93] Zheng, Y. et al. (2015) ‘Modeling vehicle-pedestrian interactions outside of crosswalks’, Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory, 59(DECEMBER), pp. 89–101. doi: 10.1016/j.simpat.2015.08.005.
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-dff368a3-229a-4797-b322-ea03f68ec7c3
JavaScript jest wyłączony w Twojej przeglądarce internetowej. Włącz go, a następnie odśwież stronę, aby móc w pełni z niej korzystać.