Analiza chodu człowieka w aspekcie jego stabilności oraz wytrzymałości wybranych elementów kończyny dolnej

Mrozowski, J.

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Tytuł artykułu

Analiza chodu człowieka w aspekcie jego stabilności oraz wytrzymałości wybranych elementów kończyny dolnej

Autorzy

Mrozowski J.

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Języki publikacji

Abstrakty

W większości definicji biomechaniki jako temat wiodący przewija się ruch człowieka i zwierząt. Świadczy to o jego wielkim znaczeniu dla funkcjonowania organizmów żywych, a jednocześnie wskazuje na potrzebę ciągłych badań nad jego pełnym poznaniem. Chód jest jednym z najważniejszych i najczęściej spotykanych rodzajów ruchu człowieka. Mimo wielu lat intensywnych badań ciągle jeszcze nasza wiedza na temat tej formy przemieszczania się jest niepełna, zaś metody i urządzenia służące do jej analizy są stale rozwijane i udoskonalane. W prezentowanej pracy można wyróżnić dwie podstawowe części, których motywem przewodnim jest chód człowieka. W pierwszej części (rozdział 4) skoncentrowano się na analizie stabilności chodu normalnego, będącego podstawą wszelkich badań porównawczych w zakresie lokomocji dwunożnej oraz patologii układu ruchu. Najpowszechniej obecnie stosowana, znana od kilkudziesięciu lat, metoda oceny stabilności zarówno posturalnej, jak i lokomocyjnej, wykorzystuje platformy dynamometryczne pozwalające uzyskać informacje na temat środka nacisku stóp na podłoże i jego przemieszczeń. Ma ona jednak pewne wady i ograniczenia, nie daje na przykład pełnej wiedzy na temat parametrów kinematycznych chodu. Zaproponowana w tej pracy procedura badawcza łączy w sobie znaną metodę optoelektronicznej rejestracji trajektorii wybranych punktów ciała idącej osoby z kryteriami stabilności wykorzystywanymi przy projektowaniu dwunożnych robotów kroczących. Testy przeprowadzone przy użyciu dwóch kamer cyfrowych i bieżni o regulowanej prędkości przesuwu dowodzą, że nawet tak prosty system daje satysfakcjonujące rezultaty i może być z powodzeniem stosowany w ośrodkach badawczych i rehabilitacyjnych, niedysponujących bogatym wyposażeniem sprzętowym ani znacznymi środkami finansowymi. Druga część pracy (rozdział 5) przedstawia badania naprężeń wybranych fragmentów kośćca kończyny dolnej, których obciążenia są zdeterminowane głównie przez siły dynamiczne generowane podczas chodu. Analizie poddano kość miedniczną, szyjkę kości udowej oraz kości goleni. Na podstawie symulacji numerycznych prowadzonych przy użyciu metody elementów skończonych uzyskano szereg informacji na temat wielkości i rozkładu naprężeń badanych struktur, a także miejsc krytycznych z punktu widzenia ich wytrzymałości. Obliczenia były wykonywane dla różnych konfiguracji parametrów kontrolnych, co pozwoliło m.in. na określenie krytycznej wartości kąta szyjkowo-trzonowego, ocenę wpływu sprawności mięśni na stan pracy szyjki kości udowej czy też zmian w naprężeniach kości piszczelowej przy uszkodzonej strzałce.

In most definitions of biomechanics as a leading subject, the movement of man and animals appears. This demonstrates its great importance for the functioning of living organisms, and also indicates the need for continuing research on his full knowledge. Walking is one of the most important and most common types of human movement. Despite many years of intensive research, our knowledge of this form of movement is still incomplete, and the methods and devices for the analysis are constantly being developed and refined. In presented study, there can be distinguished two basic parts, in which the leading theme is gait of human. The first part (chapter 4) focuses on the analysis of the stability of the normal gait, which is the basis for any comparative study of bipedal locomotion and the pathology of the musculoskeletal system. The most popular method for evaluating both postural and locomotive stabilities, known for several decades, use the dynamometric platforms to obtain information about the foot center of pressure and its displacement. However, it has some drawbacks and limitations, for example, it does not give full knowledge of the kinematic parameters of gait. Procedure proposed in this treatise combines the well-known method for optoelectronic recording the trajectory of the selected points of the walking person's body with the stability criteria used in the design of bipedal walking robots. Tests carried out using two amateur digital cameras and variable speed treadmill shift shows that even such a simple system gives satisfactory results and can be successfully used in research centers and rehabilitation facilities not yet have extensive hardware or significant financial resources. Second part of the treatise (chapter 5) presents the stress study of selected elements of lower limb bones' skeleton, which loads are determined mainly by the dynamic forces generated during gait. The analysis was performed on the pelvic bone, femoral neck and shin bones. Based on numerical simulations executed using the finite element method, there was obtained some information on the size and distribution of the stress test structures, as well as critical areas from the standpoint of their strength. The calculations were carried out for different configurations of the controlled parameters, which allowed, inter alia to determine the critical values of the femoral neck-shaft angle, assessing the impact of the muscles efficiency on the femoral neck status or changes in the stress of the tibial bone at the damaged fibula.

Słowa kluczowe

chód człowieka biomechanika ruch człowieka analiza chodu kończyna dolna

human gait biomechanics human motion gait analysis lower limb

Wydawca

Wydawnictwo Politechniki Łódzkiej

Czasopismo

Zeszyty Naukowe. Rozprawy Naukowe / Politechnika Łódzka

Rocznik

2012

Tom

Z. 424

Strony

1--155

Opis fizyczny

Bibliogr. 203 poz.

Twórcy

autor

Mrozowski J.

Wydział Mechaniczny Politechniki Łódzkiej

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Strony internetowe:
I_l. http://www.medizin.fii-berlin.de/biomechanik
I_2. http://jwi.charite.de/en/research/musculoskeletal_biomechanics/instrumented_implants
I_3. http://www.isbweb.org
I_4. http://www.fizjoterapia.pl
I_5. http://www.tecno.ior.it/vrlab/researchers/repository
I_6. http://cg.kw.ac.kr/motion_reconstruction/paperl45.pdf
I_7. http://www.kistler.com
I_8. http://www.qualisys.com
I_9. http://www.simi.com

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