Tytuł artykułu
Treść / Zawartość
Pełne teksty:
Identyfikatory
Warianty tytułu
Języki publikacji
Abstrakty
The distribution of noroviruses is worldwide. In industrialized countries, noroviruses are the most common viral cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks and play an important role in sporadic gastroenteritis as well. Transmission may occur through the ingestion of contaminated foods or water, through person-to-person contact, or by way of direct contact with contaminated surfaces. Of particular importance is their ability to cause waterborne outbreaks linked either to the direct consumption of water or to its recreational uses. This article reviews the clinical manifestations and epidemiology of norovirus infection, and describes over 40 waterborne norovirus outbreaks, their respective probable sources of contamination and - where water samples were tested - the genetic types identified.
Czasopismo
Rocznik
Tom
Strony
15--24
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 125 poz., rys., tab.
Twórcy
autor
autor
autor
autor
- Istituto Superiore di Sanitá, Environmental and Primary Prevention Department, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy, Phone: 0039-06-49902718; Fax: 0039-06-49902718, giuseppina.larosa@iss.it
Bibliografia
- Alder, J.L., R. Zickl. 1969. Winter vomiting disease. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 119: 668-673.
- Almagro-Nieves, D., P. Guisosa-Campos, S. Garrido-Almagro, M.A. Garcia-Aragon. 2006. Epidemic outbreak of acute gastroenteritis due to norovirus with possible hydric origin. Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiologia Clinica 24: 93-95.
- Anderson, A.D., A.G. Heryford, J.P. Sarisky, C. Higgins, S.S. Monroe, R.S. Beard, C.M. Newport, J.L. Cashdollar, G.S. Fout, D.E. Robbins, S.A. Seys, K.J. Musgrave, C. Medus, J. Vinje, J.S. Bresee, H.M. Mainzer, R.I. Glass. 2003. A waterborne outbreak of Norwalk-like virus among snowmobilers-Wyoming, 2001. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 187: 303-306.
- Atmar, R.L., M.K. Estes. 2001. Diagnosis of noncultivatable gastroenteritis viruses, the human caliciviruses. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 14: 15-37.
- Atmar, R.L., M.K. Estes. 2006. The epidemiologic and clinical importance of norovirus infection. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America 35: 275-290.
- Baron, R.C., F.D. Murphy, H.B. Greenberg, C.E. Davis, D.J. Bregman, G.W. Gary, J.M. Hughes, L.B. Schonberger. 1982. Norwalk gastrointestinal illness: an outbreak associated with swimming in a recreational lake and secondary person-to-person transmission. American Journal of Epidemiology 115: 163-172.
- Beller,M., A. Ellis, S.H. Lee,M.A. Drebot, S.A. Jenkerson, E. Funk, M.D. Sobsey, O.D. Simmons, S.S. Monroe, T. Ando, J. Noel, M. Petric, J.P. Middaugh, J.S. Spika. 1997. Outbreak of viral gastroenteritis due to a contaminated well: International consequences. Journal of the American Medical Association 278: 563-568.
- Bertolotti-Ciarlet, A., S.E. Crawford, A.M. Hutson, M.K. Estes. 2003. The 3' end of Norwalk virus mRNA contains determinants that regulate the expression and stability of the viral capsid protein VP1: a novel function for the VP2 protein. Journal of Virology 77: 11603-11615.
- Beuret, C., D. Kohler, A. Baumgartner, T.M. Luthi. 2002. Norwalklike virus sequences in mineral waters: one-year monitoring of three brands. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68: 1925-1931.
- Blanton, L.H., S.M. Adams, R.S. Beard, G. Wei, S.N. Bulens, M.A. Widdowson, R.I. Glass, S.S. Monroe. 2006. Molecular and epidemiologic trends of caliciviruses associated with outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis in the United States, 2000-2004. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 193: 413-421.
- Boccia, D., A.E. Tozzi, B. Cotter, C. Rizzo, T. Russo, G. Buttinelli, A. Caprioli, M.L. Marziano, F.M. Ruggeri. 2002. Waterborne outbreak of Norwalk-like virus gastroenteritis at a tourist resort, Italy. Emerging Infectious Diseases 8: 563-568.
- Bon, F., P. Fascia, M. Dauvergne, D. Tenenbaum, H. Planson, A.M. Petion, P. Pothier, E. Kohli. 1999. Prevalence of group A rotavirus, human calicivirus, astrovirus, and adenovirus type 40 and 41 infections among children with acute gastroenteritis in Dijon, France. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 37: 3055-3058.
- Brieseman, M., S. Hill, J. Holmes, S. Giles, A. Ball. 2000. A series of outbreaks of food poisoning? New Zealand Medical Journal 113: 54-56.
- Brown, C.M., J.W. Cann, G. Simons, R.L. Fankhauser, W. Thomas, U.D. Parashar, M.J. Lewis. 2001. Outbreak of Norwalk virus in a Caribbean island resort: application of molecular diagnostics to ascertain the vehicle of infection. Epidemiology and Infection 126: 425-432.
- Brugha, R., I.B. Vipond, M.R. Evans, Q.D. Sandifer, R.J. Roberts, R.L. Salmon, E.O. Caul, A.K. Mukerjee. 1999. A community outbreak of food-borne small round-structured virus gastroenteritis caused by a contaminated water supply. Epidemiology and Infection 122: 145-154.
- Bull, R.A., E.T.V. Tu, C.J.McIver,W.D. Rawlinson, P.A.White. 2006. Emergence of a new norovirus genotype II.4 variant associated with global outbreaks of gastroenteritis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 44: 327-333.
- Cannon, R.O., J.R. Poliner, R.B. Hirschhorn, D.C. Rodeheaver, P.R. Silverman, E.A. Brown, G.H. Talbot, S.E. Stine, S.S. Monroe, D.T. Dennis. 1991. A multistate outbreak of Norwalk virus gastroenteritis associated with consumption of commercial ice. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 164: 860-863.
- Caracciolo, S., C.Minini, D. Colombrita, I. Foresti,M. Avolio, G. Tosti, S. Fiorentini, A. Caruso. 2007. Detection of sporadic cases of Norovirus infection in hospitalized children in Italy. The New Microbiologica 30: 49-52.
- Carrique-Mas, J., Y. Andersson, B. Petersen, K.O. Hedlund, N. Sjogren, J. Giesecke. 2003. A Norwalk-like virus waterborne community outbreak in a Swedish village during peak holiday season. Epidemiology and Infection 131: 737-744.
- CDC. 2004. An outbreak of norovirus gastroenteritis at a swimming club-Vermont, 2004. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 53: 793-795.
- CDC. 2007. Brief report: Gastroenteritis among attendees at a summer camp-Wyoming, June-July 2006.Morbidity andMortality Weekly Report 56: 368-370.
- Chen, S.M., Y.H. Ni, H.L. Chen, M.H. Chang. 2006. Microbial etiology of acute gastroenteritis in hospitalized children in Taiwan. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association 105: 964-970.
- Dahl, E. 2006. Norovirus challenges aboard cruise ships. International Maritime Health 57: 230-234.
- De Leon, R., S.M. Matsui, R.S. Baric, J.E. Herrmann, N.R. Blacklow, H.B. Greenberg, M.D. Sobsey. 1992. Detection of Norwalk virus in stool specimens by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and nonradioactive oligoprobes. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 30: 3151-3157.
- de Wit, M.A., M.P. Koopmans, L.M. Kortbeek, N.J. van Leeuwen, A.I. Bartelds, Y.T. van Duynhoven. 2001. Gastroenteritis in sentinel general practices, The Netherlands. Emerging Infectious Diseases 7: 82-91.
- Dedman, D., H. Laurichesse, E.O. Caul, P.G. Wall. 1998. Surveillance of small round structured virus (SRSV) infection in England and Wales, 1990-5. Epidemiology and Infection 121: 139-149.
- Dreier, J., M. Stormer, D. Made, S. Burkhardt, K. Kleesiek. 2006. Enhanced reverse transcription-PCR assay for detection of norovirus genogroup I. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 44: 2714-2720.
- Duizer, E., K.J. Schwab, F.H. Neill, R.L. Atmar, M.P. Koopmans, M.K. Estes. 2004. Laboratory efforts to cultivate noroviruses. Journal of General Virology 85: 79-87.
- Fankhauser, R.L., J.S. Noel, S.S. Monroe, T. Ando, R.I. Glass. 1998. Molecular epidemiology of "Norwalk-like viruses" in outbreaks of gastroenteritis in the United States. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 178: 1571-1578.
- Fankhauser, R.L., S.S.Monroe, J.S. Noel, C.D. Humphrey, J.S. Bresee, U.D. Parashar, T. Ando, R.I. Glass. 2002. Epidemiologic and molecular trends of "Norwalk-like viruses" associated with outbreaks of gastroenteritis in the United States. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 186: 1-7.
- Foley, B., J. O'Mahony, S.M. Morgan, C. Hill, J.G. Morgan. 2000. Detection of sporadic cases of Norwalk-like virus (NLV) and astrovirus infection in a single Irish hospital from 1996 to 1998. Journal of Clinical Virology 17: 109-117.
- Froggatt, P.C., V.I. Barry, C.R. Ashley, P.R. Lambden, I.N. Clarke, E.O. Caul. 2004. Surveillance of norovirus infection in a study of sporadic childhood gastroenteritis in South West England and South Wales, during one winter season (1999-2000). Journal of Medical Virology 72: 307-311.
- Gallay, A., H. De Valk,M. Cournot, B. Ladeuil, C. Hemery, C. Castor, F. Bon, F. Megraud, P. Le Cann, J.C. Desenclos. 2006. A large multi-pathogen waterborne community outbreak linked to faecal contamination of a groundwater system, France, 2000. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 12: 561-570.
- Gallimore, C.I., D. Lewis, C. Taylor, A. Cant, A. Gennery, J.J. Gray. 2004. Chronic excretion of a norovirus in a child with cartilage hair hypoplasia (CHH). Journal of Clinical Virology 30: 196-204.
- Gallimore, C.I.,M. Iturriza-Gomara, J.Xerry, J.Adigwe, J.J.Gray. 2007. Inter-seasonal diversity of norovirus genotypes: Emergence and selection of virus variants. Archives of Virology 152: 1295-1303.
- Gaulin, C., M. Frigon, D. Poirier, C. Fournier. 1999. Transmission of calicivirus by a foodhandler in the pre-symptomatic phase of illness. Epidemiology and Infection 123: 475-478.
- Godoy, P., C. Nuin, M. Alseda, T. Llovet, R. Mazana, A. Dominguez. 2006. Waterborne outbreak of gastroenteritis caused by Norovirus transmitted through drinking water. Revista Clinica Espanola 206: 435-437.
- Gotz,H.,K.Ekdahl, J. Lindback,B.De Jong,K.O.Hedlund, J.Giesecke. 2001. Clinical spectrum and transmission characteristics of infection with Norwalk-like virus: findings from a large community outbreak in Sweden. Clinical Infectious Diseases 33: 622-628.
- Graham, D.Y., X. Jiang, T. Tanaka, A.R. Opekun, H.P. Madore, M.K. Estes. 1994. Norwalk virus infection of volunteers: new insights based on improved assays. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 170: 34-43.
- Gray, J.J., J. Green, C. Cunliffe, C. Gallimore, J.V. Lee, K. Neal, D.W. Brown. 1997. Mixed genogroup SRSV infections among a party of canoeists exposed to contaminated recreational water. Journal of Medical Virology 52: 425-429.
- Green, J., J.P. Norcott, D. Lewis, C. Arnold, D.W. Brown. 1993. Norwalk-like viruses: demonstration of genomic diversity by polymerase chain reaction. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 31: 3007-3012.
- Hafliger, D., P. Hubner, J. Luthy. 2000. Outbreak of viral gastroenteritis due to sewage-contaminated drinking water. International Journal of Food Microbiology 54: 123-126.
- Hedlund, K.O., E. Rubilar-Abreu, L. Svensson. 2000. Epidemiology of calicivirus infections in Sweden, 1994-1998. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 181 Suppl 2: S275-S280.
- Hewitt, J., D. Bell, G.C. Simmons, M. Rivera-Aban, S. Wolf, G.E. Greening. 2007. Investigation of a waterborne norovirus outbreak in a New Zealand ski resort. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73: 7853-7857.
- Ho, E.C., P.K. Cheng, A.W. Lau, A.H. Wong, W.W. Lim. 2007. Atypical norovirus epidemic in Hong Kong during summer of 2006 caused by a new genogroup II/4 variant. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 45: 2205-2211.
- Hoebe, C.J., H. Vennema, A.M. Roda Husman, Y.T. van Duynhoven. 2004. Norovirus outbreak among primary schoolchildren who had played in a recreational water fountain. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 189: 699-705.
- Hsu, C.C., L.K. Riley, R.S. Livingston. 2007.Molecular characterization of three novel murine noroviruses. Virus Genes 34: 147-155.
- Hutson, A.M., R.L. Atmar, M.K. Estes. 2004. Norovirus disease: changing epidemiology and host susceptibility factors. Trends in Microbiology 12: 279-287.
- Jiang, X., D. Cubitt, J. Hu, X. Dai, J. Treanor, D.O. Matson, L.K. Pickering. 1995. Development of an ELISA to detect MX virus, a human calicivirus in the Snow Mountain agent genogroup. Journal of General Virology 76: 2739-2747.
- Kapikian, A.Z., M.K. Estes, R.M. Chanock.1996. Norwalk group of viruses. In: Fields Virology (ed. B.N. Fields, D.M. Knipe, P.M. Howley), pp. 783-810. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia.
- Kapikian, A.Z., R.G. Wyatt, R. Dolin, T.S. Thornhill, A.R. Kalica, R.M. Chanock. 1972. Visualisation by immune electron microscopy of a 27 nm particle associated with acute infectious non-bacterial gastroenteritis in US adults. Journal of Virology 10: 1075-1081.
- Kaplan, J.E., R.A. Goodman, L.B. Schonberger, E.C. Lippy, G.W. Gary. 1982. Gastroenteritis due to Norwalk virus: an outbreak associated with a municipal water system. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 146: 190-197.
- Kappus, K.D., J.S. Marks, R.C. Holman, J.K. Bryant, C. Baker, G.W. Gary, H.B. Greenberg. 1982. An outbreak of Norwalk gastroenteritis associated with swimming in a pool and secondary person-to-person transmission. American Journal of Epidemiology 116: 834-839.
- Kaufman, S.S., N.K. Chatterjee, M.E. Fuschino, M.S. Magid, R.E.Gordon,D.L.Morse, B.C.Herold,N.S. LeLeiko,A. Tschernia, S.S. Florman, G.E. Gondolesi, T.M. Fishbein. 2003. Calicivirus enteritis in an intestinal transplant recipient. American Journal of Transplantation 3: 764-768.
- Kearney, K., J. Menton, J.G. Morgan. 2007. Carlow virus, a 2002 GII.4 variant Norovirus strain from Ireland. Virology Journal 4: 61.
- Khan, A.S., C.L. Moe, R.I. Glass, S.S. Monroe, M.K. Estes, L.E. Chapman, X. Jiang, C. Humphrey, E. Pon, J.K. Iskander, L.B. Schonberger. 1994. Norwalk virus-associated gastroenteritis traced to ice consumption aboard a cruise ship in Hawaii: comparison and application of molecular method-based assays. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 32: 318-322.
- Kim, S.H., D.S. Cheon, J.H. Kim, D.H. Lee, W.H. Jheong, Y.J. Heo, H.M. Chung, Y. Jee, J.S. Lee. 2005. Outbreaks of gastroenteritis that occurred during school excursions in Korea were associated with several waterborne strains of norovirus. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 43: 4836-4839.
- Kirkwood, C. 2004. Viral gastroenteritis in Europe: a new norovirus variant? Lancet 363: 671-672.
- Kirkwood, C.D., R. Clark, N. Bogdanovic-Sakran, R.F. Bishop. 2005. A 5-year study of the prevalence and genetic diversity of human caliciviruses associated with sporadic cases of acute gastroenteritis in young children admitted to hospital in Melbourne, Australia (1998-2002). Journal of Medical Virology 77: 96-101.
- Kjeldsberg, E., G. Anestad, H. Greenberg, I. Orstavik, R. Pedersen, E. Slettebo. 1989. Norwalk virus in Norway: an outbreak of gastroenteritis studied by electronmicroscopy and radioimmunoassay. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 21: 521-526.
- Koopmans, M., E. Duizer. 2004. Foodborne viruses: an emerging problem. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 90: 23-41.
- Koopmans, M., J. Vinje, M. de Wit, I. Leenen, W. van der Poel, Y. van Duynhoven. 2000. Molecular epidemiology of human enteric caliciviruses in The Netherlands. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 181 Suppl 2: S262-S269.
- Koopmans, M., J. Harris, L. Verhoef, E. Depoortere, J. Takkinen, D. Coulombier. 2006. European investigation into recent norovirus outbreaks on cruise ships: update. Euro surveillance 11: E060706.
- Kroneman, A., H. Vennema, J. Harris, G. Reuter, C.H. von Bonsdorff, K.O. Hedlund, K. Vainio, V. Jackson, P. Pothier, J. Koch, E. Schreier, B.E. Bottiger,M. Koopmans. 2006. Increase in norovirus activity reported in Europe. Euro surveillance 11: E061214.
- Kukkula, M., P. Arstila, M.L. Klossner, L. Maunula, C.H. Bonsdorff, P. Jaatinen. 1997. Waterborne outbreak of viral gastroenteritis. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 29: 415-418.
- Kukkula, M., L. Maunula, E. Silvennoinen, C.H. von Bonsdorff. 1999. Outbreak of viral gastroenteritis due to drinking water contaminated by Norwalk-like viruses. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 180: 1771-1776.
- Kuusi, M., J.P. Nuorti, L. Maunula, I. Miettinen, H. Pesonen, C.H. von Bonsdorff. 2004. Internet use and epidemiologic investigation of gastroenteritis outbreak. Emerging Infectious Diseases 10: 447-450.
- La Rosa, G., S. Fontana, A. Di Grazia, M. Iaconelli, M. Pourshaban, M. Muscillo. 2007. Molecular identification and genetic analysis of norovirus genogroups I and II in water environments: comparative analysis of different reverse transcription-PCR assays. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73: 4152-4161.
- Lawson, H.W., M.M. Braun, R.I. Glass, S.E. Stine, S.S. Monroe, H.K. Atrash, L.E. Lee, S.J. Englender. 1991. Waterborne outbreak of Norwalk virus gastroenteritis at a southwest US resort: role of geological formations in contamination of well water. Lancet 337: 1200-1204.
- Le Guyader, F.S., F. Bon, D. DeMedici, S. Parnaudeau, A. Bertone, S. Crudeli,A.Doyle,M. Zidane, E. Suffredini, E.Kohli, F.Maddalo, M. Monini, A. Gallay, M. Pommepuy, P. Pothier, F.M. Ruggeri. 2006. Detection of multiple noroviruses associated with an international gastroenteritis outbreak linked to oyster consumption. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 44: 3878-3882.
- Leuenberger, S., M.A. Widdowson, J. Feilchenfeldt, R. Egger, R.A. Streuli. 2007. Norovirus outbreak in a district general hospital-new strain identified. Swiss Medical Weekly 137: 57-81.
- Lew, J.F., J. Valdesuso, T. Vesikari, A.Z. Kapikian, X. Jiang,M.K. Estes, K.Y. Green. 1994. Detection of Norwalk virus or Norwalk-like virus infections in Finnish infants and young children. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 169: 1364-1367.
- Liu, B.L., P.R. Lambden,H.Gunther, P.Otto,M. Elschner, I.N. Clarke. 1999. Molecular characterization of a bovine enteric calicivirus: relationship to the Norwalk-like viruses. Journal of Virology 73: 819-825.
- LoBue,A.D., L. Lindesmith, B.Yount, P.R.Harrington, J.M. Thompson, R.E. Johnston, C.L. Moe, R.S. Baric. 2006. Multivalent norovirus vaccines induce strong mucosal and systemic blocking antibodies against multiple strains. Vaccine 24: 5220-5234.
- Lopman, B.A., M.H. Reacher, Y. Van Duijnhoven, F.X. Hanon, D. Brown, M. Koopmans. 2003. Viral gastroenteritis outbreaks in Europe, 1995-2000. Emerging Infectious Diseases 9: 90-96.
- Lopman, B.,H.Vennema, E.Kohli, P. Pothier,A. Sanchez,A.Negredo, J. Buesa, E. Schreier,M. Reacher, D. Brown, J. Gray,M. Iturriza, C. Gallimore, B. Bottiger, K.O. Hedlund, M. Torven, C.H. von Bonsdorff, L. Maunula, M. Poljsak-Prijatelj, J. Zimsek, G. Reuter, G. Szucs, B. Melegh, L. Svennson, Y. Van Duijnhoven, M. Koopmans. 2004. Increase in viral gastroenteritis outbreaks in Europe and epidemic spread of new norovirus variant. Lancet 363: 682-688.
- Marks, P.J., I.B. Vipond, D. Carlisle, D. Deakin, R.E. Fey, E.O. Caul. 2000. Evidence for airborne transmission of Norwalk-like virus (NLV) in a hotel restaurant. Epidemiology and Infection 124: 481-487.
- Marks, P.J., I.B. Vipond, F.M. Regan, K. Wedgwood, R.E. Fey, E.O. Caul. 2003. A school outbreak of Norwalk-like virus: evidence for airborne transmission. Epidemiology and Infection 131: 727-736.
- Martinelli, D., R. Prato, M. Chironna, A. Sallustio, G. Caputi, M. Conversano,M. CiofiDegliAtti, F.P.D’Ancona, C.AGerminario, M. Quarto. 2007. Large outbreak of viral gastroenteritis caused by contaminated drinking water in Apulia, Italy, May - October 2006. Euro surveillance 12: E070419.1.
- Martinez, N., C. Espul, H. Cuello,W. Zhong, X. Jiang, D.O. Matson, T. Berke. 2002. Sequence diversity of human caliciviruses recovered from children with diarrhea in Mendoza, Argentina, 1995-1998. Journal of Medical Virology 67: 289-298.
- Mattison, K., A. Shukla, A. Cook, F. Pollari, R. Friendship, D. Kelton, S. Bidawid, J.M. Farber. 2007. Human noroviruses in swine and cattle. Emerging Infectious Diseases 13: 1184-1188.
- Maunula, L. 2007.Waterborne norovirus outbreaks. Future Virology 2: 101-112.
- Maunula, L., S. Kalso, C.H. von Bonsdorff, A. Ponka. 2004. Wading pool water contaminated with both noroviruses and astroviruses as the source of a gastroenteritis outbreak. Epidemiology and Infection 132: 737-743.
- Maunula, L., I.T. Miettinen, C.H. von Bonsdorff. 2005. Norovirus outbreaks from drinking water. Emerging Infectious Diseases 11: 1716-1721.
- Maurer, A.M., D. Sturchler. 2000. A waterborne outbreak of small round structured virus, campylobacter and shigella co-infections in La Neuveville, Switzerland, 1998. Epidemiology and Infection 125: 325-332.
- McAnulty, J.M., G.L. Rubin, C.T. Carvan, E.J. Huntley, G. Grohmann, R. Hunter. 1993. An outbreak of Norwalk-like gastroenteritis associated with contaminated drinking water at a caravan park. Australian Journal of Public Health 17: 36-41.
- Mead, P.S., L. Slutsker, V. Dietz, L.F. McCaig, J.S. Bresee, C. Shapiro, P.M. Griffin, R.V. Tauxe. 1999. Food-related illness and death in the United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases 5: 607-625.
- Medici, M.C., M. Martinelli, F.M. Ruggeri, L.A. Abelli, S. Bosco, M.C. Arcangeletti, F. Pinardi, F.De Conto, A. Calderaro, C. Chezzi, G. Dettori. 2005. Broadly reactive nested reverse transcription-PCR using an internal RNA standard control for detection of noroviruses in stool samples. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 43: 3772-3778.
- Nakata, S., S. Honma, K.K. Numata, K. Kogawa, S. Ukae, Y.Morita, N. Adachi, S. Chiba. 2000. Members of the family caliciviridae (Norwalk virus and Sapporo virus) are the most prevalent cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks among infants in Japan. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 181: 2029-2032.
- Ngazoa, E.S., I. Fliss, J. Jean. 2008. Quantitative study of persistence of human norovirus genome in water using TaqMan real-time RTPCR. Journal of Applied Microbiology 104: 707-715.
- Nguyen, T.A., P. Khamrin, S. Takanashi, P.L. Hoang, L.D. Pham, K.T. Hoang, K. Satou, Y. Masuoka, S. Okitsu, H. Ushijima. 2007. Evaluation of immunochromatography tests for detection of rotavirus and norovirus among Vietnamese children with acute gastroenteritis and the emergence of a novel norovirus GII.4 variant. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 53: 264-269.
- Nygard, K., M. Torven, C. Ancker, S.B. Knauth, K.O. Hedlund, J. Giesecke, Y. Andersson, L. Svensson. 2003. Emerging genotype (GGIIb) of norovirus in drinkingwater, Sweden.Emerging Infectious Diseases 9: 1548-1552.
- Nygard, K., L. Vold, E. Halvorsen, E. Bringeland, J.A. Rottingen, P. Aavitsland. 2004. Waterborne outbreak of gastroenteritis in a religious summer camp in Norway, 2002. Epidemiology and Infection 132: 223-229.
- O'Reilly, C.E., A.B. Bowen, N.E. Perez, J.P. Sarisky, C.A. Shepherd, M.D. Miller, B.C. Hubbard, M. Herring, S.D. Buchanan, C.C. Fitzgerald, V. Hill, M.J. Arrowood, L.X. Xiao, R.M. Hoekstra, E.D. Mintz, M.F. Lynch. 2007. A waterborne outbreak of gastroenteritis with multiple etiologies among resort island visitors and residents: Ohio, 2004. Clinical Infectious Diseases 44: 506-512.
- Okhuysen, P.C. 2007. Travelers' diarrhea, new insights. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 41: S20-S23.
- Papadopoulos, V.P., O. Vlachos, E. Isidoriou, C. Kasmeridis, Z. Pappa, A. Goutzouvelidis, F. Filippou. 2006. A gastroenteritis outbreak due toNorovirus infection inXanthi,NorthernGreece:management and public health consequences. Journal of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases 15: 27-30.
- Parashar, U.D., L. Dow, R.L. Fankhauser, C.D. Humphrey, J.Miller, T. Ando, K.S.Williams, C.R. Eddy, J.S. Noel, T. Ingram, J.S. Bresee, S.S.Monroe, R.I. Glass. 1998. An outbreak of viral gastroenteritis associated with consumption of sandwiches: implications for the control of transmission by food handlers. Epidemiology and Infection 121: 615-621.
- Parshionikar, S.U., S. Willian-True, G.S. Fout, D.E. Robbins, S.A. Seys, J.D. Cassady, R. Harris. 2003. Waterborne outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with a norovirus. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69: 5263-5268.
- Pelosi, E., P.R. Lambden, E.O. Caul, B. Liu, K. Dingle, Y. Deng, I.N. Clarke. 1999. The seroepidemiology of genogroup 1 and genogroup 2 Norwalk-like viruses in Italy. Journal of Medical Virology 58: 93-99.
- Phan, T.G., K. Kaneshi, Y. Ueda, S. Nakaya, S. Nishimura, A. Yamamoto, K. Sugita, S. Takanashi, S. Okitsu, H. Ushijima. 2007. Genetic heterogeneity, evolution, and recombination in noroviruses. Journal of Medical Virology 79: 1388-1400.
- Podewils, L.J., B.L. Zanardi, M. Hagenbuch, D. Itani, A. Burns, C. Otto, L. Blanton, S. Adams, S.S. Monroe, M.J. Beach, M. Widdowson. 2007. Outbreak of norovirus illness associated with a swimming pool. Epidemiology and Infection 135: 827-833.
- Rabenau, H.F., M. Sturmer, S. Buxbaum, A. Walczok, W. Preiser, H.W. Doerr. 2003. Laboratory diagnosis of norovirus: which method is the best? Intervirology 46: 232-238.
- Radford, A.D., R.M. Gaskell, C.A. Hart. 2004. Human norovirus infection and the lessons fromanimal caliciviruses. CurrentOpinion in Infectious Diseases 17: 471-478.
- Ramirez, S., S. De Grazia, G.M. Giammanco,M.Milici, C. Colomba, F.M.Ruggeri,V.Martella, S.Arista. 2006.Detection of the norovirus variants GGII.4 hunter and GGIIb/hilversum in Italian children with gastroenteritis. Journal of Medical Virology 78: 1656-1662.
- Rizzo, C., I. Di Bartolo, M. Santantonio, M.F. Coscia, R. Monno, D. De Vito, F.M. Ruggeri, G. Rizzo. 2007. Epidemiological and virological investigation of a Norovirus outbreak in a resort in Puglia, Italy. BMC Infectious Diseases 7: 135.
- Rutjes, S.A., H.H. van den Berg,W.J. Lodder, A.M. de Roda Husman. 2006. Real-time detection of noroviruses in surface water by use of a broadly reactive nucleic acid sequence-based amplification assay. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72: 5349-5358.
- Sartorius, B., Y. Andersson, I. Velicko, B. De Jong, M. Lofdahl, K.O. Hedlund, G. Allestam, C. Wangsell, O. Bergstedt, P. Horal, P. Ulleryd, A. Soderstrom. 2007. Outbreak of norovirus in Vastra Gotaland associated with recreational activities at two lakes during August 2004. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 39: 323-331.
- Sawyer, L.A., J.J. Murphy, J.E. Kaplan, P.F. Pinsky, D. Chacon, S.Walmsley, L.B. Schonberger,A. Phillips,K. Forward, C.Goldman. 1988. 25- to 30-nm virus particle associated with a hospital outbreak of acute gastroenteritis with evidence for airborne transmission. American Journal of Epidemiology 127: 1261-1271.
- Schaub, S.A., R.K. Oshiro. 2000. Public health concerns about caliciviruses as waterborne contaminants. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 181 Suppl 2: S374-S380.
- Schmid, D., I. Lederer, P. Much, A.M. Pichler, F. Allerberger. 2005. Outbreak of norovirus infection associated with contaminated flood water, Salzburg, 2005. Euro surveillance 10: E050616.
- Schreier, E., F. Doring, U. Kunkel. 2000. Molecular epidemiology of outbreaks of gastroenteritis associated with small round structured viruses in Germany in 1997/98. Archives of Virology 145: 443-453.
- Schvoerer, E., F. Bonnet, V. Dubois, A.M. Rogues, J.P. Gachie, M.E. Lafon, H.J. Fleury. 1999. A hospital outbreak of gastroenteritis possibly related to the contamination of tap water by a small round structured virus. Journal of Hospital Infection 43: 149-154.
- Shieh, Y.C., R.S. Baric, J.W. Woods, K.R. Calci. 2003. Molecular surveillance of enterovirus and Norwalk-like virus in oysters relocated to a municipal-sewage-impacted gulf estuary. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69: 7130-7136.
- Straub, T.M., B.K. Honerzu, P. Orosz-Coghlan, A. Dohnalkova, B.K. Mayer, R.A. Bartholomew, C.O. Valdez, C.J. Bruckner-Lea, C.P. Gerba, M. Abbaszadegan, C.A. Nickerson. 2007. In vitro cell culture infectivity assay for human noroviruses. Emerging Infectious Diseases 13: 396-403.
- Subekti, D.S., P. Tjaniadi,M. Lesmana, C. Simanjuntak, S. Komalarini, H. Digdowirogo, B. Setiawan, A.L. Corwin, J.R. Campbell, K.R. Porter, B.A. Oyofo. 2002. Characterization of Norwalk-like virus associated with gastroenteritis in Indonesia. Journal of Medical Virology 67: 253-258.
- Taylor, J.W., G.W. Gary, Jr., H.B. Greenberg. 1981. Norwalk-related viral gastroenteritis due to contaminated drinking water. American Journal of Epidemiology 114: 584-592.
- Tokutake, Y., M. Kobayashi, M. Akiyama, C. Aiki, O. Nishio. 2006. Food borne outbreak caused by the well water contaminated norovirus. Kansenshogaku Zasshi 80: 238-242.
- Traore,O.,G. Belliot, C.Mollat,H. Piloquet, C. Chamoux,H. Laveran, S.S.Monroe, S. Billaudel. 2000. RT-PCR identification and typing of astroviruses and Norwalk-like viruses in hospitalized patients with gastroenteritis: evidence of nosocomial infections. Journal of Clinical Virology 17: 151-158.
- van Den Berg, H.,W. Lodder,W. van der Poel, H. Vennema, A.M. de Roda Husman. 2005. Genetic diversity of noroviruses in raw and treated sewage water. Research in Microbiology 156: 532-540.
- Wang, Q.H., V. Costantini, L.J. Saif. 2006. Porcine enteric caliciviruses: Genetic and antigenic relatedness to human caliciviruses, diagnosis and epidemiology. Vaccine 25: 5453-5466.
- Waters, A., S. Coughlan,W.W. Hall. 2007. Characterisation of a novel recombination event in the norovirus polymerase gene. Virology 363: 11-14.
- Widdowson, M.A., A. Sulka, S.N. Bulens, R.S. Beard, S.S. Chaves, R. Hammond, E.D. Salehi, E. Swanson, J. Totaro, R. Woron, P.S. Mead, J.S. Bresee, S.S. Monroe, R.I. Glass. 2005. Norovirus and foodborne disease, United States, 1991-2000. Emerging Infectious Diseases 11: 95-102.
- Wolf, S., W.M. Williamson, J. Hewitt, M. Rivera-Aban, S. Lin, A. Ball, P. Scholes, G.E. Greening. 2007. A sensitive multiplex real-time RT-PCR assay for the detection of human and animal noroviruses in clinical and environmental samples. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73: 5464-5470.
- Xi, J.N., D.Y. Graham, K.N. Wang, M.K. Estes. 1990. Norwalk virus genome cloning and characterization. Science 250: 1580-1583.
- Zheng, D.P., T. Ando, R.L. Fankhauser, R.S. Beard, R.I. Glass, S.S. Monroe. 2006. Norovirus classification and proposed strain nomenclature. Virology 346: 312-323.
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-article-BAR0-0062-0063