BazTech - Yadda

1

Assessing the Corrosion and Scaling Potential of Drinking Water in Morocco Using Water Stability Indices

El Baroudi Hind, Ouazzani Chadia, Moustaghfir Abdellah, Er-Ramly Azzeddine, El Baroudi Youssef, Dami Abdallah, Balouch Lhousaine

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 2

130--139

EN

Corrosion and scaling occur in water distribution systems. However, not much data is available concerning this issue in Morocco. This study aimed to evaluate the corrosive and scaling potential of drinking water in the water distribution systems of several cities in Morocco using water stability indices and other physicochemical parameters. For this purpose, 100 samples were collected, mainly from the cities in the Rabat-Salé-Kenitra region of Morocco. The results of the physicochemical analysis of 100 collected samples show that the means of the pH, total alkalinity, calcium hardness, chloride, temperature, and total dissolved solids are 7.577 ± 0.23, 173.6± 52.04 mg/l as CaCO3, 212.57 ± 98.18 mg/l as CaCO3, 418.7 ± 407.75 mg/l, 25.16 ± 1.58 °C, 597.5 ± 435.74 mg/l, respectively. The mean values of the water stability indices are 0.1158 ± 0.38, 7.345 ± 0.68, 7.132 ± 0.86, and 12.41 ± 0.35 for the Langelier saturation index (LSI), the Ryznar stability index (RSI), the Puckorius scaling index (PSI), and the aggressive index (AI), respectively. The water samples show corrosive tendencies of 41%, 75%, 97%, and 13% based on the LSI, RSI, PSI, and AI, respectively, and are considered supersaturated and likely to scale, corrosive, and non-aggressive. The water samples in Rabat, Salé, Bouknadel, and Kenitra were mostly supersaturated with a tendency to scale, with the highest percentage of stable water while the water in Khemisset and Tiflet was mostly corrosive, with Tiflet recording the highest chloride content of 3220.1 mg/l. The scaling and corrosive potential of water varied depending on the source of water in each city. Therefore, it is essential to continuously supervise the stability of water at different points of water distribution systems, create an adapted approach for each city, and instill strict national standards for the physicochemical parameters that affect corrosion and scaling to ensure safe drinking water.

2

A Breakthrough Approach for Superior Cyanobacteria (Microcystis aeruginosa) Removal and Phosphorus Adsorption

Thongdamrongtham Somjate, Junsiri Supanee, Mongkol Nukul, Chaikhan Sitthichai

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 2

333--350

EN

This study examines the effectiveness of modified drinking water treatment residue (MDWTR) in removing Microcystis aeruginosa, as well as its collaborative action with poly aluminium chloride (PAC) for effective contaminant removal. In addition, the phosphorus adsorption capacities of MDWTR samples with differing particle sizes are evaluated. The results indicate that MDWTR alone has a positive effect on Microcystis aeruginosa removal, with S-type MDWTR(<90 μm) exhibiting the highest removal efficiency. Moreover, when combined with PAC, MDWTR’s removal efficiency is significantly enhanced, further validating its efficacy. The analysis of isotherms provides strong evidence for the substantial adsorption capacities of MDWTR samples, with various MDWTR types exhibiting distinct affinities. These results demonstrate MDWTR’s potential as adsorbent, Microcystis aeruginosa removing and emphasise its versatility in water treatment applications.

3

Performance of Conventional Drinking Water Treatment Plants in Removing Microplastics in East Java, Indonesia

Radityaningrum Arlini Dyah, Trihadiningrum Yulinah, Soedjono Eddy Setiadi

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 6

129--143

EN

Microplastic (MP) has been a new emerging contaminant in the municipal water supply. A water treatment process is a key to producing high-quality and safe drinking water. The performance of a conventional drinking water treatment plant (CDWTP) to remove MPs is questionable. This research aimed to investigate the performance of 2 CDWTPs in East Java in removing MPs. Full-stage treatment in two CDWTPs consisted of intake, pre-sedimentation, coagulation-flocculation, sedimentation, sand filter, and disinfection units. Five L water samples were collected with a grab sampling technique in the sampling points of intake and outlet of each water treatment unit. MP abundance and characteristics in each sample were determined using a Sunshine SZM-45T-B1 stereomicroscope and a Nicolet i10 FTIR spectrophotometer. Total MP removal efficiencies in CDWTPs I and II were 66 and 62%, respectively. The coagulation-flocculation unit performed the highest MP removal efficiencies (56%). The MP with 1–350 μm size achieved lower removal efficiencies (33–53%) than that with 351-<5,000 μm size (53–76%). The removal efficiencies of fiber, fragment, and film in the CDWTPs were 61–65%; 86–100%; and 100%, respectively.

4

Microplastics Evaluation in Tap Water in Left Side Districts of Mosul City, Iraq

Sultan Mhmood Hameed, Al-Ahmady Kossay K., Mhemid Rasha Khalid Sabri

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 8

353--362

EN

Microplastics (MPs) are considered as recently identified pollutants in the tap water of Mosul city. Limited studies on the quantity and features of microplastics have been reported. Consequently, this study examined the number and characteristics of MPs in tap water from 16 districts in left side of Mosul city, including 8 districts that receive drinking water from the Alaysar aljadid drinking water treatment plant (AJ-DWTP) and 8 districts that receive drinking water from the Alaysar alqadim drinking water treatment plant (AQ-DWTP). Infrared Fourier-transform spectroscopy (FTIR) and stereo microscopy were used to determine the microplastic abundance, polymer type, and morphology characteristics (colour and shape). The results showed that the abundances of MPs calcualted in tap water in AJ-WDN and AG-WDN were 35 to 70 items/L and 25 to 71 items/L, respectively. The predominant shape of microplastics was fiber and fragment, accounting for 93% of the identified quantities. The most common polymer types were polyvinyl chloride (PVC) (51%) followed by polyamide (PA) (16%). Statistical analysis was conducted on the results using Exel 2019. The microplastic’s risk has been estimated based on the potential risk index of polymers. In both the water distribution networks of AQ and AJ, MPs’ potential risk was significantly similar.

5

Bacteriological Quality Status of Spring Waters from the Taanzoult Plain (Aguelmam Sidi Ali Wetland, Morocco)

Sammoudi Rachid, Chahlaoui Abdelkader, Ouarrak Khadija, Taha Imane, Khaffou Mhamed

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 4

184--191

EN

The Taanzoult plain of Aguelmam Sidi Ali wetland contains several permanent springs of water. They are intended for watering livestock, supplying drinking water and hydrotherapy. Nevertheless, the water consumption from sources in the raw state, without any pre-treatment or hygienic measures, certainly threatens the health of humans and particularly that of traditional medicine patients. From this perspective, the present work is based on a monthly monitoring of eight bacterial germs in the waters of four sources (Aghbalou Aberchane, Aghbalou Dkhiss, Aghbalou Akjdate and forestry post) during a hydrobiological cycle of 12 months from January to December 2017. The results of analyses have shown that bacterial contamination is significant at the water sources, used mainly for watering livestock, compared to those dedicated to drinking and hydrotherapy. The mean content of total coliforms and fecal coliforms at all the stations are higher than the Moroccan standards for surface water intended for the drinking water production. Except for the wet period for Aghbalou Aberchane and Aghbalou Dkhiss waters, the value of the bacterial parameters studied are higher than the Moroccan standards. In general, the anarchic frequentation of the area negatively influences the water quality and compromises its potability. Consequently, it directly threatens the health of users and hydrotherapy patients, especially during the dry season. These findings could call on the health authorities and the competent authorities responsible for controlling the quality of surface water to make users aware of the health risks and provide for appropriate arrangements to improve the quality of the widely sought-after natural waters.

6

Investigating the content of microplastics and other extraneous particles in Polish bottled water

Aleksander-Kwaterczak Urszula, Gaj Dominika, Stelmach Alex, Wróbel Tomasz P.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2023

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Vol. 49, no. 4

335--353

EN

Bottled water has enjoyed a global increase in popularity since it is generally perceived to be superior in quality to tap water and necessary when tap water is non-potable. As a result, ensuring that it meets the requisite quality standards is of vital importance. This work aims to examine the content of solid particles, including microplastics, in bottled water available in Polish stores. The second aspect is the preliminary determination of the influence of the water gassing process, together with thermal and light factors, on the content of particles in the water. The number of particles was counted by colour and shape, with the number ranging from 87 to 188 per litre of water; on average, there were 136 ±32 particles per litre of water, demonstrating that water from disposable plastic bottles is contaminated with various substances. The difference in the number of particles may be due to the origin of the waters, the processes they were subjected to prior to bottling, the properties of the bottles as packaging, and the conditions and length of storage and transport. Additional Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis confirmed that about 75% of the particles were polymers, and 50% of them were plastics. Particularly alarming is the fact that the bottled waters mostly contained microplastic particles (MP) of smaller sizes, the kind which is recognized as being the most dangerous to human health. In the study, most particles were in the form of irregular shapes, which may indicate that they come from the destruction of waste or plastic products. This is also indicated by the domination of colourless particles. More particles were found in waters exposed to high and low temperatures than in waters stored at room temperature, potentially indicating that storage conditions for drinking water are important. Taking into account the results obtained, increasing attention should be paid to the health risks posed by such microplastics and there is a clear need to introduce legal regulations on the matter. The lack of any legal guidelines or unified standards in the field of MP research means that the results are not always representative, and it also makes it difficult to compare the results from different studies.

7

Przegląd znormalizowanych metod badania migracji z materiałów mających kontakt z wodą do spożycia

Świetlik Ryszard

Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna

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2023

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Nr 1

15--21

PL

Materiały stosowane w instalacjach, służących do pobierania, uzdatniania, magazynowania lub dystrybucji wody przeznaczonej do spożycia przez ludzi, mogą w rożny sposób i w różnym stopniu wpływać na jej jakość. Wymagana prawnie kontrola analityczna substancji migrujących z materiałów, używanych do budowy i serwisowania tych instalacji, powinna zapobiegać uwalnianiu do wody zanieczyszczeń w stopniu wyższym, niż jest to konieczne, z uwagi na przewidziane zastosowanie określonego materiału. Globalny rynek materiałów i wyrobów wymaga, aby nie były to dowolne metody, lecz metody ujęte w międzynarodowych normach. Aby przybliżyć tę tematykę, zwłaszcza od strony wykonawczej, dokonano przeglądu europejskich norm badań i pomiarów w zakresie oceny wpływu migracji z materiałów instalacyjnych na jakość wody przeznaczonej do spożycia przez ludzi, które w ostatniej dekadzie zostały wprowadzone do zbioru Polskich Norm. Podstawowe znaczenie ma czteroczęściowa norma PN-EN 12873, dotycząca badania migracji z materiałów organicznych lub szklistych, materiałów innych niż metalowe i cementowe; żywic jonowymiennych i adsorpcyjnych oraz z membran przeznaczonych do uzdatniania wody. Całość przeglądu uzupełnia omówienie znormalizowanych metod badania migracji z produkowanych fabrycznie wyrobów cementowych, z powierzchni powłok zawierających warstwę niklu, oraz metody oznaczania resztkowego ołowiu na powierzchni stopów miedzi.

EN

The materials used in installations for drawing, treatment, storage and distribution of water intended for human consumption may affect its quality in different ways and varying degrees. The legally required migration analytical control of substances migrating from the materials used for construction and servicing of those installations should prevent contamination of water at levels that are higher than necessary in view of the intended purpose of application of a given material. The global market for materials and products requires that these are not any test methods, but methods described by international standards. In order to bring the subject closer, especially from the practical side, the European Standards for testing and measurement in the field of assessment of the impact of migration from hydraulic installation materials on the quality of water intended for human consumption were reviewed. The standards have been introduced into the set of Polish Standards in the last decade. The basic importance can be attributed to a four-part PN-EN 12873 standard concerning migration tests from organic or glassy materials, materials other than non-metallic and non-cementitious site-applied materials; ion exchange and adsorbent resins and water treatment membranes. The review is supplemented with a discussion of standardized methods to determine the migration of substances from factory-made cementitious products, from nickel layers or coatings containing nickel as well as a test method to determine the residual lead on the surface of test specimens made from lead-containing copper alloys.

8

Partial and Temporal Variations in Concentration of Micro Plastic in Drinking Water of Al-Hilla River

Sami Sura Mohammed, Al-Fatlawi Alaa H.

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 5

1--10

EN

In aquatic ecosystems, a great concern was has been increased about contaminants by microplastics (MPs). Only a small number of researches on contamination of MP in drinking water have been released up until now. In this research, tap drinking water collected in different places in a densely populated region in Al-Hilla city: Al-Bakarly area, Al-Khusrawiya and Al-Tayyara area was analyzed. The collected water samples were tested using different techniques, including Fourier infrared spectrometer (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Micro Raman spectrometer (MRS). Results showed the presence of microplastic particles with that size smaller than 5 mm, as the diameter of the drinking water ranged between (0.5–4.8) nm. The means of Fourier infrared spectrometer (FTIR) was used to analyze component of all found particles chemically. The main components of the tested samples are metal oxides, Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC), polyamides polymer like Nylon6, 6 and skeletal of cellulose. In addition, Micro-Raman spectroscopy (MRS) results indicated a variation in polyethylene (PE), and it was between (121.404–4391.729) cm-1 for collected samples.

9

Drinking Water Quality Assessment in the Suhareka Municipality

Kryeziu Fadil, Abdushi Sejran, Kryeziu Violeta, Mazreku Feim, Bytyqi Ariana, Gashi Sami

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 5

195--201

EN

Reliable access to safe drinking water is one necessity for humans to live without concern for major health risks. The overall goal of this research is to analyze some physic-chemical and bacteriological parameters aspects of the quality of water for human consumption. In this study, water samples were collected from January to May month of 2022 from 25 stations throughout at Suhareka Region. Considering the results of the analysis, in terms of physic-chemical the water is within the required standards, while bacteriologically it found samples with the presence of bacteria, which are the result of carelessness, old installations, or even irresponsible disinfection. Officials of Suhareka Municipality must increase the monitoring of the work in the water disinfection or chlorination process.

10

Chlorine Decay Modeling in a Water Distribution Network in Mohammedia City, Morocco

Belcaid Alaa-Eddine, Taghlabi Faycal, Tounsi Abdessamad

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 2

269--278

EN

Water quality modeling has become a recurring request from drinking water network managers, due to regulatory changes but also to contribute to all users’ satisfaction with the taste of the water. The objective of this research project is to provide network managers, both for the understanding of the phenomena studied and for the technical valuation of the approaches considered, with a new methodology to develop a predicting method for free residual chlorine concentrations using an accurate hydraulic model. The development of the chlorines model needed knowledge of the network’s hydraulic behavior. The model established can be used in a proactive and daily mode of operation. It is helpful to show the quality of drinking water, particularly chlorine concentration, during peak demand and the lowest demand times before it is found in the distribution network’s district hydraulic part. Based on the results of this simulation, we have identified a low content of free chlorine in the cast iron pipes due to the high consumption of chlorine by the ferrous ions (Fe2+), which generates a significant vulnerability among consumers. The outcomes demonstrated that utility managers may more easily optimize residual chlorine in sizable water distribution networks using the suggested approach.

11

Simulation of Pipe Networks Using EPANET to Optimize Water Supply : a Case Study for Arjawinangun Area, Indonesia

Safitri Adam, Wahyudi Slamet Imam, Soedarsono

Archives of Hydro-Engineering and Environmental Mechanics

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2023

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Vol. 70, nr 1

17--28

EN

In providing clean water services to a community, a clean water supply distribution network system is very important. This study is aimed at the determination of the distribution pipe network by simulating and optimizing the water supply system in the Arjawinangun area, Cirebon, West Java, Indonesia. The data collected was analyzed by using EPANET 2.0 software for modelling water distribution systems. The results show that the total domestic and non-domestic water demand is 391.41 l/s, with a leakage rate of 20%. The pipeline installation plan for the Arjawinangun area is planned to be installed for a length of 23,045 m, with pipe diameters ranging from 400 to 90 mm. The Arjawinangun Area Offtake Reservoir drainage system, which is at an elevation of +25 m above sea level, requires a distribution pump with a head (H) of 6.0 bar. Also, using the gravity distribution technique, a water tower can be built (55 m) as a water supply booster pump.

12

Microbial community during the initial stage of biologically active carbon filters’ operation and its role in organic matter removal from water

Mądrecka-Witkowska Beata, Komorowska-Kaufman Małgorzata, Pruss Alina, Holc Dorota, Trzebny Artur, Dabert Mirosława

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2023

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Vol. 49, no 3

67--77

EN

Filtration through biologically active carbon (BAC) filters is an effective method of organic matter removal during drinking water treatment. In this study, the microbial community in the initial period of filters’ operation, as well as its role in the organic matter removal were investigated. Research was carried out in a pilot scale on two BAC filters (Filter 1 and Filter 2) which were distinguished by the type of inflowing water. It was observed that the number of heterotrophic plate count bacteria and total microbial activity were significantly higher in water samples collected from Filter 2, which received an additional load of organic matter and microorganisms. Despite the differences in the values of chemical and microbiological parameters of inflowing water, the composition of the microbiome in both filters was similar. The predominant taxon was a bacterium related to Spongiibacter sp. (Gammaproteobacteria) (>50% of relative abundance). In both filters, the efficiency of organic matter removal was at the same level, and the composition and relative frequency of predicted functional pathways related to metabolism determined using PICRUSt (Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States Software) at level 3 of KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) Orthology – were also similar. The study demonstrated that a 40-day period of filter operation after filling with virgin granular activated carbon, was sufficient to initiate biofilm development. It was proved, that during the initial stage of filter operation, microorganisms capable of biodegradation of various organic compounds, including xenobiotics like nitrotoluene, colonized the filters.

PL

Filtracja przez biologicznie aktywne filtry węglowe (BAF) jest skuteczną metodą usuwania materii organicznej podczas uzdatniania wody przeznaczonej do spożycia przez ludzi. W niniejszej pracy zbadano zbiorowisko drobnoustrojów w początkowym okresie eksploatacji filtrów oraz jego rolę w usuwaniu materii organicznej z wody. Badania przeprowadzono w skali pilotowej na dwóch filtrach BAF (Filtr 1 i Filtr 2) różniących się składem dopływającej wody. Stwierdzono, że liczba bakterii heterotroficznych i całkowita aktywność mikrobiologiczna były znacząco większe w próbkach wody pobranych z Filtra 2 – zasilanego wodą wzbogaconą o dodatkowy ładunek materii organicznej i mikroorganizmów. Pomimo różnic w wartościach parametrów chemicznych i mikrobiologicznych dopływającej wody, skład mikrobiomu w filtrach był podobny. W obu filtrach dominującym taksonem była bakteria spokrewniona z Spongiibacter sp. (Gammaproteobacteria) (>50% względnej liczebności). W obydwóch filtrach efektywność usuwania materii organicznej była na podobnym poziomie oraz skład i względna częstość występowania przewidywanych szlaków funkcjonalnych związanych z metabolizmem, oznaczone przy użyciu PICRUSt (Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States Software) na poziomie 3 KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) Orthology były również zbliżone. Badania wykazały, że 40-dniowy okres pracy filtrów po napełnieniu świeżym granulowanym węglem aktywnym był wystarczający do rozwoju biofilmu. Udowodniono, że w początkowym okresie pracy złoża filtracyjne zasiedlane były przez mikroorganizmy zdolne do biodegradacji różnych związków organicznych, w tym ksenobiotyków, np. nitrotoluenu.

13

Uran i inne substancje promieniotwórcze w wodach spożywanych przez ludzi

Michalski Rajmund

Laboratorium - Przegląd Ogólnopolski

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2022

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nr 1

42--48

PL

Uran to radioaktywny metal ciężki, naturalnie występujący w wodzie, a także w niektórych rodzajach gleb i w skałach. Może on znajdować się w różnych produktach żywnościowych, głównie w rybach, warzywach i produktach zbożowych, a także w wodzie przeznaczonej do spożycia przez ludzi.

14

Kwasy halogenooctowe w wodzie przeznaczonej do spożycia przez ludzi

Partyka Monika

Laboratorium - Przegląd Ogólnopolski

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2022

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nr 1

32--35

PL

Kwasy hologenooctowe są ubocznymi produktami dezynfekcji. Z tego powodu mogą być obecne w wodzie przeznaczonej do spożycia przez ludzi. Ich negatywny wpływ no zdrowie i życie człowieka został potwierdzony badaniami, dlatego też konieczność monitorowania ich obecności w wodzie pitnej zostało przewidziano przez wytyczne Dyrektywy Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rody (UE) 2020/2184 z dnia 16 grudnia 2020 r.

EN

Haloacetic acids are by-product of disinfection and by this reason they may be present in drinking water. Their negative impact on human health has been confirmed by research, and therefore the need to monitor their presence in drinking water is provided for by the guidelines of Directive (EU) 2020/2184 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2020.

15

Jakość wody pitnej - analiza i interpretacja

Mulik Barbara

Laboratorium - Przegląd Ogólnopolski

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2022

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nr 2

22--28

PL

Woda jest podstawowym i niezbędnym produktem spożywczym. Wiedza na temat zagrożeń związanych z jej wpływem na zdrowie oraz sposób prowadzenia skutecznego nadzoru mającego na celu minimalizowanie potencjalnego ryzyka w ostatnich latach uległy znacznej zmianie. Od 2000 r. WHO jednoznacznie zaleca i propaguje prewencyjne podejście do bezpieczeństwa wody, oparte na zarządzaniu ryzykiem.

EN

Water is a basic and essential food product. Knowledge about the risks associated with its impact on health and the way of conducting effective surveillance in order to minimise potential risks have changed considerably in recent years. Since 2000, WHO has strongly recommended and promoted a preventive approach to water safety based on risk management.

16

Assessment of groundwater potability for the population: Geochemical evaluation of aquifers in the city of Krasnodar

Azimov Abdugani, Nekrasova Larisa, Gura Dmitry

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2022

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no. 52

34--43

EN

This work aimed to evaluate groundwater potability for the population through geochemical assessment methods on the example of aquifers in Krasnodar city. In 2016 and 2019, on the territory of Krasnodar city (Krasnodar region, Russian Federation), a detailed geochemical analysis of groundwater quality was performed based on a total of 6000 samples, 3000 samples per each year. Samples were taken from 30 wells located at depths of up to 450 m in the layers of Anthropogen and Neogene stages. Quantitative analysis of wells according to the average water quality parameters showed that in 15 wells, the water condition met the MAC (maximum allowable concentration) standards in all layers. Water abundance between the layers of the Quaternary and Cimmerian stages is seven times as different (p ≤ 0.001) towards the latter, the hardness between the same horizons is ten times as different (p ≤ 0.001) towards the Quaternary stage and three times as different (p ≤ 0.05) in terms of solid residue. Thus, the water hardness and water abundance index vary significantly between the vertical layers. A strong positive correlation between the solid residue and the hardness values (Pearson correlation 0.93, p ≤ 0.05), and a negative correlation between water abundance and solid residue values (Pearson correlation - 0.83, p ≤ 0.05), as well as between the hardness and water abundance values (Pearson correlation - 0.81, p ≤ 0.05) was recorded. These findings can be used for regions with similar deposits of rocks and aquifers.

17

Groundwater Contamination and Health Risk Evaluation of Naturally Occurring Potential Toxic Metals of Hatiya Island, Bangladesh

Rahman Mahfuzur, Khan Md. Sadril Islam, Hossain Mohammad Sabbir, Hossain Md. Imam Shohel, Hasan Mahmudul, Hamli Hadi, Mustafa M. Golam

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 6

223--236

EN

Groundwater meets the majority portion of drinking water needs, particularly in the rural area of Bangladesh. Groundwater has been continuously contaminated by potentially harmful metals as a result of natural processes as well as some anthropogenic activities, creating a variety of health impacts. The current research aimed to evaluate the naturally occurring level of metal contamination and the human health risk associated with deep groundwater in the Hatiya Island. Because of the arsenic, iron, and salinity problem in shallow groundwater, the inhabitants of the Hatiya Island use deep groundwater. During the field investigation, no shallow tubewells were observed; therefore, only deep groundwater samples were collected. The total sample size collected throughout the Hatiya island was 17. Five metals (Zn, Fe, Mg, Mn, and Cu) were analyzed using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The concentrations of studied potential risky metals were ranked as follows: Mg > Zn > Fe >Mn> Cu. The detected values of all metals except Fe were found within the drinking water limits of WHO (2017), BIS (2012), and BDWS (1997), where only 29.41% of the Fe sample exceeded the standard drinking limits. According to the metal evaluation index (MEI) and degree of contamination (Cd), the groundwater of the study area is free from contamination but the metal pollution index (MPI) and nemerow pollution index (NI) exhibited little pollution in the mid-western part of the study area. The hazard quotient (HQ) values revealed no oral and dermal health risk for individual metals (Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn). On the other hand, the hazard index (HI) values exhibited no risk for combined metals as none of the values exceeded the safety limit value of 1. According to the HQ and HI results, the deep groundwater on Hatiya Island is non-carcinogenic and risk-free for children and adults. However, children were more susceptible to oral health risks than adults. In contrast, adults were more vulnerable to dermal health risks than children.

18

Comparative Study of Iron Removal from Groundwater Using Low Cost Adsorbents

Raheem Shahad A., Kadhim Entidhar Jawad, Abdulhasan Maryam Jawad

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 11

18--23

EN

Iron is one of the groundwater contaminants that negatively impact health and the environment. This study is attempted at introducing low cost natural adsorbent for that adsorbs iron from synthetically prepared iron water. Sawdust and barley husks were used as a filter media, either alone or at different mixing ratio of sawdust/barley husks (1:1, 0.5:1, 1:0.5), to study the effect of adsorbent dose on the removal efficiency. Synthetic water of iron was used at different initial concentrations (10, 25, 40, 65, and 80) mg/L to study the effect of initial iron concentration on the removal efficiency. The filtration process was conducted at a surface loading rate of 3 m3/m2.hr. The results showed higher removal efficiency with the increase of iron initial concentration. The results indicated that removal of iron ranged (90–99.34%) for all types of filter media. The best removal was found to be 99.34% at a mixing ratio of 0.5:1 (sawdust/barley husks) at 80 mg/L initial concentration. As a conclusion, Removal of iron was very successfully observed with absorbent materials sawdust and barley husk, which makes the treatment of iron even possible in rural areas and when high concentration of iron is present.

19

Assessment of WQI for the Al-Jubalia Water Treatment Plant

Naeem Saja M., Al Chalabi Ahmed S., Al-Marj Ohood K.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 10

216--228

EN

The water quality index is an effective tool for determining water quality. All water treatment plants in the Basrah governorate source their water from the Shatt al-Arab River. A water quality index (WQI) for both raw and treated water for the Al-Jubalia water treatment plant is obtained in order to assess its acceptability as a source of residential water supply and the performance of water treatment facilities. From January to December 2019, the physicochemical parameters were observed for the calculation of WQI for the annual and four seasons: winter, spring, summer, and autumn. The pH, turbidity, electric conductivity, total alkalinity, total hardness, Ca, Mg, Cl, SO4, TDS, Na, and K are the parameters that were considered in this study. In winter, spring, and summer, the results show that raw and treated water were unsuitable for home, industrial, and irrigation needs. In autumn, only the treated water was classified as good water according to WQI categories. As a result, the quality of the Al-Jubalia WTP treated water supply is unfit for human consumption.

20

Assessment and Physicochemical Characterization of Groundwater Quality for Irrigation and Drinking Purposes in Bazer Sakhra (Eastern Area of Algeria)

Bounab Samia, Khemmoudj Kaddour, Sedrati Nassima

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 8

119--132

EN

Twenty groundwater samples were collected and then examined for physical (pH, EC, TDS) and chemical (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3−, Cl−, SO42−, NO3) parameters, followed by multivariate statistics to determine the current state of groundwater quality and to assess the suitability of these resources for drinking and irrigation purposes in the Baser Sakhra area localized in Eastern of Algeria. The analysis carried out showed that the cations trend in most of the groundwater samples is on the order of Ca2+˃Na+˃Mg2+˃K+ and the anions trend is on the order of HCO3-˃SO42-˃Cl-. Stabler diagram demonstrated the predominance of Ca2+- HCO3- hydro-chemical facies (80%). Moreover, the parameters, such as sodium adsorption ratio, percentage sodium, residual sodium carbonate, permeability index, Kelly’s ratio, potential salinity, and magnesium hazard were evaluated for the suitability of groundwater for irrigation. The values obtained in this investigation concluded that most of the groundwater samples are suitable for irrigation. From the other approach, the Water Quality Index (WQI) for drinking was also used in the current study. WQI ranged from 72.46 to 506.426, indicating that 40% of the samples were suitable for drinking however, 60% of them belong to the poor to unsuitable category of drinking water in terms of physicochemical properties, according to the World Health Organization norms.