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1
Content available A quaternion clustering framework
EN
Data clustering is one of the most popular methods of data mining and cluster analysis. The goal of clustering algorithms is to partition a data set into a specific number of clusters for compressing or summarizing original values. There are a variety of clustering algorithms available in the related literature. However, the research on the clustering of data parametrized by unit quaternions, which are commonly used to represent 3D rotations, is limited. In this paper we present a quaternion clustering methodology including an algorithm proposal for quaternion based k-means along with quaternion clustering quality measures provided by an enhancement of known indices and an automated procedure of optimal cluster number selection. The validity of the proposed framework has been tested in experiments performed on generated and real data, including human gait sequences recorded using a motion capture technique.
2
Content available remote Modeling and experimental validation of walking processes
EN
The so-called intermediate model (IM) was applied in the paper to quantitatively describe complex trajectories. Using this model it was possible to find the proper fitting function for describing random trajectories that were recorded during the walking process performed by a volunteer. Experimental data were acquired using a three-dimensional Motion Capture system during normal gait of a healthy person on an automatic treadmill. The major aim of this research was to find if the IM is applicable to fit typical biomechanical measurement data. Motion Capture data collection is very time-consuming and requires a lot of memory, so storing movement trajectories in a parametric form helps to increase the data processing efficiency and mathematical analysis. As a result of the original treatment procedure described in this paper, we obtained a very accurate fit of the measured data. The results of this research can be used to model the movement of mechanical devices and for diagnostic purposes.
EN
In the paper a way of people identification, based on ground reaction forces during gait, is presented. The authors established that each individual has an unique gait pattern that can be described by quantitative parameters, calculated using measurements coming from the force plates. Fifteen volunteers took part in this study. Each person walked barefoot at least 100 times through 10-m-long walkway with the force plates built in. Determinants were calculated based on vertical and anterior-posterior components of the ground reaction force. The obtained parameters were used as an input matrix of the artificial neural network designed for identification of each person. Effectiveness of the recognition was assessed as root mean square error between expected and obtained output values. It was proved, that human identification based on presented determinants of the gait and artificial neural network is possible at a high level.
EN
The aim of the study was to propose a relatively simple central pattern generator (CPG) model, which can be used to control a lower limb exoskeleton. The mentioned generator and the simulation model of the human gait were developed based on experimental observations of the healthy volunteer's gait recorded using a motion tracking system. In order to reproduce the correct movements of the exoskeleton segments, time series of angles in the joints corresponding to the hip and knee joints were calculated based on tracing the trajectories generated by the CPG and the inverse kinematic relations. The proposed model can be implemented to control the lower limb (extremity) exoskeleton and assist various types of gait abnormality in patients with different motor dysfunction by means of changing the parameters of the control system. The presented experimental data, the developed gait simulation model, and the results of numerical simulations can be treated as guidelines for further improvement of the proposed model and its application in the exoskeleton control system. Although the study is mainly focused on rehabilitation applications, the proposed model is general and can be used also for other purposes such as control of bipedal and multi-legged robots.
EN
Surface EMG is a non-invasive measurement of an individual muscle activity and it can be used as the indirect form of a simulated muscle forces validation. The quantitative curves comparison has some potential, which has not been fully exploited yet [13]. The purpose of current study was to quantitatively compare muscle forces predicted using musculoskeletal models to measured surface electromyography signals. A metrics based on correlation and an electromechanical delay correction for a quantitative trend validation has been proposed. Kinematics of a normal gait was collected for three healthy subjects together with ground reaction forces and EMG signals of eight different muscles of both legs. Dynamic simulations have been performed for two models of differing complexity from OpenSim library (Gait2392 and Gait2354) [2,5,6], static optimization method and computed muscle control algorithm [20] have been used. It has been shown, that the level of force-EMG trend compliance, obtained for applied models and simulation techniques, is related rather to the selected muscle than to applied optimization criteria or technique. The contribution of analyzed muscles during gait has been predicted better by complex model than by simplified model. Moreover relationship between the body proportion of subject and the degree of correlation has been observed. Proposed metrics and obtained results can be the basis for further identification of cost functions, which could most closely describe motor control strategy.
6
Content available remote A method for human gait comparison
EN
This paper presents a method for comparing two different human gaits recorded in a motion capture laboratory. The comparison consists in comparing how joint angles change. The test data was read from C3D files. In order to obtain presented results a piece of software is created in C++ language. The software allows for reading acquisition files and calculating the angles between chosen body parts.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia metodę porównania dwóch różnych nagrań ruchu człowieka. Porównanie dotyczy wybranych kończyn i polega na badaniu zmienności kątów poszczególnych stawów. Wykorzystano dane o trajektoriach markerów odczytane z plików C3D. Do uzyskania wyników wykorzystano program opracowany w języku C++ służący do odczytywania nagrań i obliczania wspomnianych kątów.
7
Content available Analiza biomechaniczna chodu prawidłowego
PL
Artykuł wprowadza w problematykę badania chodu prawidłowego. Opracowano model kończyn dolnych o 14 stopniach swobody (po 7 stopni na każdą kończynę) z zaimplementowanymi parametrami antropometrycznymi. Przeprowadzono symulację chodu i przedstawiono analizę wielkości kinematycznych takich jak przebiegi czasowe kątów w poszczególnych stawach. Określono wielkości dynamiczne takie jak siły występujące w wybranych mięśniach poszczególnych stawów oraz zmianę długości mięśni w funkcji zmiany kąta podczas chodu prawidłowego.
EN
In this paper the results of the research based on simulation of human gait were presented. The model of the lower limbs of 14 degrees of freedom was described. The simulation of gait was done and selected biomechanical parameters with description were presented. The dynamic forces in selected muscles at each joint and the muscle length changes as a function of an angle were specified.
PL
W większości definicji biomechaniki jako temat wiodący przewija się ruch człowieka i zwierząt. Świadczy to o jego wielkim znaczeniu dla funkcjonowania organizmów żywych, a jednocześnie wskazuje na potrzebę ciągłych badań nad jego pełnym poznaniem. Chód jest jednym z najważniejszych i najczęściej spotykanych rodzajów ruchu człowieka. Mimo wielu lat intensywnych badań ciągle jeszcze nasza wiedza na temat tej formy przemieszczania się jest niepełna, zaś metody i urządzenia służące do jej analizy są stale rozwijane i udoskonalane. W prezentowanej pracy można wyróżnić dwie podstawowe części, których motywem przewodnim jest chód człowieka. W pierwszej części (rozdział 4) skoncentrowano się na analizie stabilności chodu normalnego, będącego podstawą wszelkich badań porównawczych w zakresie lokomocji dwunożnej oraz patologii układu ruchu. Najpowszechniej obecnie stosowana, znana od kilkudziesięciu lat, metoda oceny stabilności zarówno posturalnej, jak i lokomocyjnej, wykorzystuje platformy dynamometryczne pozwalające uzyskać informacje na temat środka nacisku stóp na podłoże i jego przemieszczeń. Ma ona jednak pewne wady i ograniczenia, nie daje na przykład pełnej wiedzy na temat parametrów kinematycznych chodu. Zaproponowana w tej pracy procedura badawcza łączy w sobie znaną metodę optoelektronicznej rejestracji trajektorii wybranych punktów ciała idącej osoby z kryteriami stabilności wykorzystywanymi przy projektowaniu dwunożnych robotów kroczących. Testy przeprowadzone przy użyciu dwóch kamer cyfrowych i bieżni o regulowanej prędkości przesuwu dowodzą, że nawet tak prosty system daje satysfakcjonujące rezultaty i może być z powodzeniem stosowany w ośrodkach badawczych i rehabilitacyjnych, niedysponujących bogatym wyposażeniem sprzętowym ani znacznymi środkami finansowymi. Druga część pracy (rozdział 5) przedstawia badania naprężeń wybranych fragmentów kośćca kończyny dolnej, których obciążenia są zdeterminowane głównie przez siły dynamiczne generowane podczas chodu. Analizie poddano kość miedniczną, szyjkę kości udowej oraz kości goleni. Na podstawie symulacji numerycznych prowadzonych przy użyciu metody elementów skończonych uzyskano szereg informacji na temat wielkości i rozkładu naprężeń badanych struktur, a także miejsc krytycznych z punktu widzenia ich wytrzymałości. Obliczenia były wykonywane dla różnych konfiguracji parametrów kontrolnych, co pozwoliło m.in. na określenie krytycznej wartości kąta szyjkowo-trzonowego, ocenę wpływu sprawności mięśni na stan pracy szyjki kości udowej czy też zmian w naprężeniach kości piszczelowej przy uszkodzonej strzałce.
EN
In most definitions of biomechanics as a leading subject, the movement of man and animals appears. This demonstrates its great importance for the functioning of living organisms, and also indicates the need for continuing research on his full knowledge. Walking is one of the most important and most common types of human movement. Despite many years of intensive research, our knowledge of this form of movement is still incomplete, and the methods and devices for the analysis are constantly being developed and refined. In presented study, there can be distinguished two basic parts, in which the leading theme is gait of human. The first part (chapter 4) focuses on the analysis of the stability of the normal gait, which is the basis for any comparative study of bipedal locomotion and the pathology of the musculoskeletal system. The most popular method for evaluating both postural and locomotive stabilities, known for several decades, use the dynamometric platforms to obtain information about the foot center of pressure and its displacement. However, it has some drawbacks and limitations, for example, it does not give full knowledge of the kinematic parameters of gait. Procedure proposed in this treatise combines the well-known method for optoelectronic recording the trajectory of the selected points of the walking person's body with the stability criteria used in the design of bipedal walking robots. Tests carried out using two amateur digital cameras and variable speed treadmill shift shows that even such a simple system gives satisfactory results and can be successfully used in research centers and rehabilitation facilities not yet have extensive hardware or significant financial resources. Second part of the treatise (chapter 5) presents the stress study of selected elements of lower limb bones' skeleton, which loads are determined mainly by the dynamic forces generated during gait. The analysis was performed on the pelvic bone, femoral neck and shin bones. Based on numerical simulations executed using the finite element method, there was obtained some information on the size and distribution of the stress test structures, as well as critical areas from the standpoint of their strength. The calculations were carried out for different configurations of the controlled parameters, which allowed, inter alia to determine the critical values of the femoral neck-shaft angle, assessing the impact of the muscles efficiency on the femoral neck status or changes in the stress of the tibial bone at the damaged fibula.
9
Content available remote Selection of Drives for Orthotic Robot Based on Simulation Studies
EN
Orthotic robots seem to be very sophisticated mechatronic devices as they are expected to reflect natural movements of human limbs. Drive systems in such robots are subjected to active, frictional and inertial loads varying significantly. This eliminates possibility of using traditional algorithms of designing drives. When selecting electric drives for robot designed for people with paraplegia a special method was developed and used. It employs computer simulation in two phases of design. First it is used to determine the actual demand for driving torque during the gait cycle. Then, each of the preselected motors is tested by means of simulation in order to verify, whether it meets the formulated functional and operational requirements. In the paper details of simulation software as well as exemplary results of tests are presented.
10
Content available remote Making Use of Anthropometric Data while Designing Drive Units of an Orthotic Robot
EN
The paper describes a project whose aim was elaboration and building of original physical models of drives to be applied in a System for Verticalization and Aiding the Motion (SVAM). The system is intended for individuals suffering from paresis of the lower limbs, what refers to the latest trends in the field of bionics (Pons, 2008; Zielińska, 2003). According to the proposed solution a disabled person moves about owing to application of a mechanical system attached to his lower limbs. The system replaces functions of the limbs by a forced motion, reconstructing in a large measure the natural movement of the lower limbs (Bagiński et al., 2011; Jasińska-Choromańska et al., 2010; Wierciak et al., 2011). The paper discusses the problems related to selection of drive units of the system.
PL
Celem pracy jest termowizyjna analiza powłoki heterotermicznej jednostronnie obciążonej górnej części ciała ludzkiego podczas chodu. Badaniem objęto grupę siedmiu mężczyzn w wieku od 21 do 27 lat. Maszerowali oni przez 10 minut z obciążeniem 5,5 kg w jednej ręce. Następnie wykonali tę samą czynność, ale obciążając drugą rękę. W celach badawczych zarejestrowane zdjęcia podzielono symetrycznie na obszary pomiarowe (symetryczne do płaszczyzny strzałkowej), odpowiednio w brzusznej i grzbietowej części. Zmierzono średnie temperatury tych obszarów, a następnie wyznaczono różnice temperatur odpowiadających sobie stron obciąŹżonej i nieobciążonej. W wyniku przeprowadzonej analizy wykazano znaczący wpływ asymetrycznego obciążenia ciała w czasie marszu na rozkład temperatury.
EN
The purpose of this study is the analysis of the heterothermic shell of unilaterally loaded upper part of the human body, during a gait. The group of seven men, aged 21 to 27 years, were examined. They walked for 10 minutes with 5,5 kg load in one hand. Then, they performed the same task, however loading the other hand. In this study, the registered thermograms of human body were divided symmetrically into areas symmetrically to the sagittal plane, respectively for the abdominal and back side. The average temperatures of these areas were measured and the temperature differences of the corresponding sides loaded and unloaded, were determined. The significant influence of the asymmetric loading of the body during the walk on the temperature distribution, was revealed.
EN
This paper describes a statistical procedure designed to work with quaternions (QuTEM) as a useful tool for interpreting recorded joint motion in the particular context of clinical gait analysis. We believe that QuTEM addresses some of the problems of analyzing and interpreting joint motion data acquired using numerous available devices. The theoretical introduction is followed by a measured noise robustness test and two usage scenarios describing actual practical applications of this procedure.
PL
Celem pracy było porównanie wyników pomiaru stóp uzyskanych metodą plantokonturograficzną i przy wykorzystaniu podoskopu komputerowego. Zwrócono szczególną uwagę na różnice występujące w wartościach przy poszczególnych wskaźnikach i kątach uzyskanych w obu metodach. Zamieszczono obraz z podoskopu komputerowego i plantokonturogram oraz wyniki z pomiarów.
EN
The aim of the work was a comparison of the results of the measurement rates obtained by using the plantokonturogram method and digital podoscope. Has been given to the differences in values at each of the indicators and angles obtained in both methods.
PL
Współcześnie mechatronika jest dominującą koncepcją budowy różnego rodzaju systemów technicznych. Duże szybkości przetwarzania danych w jednostkach sterujących urządzeń mechatronicznych i wysoka dynamika ich układów wykonawczych umożliwiają poszerzanie obszarów ich zastosowań. Takie zjawisko ma miejsce także w medycynie, w szczególności przy próbach zastępowania utraconych funkcji ruchowych człowieka za pomocą robotów wspomagających. Autorzy pracują nad urządzeniem do wspomagania chodu osób z bezwładem nóg. W artykule przedstawiono strukturalną koncepcję opracowywanego systemu.
EN
Mechatronics is presently the dominating concept of designing machines and devices. High speeds of data acquisition and processing achieved in microprocessor controllers used in such systems make possible to employ mechatronic devices in quite new fields. This also refers to the medical domain. Wearable robots are one of the most spectacular examples. They are person-oriented robots that can be defined as those worn by human operators, whether to supplement the function of a limb or to replace it completely. The authors have recently started with a large project aimed at development of orthotic robot for people with paresis of lower limbs. In the paper there is a functional structure of such device proposed as well as review of similar systems being developed around the world.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono charakterystykę 20 dzieci ze stopą prawidłową i 60 dzieci ze stopą płasko-koślawą. Osobom badanym wykonano pomiary rozkładu ciśnienia pod stopą za pomocą systemu baropodometrycznego. Badaniami objęto dzieci z Grodna (Białoruś) i Podlasia w wieku 8-15 lat.
EN
The aim of our study was to estimate underfoot pressure distribution in typical subject, and patients with flat feet. The measurement was taken for 105 children aged between 8-15 years. The pedobarographic system with shoe insoles was used for this measurement. Foot pressure distribution was measured during walking at individual normal walking speed. Time-series pressure measurements for all sensors were grouped into five anatomical areas. Foot pressure distribution was highly significantly different between areas in typical subjects and patients with flat feet.
PL
Celem pracy jest analiza konstrukcyjna oraz zbadanie wpływu poszczególnych członów aparatu Tetrapodium PW na ciało człowieka. Rozważane zagadnienia to m.in. porównanie zachowań wirtualnych manekinów w kontakcie z aparatem, znalezienie kolizji, analiza i próba optymalnego doboru głównych parametrów geometrycznych aparatu pod kątem jego dopasowania do różnych rozmiarów użytkownika. W efekcie powstaje propozycja zaprojektowania typoszeregu aparatów oraz przedstawienie celowości wprowadzenia aparatu do produkcji masowej.
EN
The main aim of a project is construction analysis of rehabilitative equipment name Tetrapodium PW. Considering questions are checking in main Tetrapodium’s geometrical parameters with virtual mannequins with different anatomy, Research these enabled the comparison of their attitude, finding conflict and disagreement in co-operation. In effect form series of types of apparatus. Project is focus on problem’s analysis important during implementation to mass production.
17
Content available remote Estimated ground reaction force in normal and pathological gait
EN
In clinical gait analysis, ground reaction force (GRF) is the gait parameter which can validate the state of disorder of the patient's movement. The purpose of this study was to explore the possibilities of employing the GRF derived from kinematics of the center of gravity (COG) in the study of dynamics of human gait. Gait data was collected for healthy able-bodied men and women and patients after ACL reconstruction who use larger lateral COG excursions during gait. Reasonable agreement between methods was found in fore-aft and vertical directions, where the methods differed by an average of less than 10% in either direction. Based on model predictions of the body's COG trajectory during walking, algorithms were developed to determine spatio-temporal gait parameters related to GRF characteristics. The suitability of calculating ground reaction forces using COG displacement in a patient population is questioned.
18
EN
In a clinical gait analysis, mechanical energy is the gait variable which can validate the energetic state of the disorder of patient’s movement. The purpose of this study was to explore the possibilities of employing the total mechanical energy in estimating the mechanical cost of transport in normal and pathological human gait. One of the basic methods of determining mechanical energy (inverted pendulum model) was used to estimate the external mechanical work performed by the walking subjects based on externally observable measurements. Gait data was collected for healthy able-bodied men and patients after ACL reconstruction during physiotherapy process who demonstrate larger lateral center of gravity (CoG) excursions during gait. Based on predictions of the body’s CoG trajectory during walking, algorithms were developed to determine the changes in components of total mechanical energy in normal and pathological gait. The utility of calculating mechanical energy in a patient population is questioned.
PL
W pracy zastosowano: rozmyty model Dempstera-Shafera, sztuczne sieci neuronowe i drzewa decyzyjne do przeprowadzenia klasyfikacji danych otrzymanych w wyniku identyfikacji modelu dynamiki chodu człowieka metodą regresji. Uzyskane wyniki są bardzo dobre. Na szczególną uwagę zasługują drzewa decyzyjne, które podejmowały decyzje na podstawie czterech parametrów.
EN
The Dempster-Shafer's fuzzy model, artificial neural networks and decision trees for classification data obtained from identification model of human gait by means of regression has been used. The results are very good. The decision tree should be analyzed with special attention because they made correct decision based on only four parameters.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono nową metodę do oceny chodu człowieka. Bazuje ona na współczynnikach modelu chodu uzyskanych w procesie identyfikacji parametrycznej dzięki metodzie funkcji regresji. Metoda ta doskonale nadaje się do monitorowania stanu aparatu ruchu pacjentów z porażeniem połowicznym.
EN
The authors used professional system, enabling evaluation of power produced by muscles, existing in Bioengineering Centre in Milan consisting of video cameras, observing markers on patients body, platforms and data processing system (Elite-3D). The paper presents biomechanical description and locomotion patterns analysis of twenty healthy subjects and ten patients with hemiplegia.
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