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About 250 disinfection by-products (DBPs) have been identified; however, only 20 DBPs including four basic trihalomethanes (chloroform, bromoform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane) are well-known taking into consideration their behavioral profile. There have been made many attempts to predict the occurrence of DBPs in drinking water. The models developed are generally based on the data generated in laboratory scale. However, their practical application in management of water treatment processes and water supply system exploitation seems to be insignificant. Only a few of them have been made in field-scaled investigations. In this paper the results of laboratory studies, including the possibilities of applying a Raman spectroscopy to THMs precursors identification, are presented. Based on the results obtained, the mathematical models describing the level of PTHM potential are constructed.
Słowa kluczowe
Czasopismo
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Tom
Strony
55--64
Opis fizyczny
bibliogr. 27 poz.
Twórcy
autor
autor
- Institute of Water and Sewage Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Konarskiego 18, 44-100 Gliwice, izabela.zimoch@polsl.pl
Bibliografia
- [1] AMY G. et al., Empirical based models for predicting chlorination and ozonation by-products: haloacetic acids, chloral hydrate and bromate, EPA report CX 819579,1998.
- [2] GALLARD H., VON-GUNTEN U., Chlorination of natural organic matter: kinetics of chlorination and of THM formation, Water Research, 2002, Vol. 36, 65–74.
- [3] RICHARDSON S.D., Disinfection by-products and other emerging contaminants in drinking water, Trends in Anal. Chem., 2003, Vol. 22, No. 10, 666–669.
- [4] DOYLE T.J. et al., The association of drinking water source and chlorination by-products with cancer incidence among postmenopausal women in Iowa: a prospective cohort study, Am. Journal Public Health, 1997, Vol. 87, 1168–1176.
- [5] HEN-KENG LEE et al., Cancer risk analysis and assessment of trihalomethanes in drinking water, Research Risk Assessment, 2006, Vol. 21, 1–13.
- [6] MORRIS R.D. et al., Chlorination, chlorination by-products and cancer: a meta-analysis, Am. Journal Public Health, 1992, Vol. 82, 955–963.
- [7] WALLER K. et al., Trihalomethanes in drinking water and spontaneous abortion, Epidemiology, 1998, Vol. 9, 134–140.
- [8] BELLAR T.A. et al., The occurrence of organohalides in chlorinated drinking water, Journal AWWA, 1974, Vol. 66, 699–703.
- [9] ROOK J.J., Formation of haloforms during chlorination of natural waters, Water Treat. Exam., 1974, Vol. 23, 230–238.
- [10] AMY G. et al., Developing models for predicting trihalomethane formation potential and kinetics, Research & Technology, 1987, Vol. 7, 89–97.
- [11] BARIBEAU H. et al., Changes in chlorine and DOX concentration in distribution system, Journal AWWA, 2001, Vol. 3, 102–114.
- [12] SADIQ R., RODRIGUEZ M.J., Disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water and predictive models for their occurrence: a review, Scien. of the Total Env., 2004, Vol. 321, 21–46.
- [13] SERODES J.B. et al., Occurrence of THMs and HAAs in experimental chlorinated waters of the Quebec City area (Canada), Chemosphere, 2003, Vol. 51, 253–263.
- [14] COTTON T.M. et al., Surface-enhanced resonance Raman from cytochrome c and myoglobin adsorbed on a silver electrode, Journal Am. Chem. Soc., 1980, Vol. 102, 7690–7692.
- [15] KOGLIN E. et al., Surface Raman spectra of nucleic acid components adsorbed on a silver electrode, Journal Mol. Structure, 1980, Vol. 60, pp. 421.
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- [17] HOXTERMANN E. et al., Resonance coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) of chlorophyll: I. A Raman-spectroscopic method for characterization of chlorophyll in vivo using excitation in the red absorption band, Studia Biophysica, 1982, Vol. 92, pp. 147.
- [18] LUTZ M., Resonance Raman spectra of chlorophyll in solution, Journal Raman Spectroscop., 1974, Vol. 2, pp. 497.
- [19] LUTZ M., KLEO J., Resonance Raman scattering of bacteriochlorophyll, bacteriopheophytin and sheroidene in reaction centers of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1976, Vol. 69, pp. 11.
- [20] CHIN Y.-P. et al., Molecular weight, polydispersity and spectroscopic properties of aquatic humic substances, Environmental Science & Technology, 1994, Vol. 28, No. 11, 1853–1858.
- [21] NOVAK J.M. et al., Estimating the percent aromatic carbon in soil and humic substances using ultraviolet absorbance spectroscopy, Journal of Environmental Quality, 1992, Vol. 21, No. 1, 144–147.
- [22] TRIANA S.J. et al., An ultraviolet absorbance method of estimating the percent aromatic carbon content in humic acids, Journal of Environmental Quality, 1990, Vol. 19, No. 1, 151–153.
- [23] ZIMOCH I., Determination of reliability operation model of water supply system (WSS) in the aspect of secondary water contamination in a water pipe network, the final report of research project KBN no. 5T07E 044 25, Gliwice, 2007.
- [24] CANCHES-CORTES S., FRANCIOSO O., CIAVITAS C. et al., pH-dependent adsorption of fractionated peat humic substances on different silver colloids studied by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, Journal of Colloid and Interface Sci., 1998, Vol. 198, 308–318.
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- [26] YU-HUI YANG, THIN WANG, Fourier transform Raman spectroscopic characterization of humic substances, Vibrational Spectroscopy, 1997, Vol. 14, 105–102.
- [27] SOCRATES G., Infrared and Raman Characteristic Group Frequencies, Third Edition, Willey & Sons, New York, 2004.
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-article-BPW8-0010-0018