Systemy filtracji spalin do samochodowych silników z zapłonem samoczynnym – problemy regeneracji filtrów DPF

• Autorzy: Stępień Z.

Warianty tytułu

EN

Exhaust gases filtration systems for automotive diesel engines – DPF filters regeneration problems

• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

PL

Światowe ustawodawstwa dotyczące szkodliwych emisji do atmosfery stanowią obszerną dziedzinę obejmującą ustawodawcze wymagania, ograniczenia i techniczne uregulowania dotyczące różnego typu silników spalinowych mających rozmaite zastosowania. Na najważniejszych rynkach światowych, takich jak Europa i USA, wprowadzane są coraz ostrzejsze przepisy w zakresie norm emisji odnoszących się między innymi do silników z zapłonem samoczynnym (ZS), które będą wymagały od producentów samochodów osobowych, jak i różnego rodzaju użytkowych konstruowania pojazdów niskoemisyjnych. Przepisy te, poza redukcją CO, HC i NOx, nakładają ostre wymagania dotyczące ograniczenia emisji cząstek stałych. Próba spełnienia systematycznie zaostrzanych przepisów w zakresie ograniczania emisji sprawia, że coraz większe znaczenie zyskują układy tzw. następczej obróbki spalin stosowane do oczyszczania gazów spalinowych. Układy takie są powszechnie stosowane pomimo znacznego postępu w zakresie rozwoju konstrukcji silników spalinowych. W odniesieniu do przyszłych norm emisji z silników ZS optymalnym rozwiązaniem umożliwiającym spełnienie nawet najbardziej surowych przepisów dotyczących emisji jest połączenie selektywnej redukcji katalitycznej (SCR) z filtrem cząstek stałych (DPF – Diesel Particulate Filter). DPF usuwają cząstki stałe z gazów spalinowych silników ZS poprzez filtrację spalin wydalanych z silnika. Jednak pomimo powszechnego stosowania już od ponad 15 lat DPF wymagają dalszych udoskonaleń i prowadzenia prac badawczo-optymalizacyjnych. Większość tych prac dotyczy obecnie stosowanych i przyszłych metod regeneracji filtrów, które są wciąż dalekie od doskonałości. Monografia ta stanowi kompendium wiedzy dotyczącej nieustannego zaostrzania przepisów w zakresie ograniczenia emisji cząstek stałych, konstrukcji, wydajności i zasad działania DPF, technologii i metod regeneracji DPF, a także opracowania systemu oczyszczania spalin z DPF regenerowanego przy wspomaganiu metodami pasywną i aktywną. W pierwszym rozdziale omówiono: budowę i właściwości cząstek stałych, oddziaływanie wdychanych cząstek stałych na zdrowie, jak również obecne i przyszłe europejskie wymagania ustawodawcze w zakresie ograniczania emisji cząstek stałych. W drugim rozdziale opisano konstrukcję DPF – materiały, z których wykonywane są monolity filtrujące, mechanizmy filtracji spalin, zalety i wady różnych filtrów, jak i działanie oraz właściwości użytkowe filtrów cząstek stałych. Ponadto przedstawiono konstrukcję i zastosowanie różnych systemów filtracji cząstek spalin pochodzących z silników ZS. Rozdział ten stanowi przegląd technologii wykorzystywanych do kontroli emisji cząstek stałych. W trzecim rozdziale przedyskutowano metody regeneracji filtrów cząstek stałych, uwzględniając doświadczenia zdobyte podczas ich eksploatacji. Szczegółowo opisano i porównano strategie pasywnej i aktywnej regeneracji DPF. Rozważono stosowanie dodatków typu FBC (Fuel Borne Catalyst) do paliwa jako pasywnej metody wspomagania procesów regeneracji DPF w różnych warunkach eksploatacji. Zaakcentowano wciąż pojawiające się problemy w zakresie metod i procedur regeneracji DPF i omówiono przyszłe techniczne wyzwania z tym związane. Celem ostatniego, czwartego rozdziału monografii było przedstawienie, w chronologicznej kolejności, procesu opracowywania, a następnie praktycznego badania i oceny systemu filtracji spalin do autobusów komunikacji miejskiej z DPF, w którym zastosowano metody pasywnego i aktywnego wspomagania regeneracji. Jest to skrócony raport zezrealizowanego projektu, w ramach którego praktycznie wykorzystano wiedzę dotyczącą konstrukcji, działania i regeneracji DPF do opracowania całego systemu filtracji spalin z zastosowaniem nowatorskiego dodatku typu FBC do pasywnego wspomagania procesów regeneracji DPF zweryfikowanych w warunkach rzeczywistej eksploatacji.

EN

Worldwide emission legislations are a large field of legislative demands, limits and technical regulations for all the different internal combustion engine applications. Major world markets, such as Europe and USA, are legislating, among others, more and more severe diesel emission standards that will require manufacturers of passenger cars, and all ranges of commercial vehicles to develop low emissions vehicles. In addition to reduction in CO, HC and NOX, these regulations require stringent reductions of particulate emissions. In order to meet increasingly stringent emission standards, exhaust gas after treatment systems has increased in significance for internal combustion engines, despite the progress made with regard to engine modifications. For future emissions regulations concerning the Diesel engines, selective catalytic reduction (SCR) in combinations with diesel particulate filters (DPF) offers a unique and global solution for the most severe regulations. DPF remove particulate matter in diesel exhaust gases by filtering exhaust from engine. But, although DPFs have been in commercial production for more than 15 years, there is still much optimization activity in the field. Most investigations are focused on current and new regeneration methods which are still far from perfect. This monograph sets compendium of information about continuously tighten regulations with reference especially to particulate matter emission, DPF construction, performance and principle of operation, DPF regeneration technologies and procedures as well as presents development of real DPF systems with passive-active regeneration. The first chapter introduces particulate matter composition and properties, health effects of inhaled particulate matter as well as current and future legislation on particle matter and particle number limits in Europe. In the second chapter design of DPF, filter monolith materials, filtration mechanisms, advantages and disadvantages of various DPF, operation and operating characteristics as well as performance of DPFs has been extensively described. Furthermore, design and application different diesel particulate filtration systems were presented. It is something like diesel emission control technology review. Chapter three discusses particulate trap regeneration methods and operating experience. Passive and active strategy for DPF regeneration has been in detail described and compared. The use of fuel borne catalyst (FBC) as a method of DPF passive regeneration supporting in a different driving conditions has been considered. Still occurrences problems with DPF regeneration procedures has been emphasized and the resultant technical challenges for the future were discussed. The focus of the last, fourth chapter of the monograph was to present in chronological order developing and next practical evaluation of DPF system with combined regeneration method for city buses. So, this is a short report from the project of practical taking advantage of knowledge about DPF construction, operation and regeneration ways for development of novel FBC additive for passive supporting of DPF regeneration and all filtration system revised under real operating conditions.

Słowa kluczowe

PL

filtracja spalin; DPF; silniki z zapłonem samoczynnym; regeneracja

EN

gases filtration; DPF; regeneration; automotive diesel engines

• Wydawca: Instytut Nafty i Gazu - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
• Czasopismo: Prace Naukowe Instytutu Nafty i Gazu
• Rocznik: 2016
• Tom: nr 207
• Strony: 1--439
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 217 poz., rys., tab., wykr., zdj.

Twórcy

autor

Stępień Z.

• Instytut Nafty i Gazu - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy

Bibliografia

• [1] Mayer A. et al.: Particle Filter Retrofit for all Diesel Engines. Haus der Technik Fachbuch Band 97. Herausgeber: ProŁ Dr.-Ing. Ulrich Brill, ISBN 978-3-8169-2850-8, Essen 2008, 445 s.
• [2] Directive 98/69/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, 13 October 1998:
• [3] Burtscher H., Matter U.: Particle Formation Due to Fuel Additives. SAE Paper 2000-01-1883, 2000.
• [4] Kidoguchi Y., Yang Ch., Miwa K.: Effects of Fuel Properties on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Direct-Injection Diesel Engine. SAE Paper 2000-01-1851, 2000.
• [5] Skillas G., Qian Z., Baltensperger U., Matter U., Burtscher H.: The influence of additives on the size distribution and composition of particles produced by diesel engines. Combustion Science and Technology 2000, vol. 154, issue 1, s. 259-273.
• [6] Zabłocki M., Ekert K.: Emisja nanocząstek nowym wyzwaniem dla silników z zapłonem samoczynnym. IV Sympozjum EKODIESEL'98, 22-24 kwietnia 1998.
• [7] Eastwood P.: Critical Topics in Exhaust Gas Aftertreatment. Ford Motor Company. Research Studies Press Ltd. 2000.
• [8] Mayer W. J., Lechman D. C., Hilden D. L.: The Contribution of Engine Oil to Diesel Particulate Emissions. SAE Paper 800256, 1980.
• [9] Neill W. S., Chippior W. L., Giilder L., Cooley J., Richardson E. K., Mitchell K., Fairbridge C.: Influence of Fuel Aromatics Type on the Particulate Matter and NOx Emissions of a Heavy- Duty Diesel Engine. SAE Paper 2000-01-1856, 2000.
• [10] Steiner D., Burtscher H.: Desorption of perylene from combustion, NaC7, and carbon particles. Environmental Science and Technology 1994, vol. 28, s. 1254-1259.
• [11] Chatterjee S.: Retrofit Emission Control Technologies for Heavy Duty Diesel. Engines - The State of the Art. Johnson Matthey Catalyst, BAQ 2004.
• [12] Bruch J., Rehn B., Seiler E: Cancer Risk due to Diesel Emissions? New Toxicological Approaches in Assessing the Risk of Diesel Particles. 24. Internationales Wiener Motorensymposium, Wiedeń 15-16 maja 2003 r., band 2, s. 46-49.
• [13] Hofer L., Schlatter J., Burtscher H., Czerwinski J., Mayer A.: Health Effects, Measurement and Filtration of Solid Particles emitted from Diesel Engines. A Literature Study, Swiss Contribu tion to the GRPE/PMP Particle Measurement Programme, Apri12001.
• [14] Johnson T. V.: Diesel Emission Control in Review. SAE Paper 2000-01-0184, 2000.
• [15] Khalek J. A.: Nanoparticle Growth During Dilution and Cooling of Diesel Exhaust Experimental Investigation and Theoretical Assessment. 3. International ETH-Workshap on Nanoparticle Measurement, 9-10 August 1999.
• [16] Metz N.: Diesel Particulate Matter - Criteria for Evaluation of Health Effects. 24. Internationales Wiener Motorensymposium, Wiedeń, 15-16 maja 2003 r., band 2, s. 1-18.
• [17] Burtscher H.: Literature Study on Tailpipe Particuiate Emission Measurement for Diesel Engines. Fachhochschule Aargau, University of Applied Science, Switzerland, March 2001, http://www.akp/org/pub/burtscher_bericht.pdf. Dostęp: marzec 2014.
• [18] Heeb N. V.: Influence of particulate trap systems on the composition of Diesel engine exhaust gas emissions (Part 77). EMPA-Research report No. 172847, 1998.
• [19] Ladegaard N., Sorenson S. C., Schram J.: Fuel Additive Effects on Particulate Emissions from a Diesel Engine. Society of Automotive Engineers: 970181, 1997.
• [20] Laurence R. B., Wong V. W., Brown A. J.: Effects of Lubrication System Parameters on Diesel Particulate Emission Characteristics. SAE Paper 960318, 1996.
• [21] Manni M., Florio S., Gommellini C.: An Investigation on the Reduction of Lubricating Oil Impact on Diesel Exhaust Emissions. SAE Paper 972956, 1997.
• [22] Merkisz J., Pielecha J.: Nanoparticle Emissions from Combustion Engines. Springer Tracts on Transportation and Traffic. ISBN 978-3-319-15927-0. Library of Congress Control Number: 2015932788. Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015.
• [23] Metz N.: Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel Particulatę Matter. 7. ETH Conference, Zurych 2003.
• [24] Samaras Z., Ntziachristos L., Mohr M., Thompson N., Wass U., Keskinen J.: Characterisation of Exhaust Particulate Emissions from Road Vehicles - Conclusions of the EU Particulates Project. EURO V Conference, Mediolan, 10-11.12.2003.
• [25] Brewbaker T., Nieuwstadt M.: Control of Oxygen for Thermal Management of Diesel Particulate Filters. SAE Paper 2002-01-0427, 2002.
• [26] Combustion enhancement and vehicle particulate matter emissions. Hart's European Fuels News, 17 May 2000.
• [27] Johnson T. V.: Diesel Emission Control in Review - The Last 12 Months. SAE Paper 2003-01-0039, 2003.
• [28] Moser F. X., Sams T., Cartellieri W.: Impact of Future Exhaust Gas Emission Legislation on the Heavy Duty Truck Engine. SAE Paper 2001-01-0186, 2001.
• [29] Barnes A., Duncan D., Marshall J., Psaila A.: Evaluation of Water-blend Fuels in a City Bus and an Assessment of Performance with Emission Control Devices. SAE Paper 2000-01-1915, 2000.
• [30] Lapuerta M., Armas O., Ballesteros R., Carmona M.: Fuel Formulation Effects on Passenger Car Diesel Engine Particulate Emissions and Composition. SAE Paper 2000-01-1850, 2000.
• [31] Mayer A., Matter U., Scheidegger G., Czerwinski J., Wyser M., Kieser D., Weihofer J.: Particulate Traps for Retro Fitting Construction Site Engines VERT.: Final Measurement and Implementation. SAE Paper 1999-01-0116, 1999.
• [32] Bugarski A.: Exhaust Aftertreatment Technologies for Curtailment of Diesel Particulate Matter and Gaseous Emissions. Diesel Aerosols and Gases in Underground Metal and Nonmetal Mines. 14th U.S./North American Mine Ventilation Symposium Salt Lake City, Utah, 17 June 2012.
• [33] Masoudi M., Konstandopoulos A., Nikitidis M., Skaperdas E. et al.: Validation of a Model and Development of a Simulator for Predicting the Pressure Drop of Diesel Particulate Filters. SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-0911, 2001.
• [34] Boger T., Jamison J., Warkins J., Golomb N., Warren C., Heibel A.: Next Generation Aluminum-Titanate Material to Meet Upcoming EU6 Emissions Legislation Requirements. 19. Aachener Kolloquium Fahrzeug - und Motorentechnik, 2010.
• [35] Zievers J. F.: Lexikon Verbrennungsmotoren Partikel. Vorschlag Technik Thermische Maschinen TTM, CH-5443 Niederrohrdorf: http://www.akp/org/pub/lexicon10-3-2000.pdf
• [36] Nemoto A., Iwasaki K., Yamanishi O., Tsuchimo K., Uoe K., Toma T., Yoshino H.: Development of Innovative Diesel Particulate Filters based on Aluminum Titanate: Design and Validation. This paper is translated from R&D Report, SUMITOMO KAGAKU, vol. 2011-II.
• [37] Majkowski S.: Value Analysis of Alternative Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) Substrates for Future Diesel Aftertreatment Systems. DEER Conference, August 2009.
• [38] Johnson T. V.: Diesel Emission Control in Review - The Last 12 Months. SAE Paper 2003-01-0039, 2003.
• [39] Johnson T.: Review of Diesel Emission Control Technology. August 2002.
• [40] Huggins T. G.: Diesel Particulate Filters - Exhaust Gas Aftertreatment Technologies, Part 1- Diesel Emissions and Their Hazardous Pollutants. Materiały reklamowo-szkoleniowe firmy STRATUS Diesel Particulate Filters.
• [41] 3M Diesel Filter Cartridges For Particulate Emission Control. 3M Innovation Technical Bulletin 1999.
• [42] Merkisz J., Piełecha J.: Emisja cząstek stałych ze źródeł motoryzacyjnych. Wydawnictwo Politechniki Poznańskiej, ISBN 978-83-7775-325-5, wyd. 1, Poznań 2014.
• [43] Dan-feng D., Jian L., Xiu-rong G.: Research on the Working Performance of Carbonized Microwood Fiber DPF. Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology 5(3): 339-343, 2013.
• [44] Mayer A.: Best Available Technology of Diesel Particle Filter Systems. TTM, 12.11.2008.
• [45] Bloom R. L., Brunner N. R., Schroeer S. C.: Fiber Wound Diesel Particulate Filter Durability Experience with Metal Based Additives. SAE Paper 970180, 1997.
• [46] Brunner N. R.: Test Equipment and Methods at The 3M Company Diesel Filter Products Laboratory. SAE Paper 950516, 1995.
• [47] Yoro K., Itsuaki S., Saito H., Nakajima S., Okamoto S.: Diesel Particulate Filter Made of Porous Metal. Society of Automotive Engineers: 980187, 1998.
• [48] Konstandopoulos A. et al.: Technology Evaluation Report for Diesel Engine After-treatment System. DELIVERABLE REPORT No. D2400.5, APTL/CERTH 2O13.
• [49] Banus E. D., Ulla M. A., Miro E. E., Milt V G.: Structured Catalysts for Soot Combustion for Diesel Engines. Licensee InTech, 2013, s. 117-135. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0).
• [50] Nixdorf D.: Improved Diesel Particulate Filter Cartridge for Diesel Exhaust Systems Improved. Materiały firmy: Industrial Ceramic Solutions, LLC Oak Ridge, Tennessee 2006.
• [51] Kwon H. J., Kim Y., Nam L, Jung S. M., Lee J.: The Hydrothermal Stability of Paper-Like Ceramic Fiber and Conventional Honeycomb-Type Cordierite Substrates Washcoated with Cu-MFI and V205/Ti02 Catalysts for the Selective Reduction of NOx by NH3. Top. Catal. 53, 2010, s. 439-446.
• [52] Bhardwaj N., Hoang V., Nguyen K. L.: Effect of refining on pulp surface charge accessible to polydadmac and FTIR characteristic bands of high yield kraft fibres. Biores. Technol. 98, 2007, s. 962-966.
• [53] Ichiura H., Kitaoka T., Tanaka H.: Removal of indoor pollutants under UV irradiation by a composite Ti02-zeolite sheet prepared using a papermaking technique. Chemosphere 2003, vol. 51, no. 9,51 (9), s. 855-860.
• [54] Gyubaek Ch., Hyunha Ch., Youngil J., Hongsuk K., Seokjong An., Byongkoog J., Young Ch., Donghee K., Cheon Seog Y. et al.: PM Reduction Performance and Regeneration Characteristics of Catalyzed Metal Foam Filters for a 3L Diesel Passenger Vehicle. SAE Paper 2007-01-3456, 2007.
• [55] Bruck R., Hirth P., Reizig M., Treiber P., Breuer J.: Metal Supported Flow-Through Particulate Trap, a Non-Blocking Solution. SAE Paper No. 2001-01-1950, 2001.
• [56] Boretto G., Debenedetti M.: Innovative Materials and Catalysts for Diesel Particulate Contral. Głobal Powertrain Congress, Detroit, 2001.
• [57] Jacobs T., Chatterjee S., Conway R., Walker A., Kramer J., Mueller-Haas K.: Development of Partial Filter Technology for HDD Retrofit. SAE Paper No. 2006-01-0213, 2006.
• [58] California Code of Regulation, Title 13, Chapter 14, Section 2702, Table 1, http://www.arb.ca.gov/regact/dieselrv/finregrev.pdf. Dostęp: marzec 2014.
• [59] Chatterjee S., McDonald C., Conway R., Windawi H., Vertin K., LeTavec C., Clark N., Gautam M.: Emission Reductions and Operational Experiences with Heavy Duty Diesel Fleet Vehicles Retrofitted with Continuously Regenerated Diesel Particulate Filters in Southern California. SAE Technical Paper No. 2001-01-0512, 2001.
• [60] Subramaniam M. N., Hayes Ch., Tomazic D., Downey M., Bruestle C.: Pre-Turbo Aftertreatment Position for Large Bore Diesel Engines - Compacter & Cost-Effective Aftertreatment with a Fuel Consumption Advantage. SAE Technical Paper No. 2011-01-0299, 2011.
• [61] Soot Trapping and Continuously Oxidizing Behavior by Flow-through Metallic PM Filter. Toyota Motor Corporation/Emitec Japan, 10. Symposium Dieselmotorentechnik, Technische Akademie Esslingen 2006.
• [62] Fanick E. R., Valentine J. M.: Emissions Reduction Performance of a Bimetallic Platinum/Cerium Fuel Borne Catalyst with Several Diesel Particulate Filters on Different Sulfur Fuels: SAE Paper2001-01-0904,2001.
• [63] Ha K., Carmichael L, Walsh J., Skabowski A., Goldberger L.: Particulate Trap Technology Demonstration at New York City Transie Authority. Society of Automotive Engineers: 910331, 1991.
• [64] Bloom R.: The Development of Fiber Wound Diesel Particulate Filter Cartridges. SAE Paper 950152, 1995.
• [65] Ebener S., Zink U.: Ceramic Catalyst Supports and Particulate Filters for Diesel Engine Exhaust Aftertreatment. KONES - Warszawa-Lublin, 2000.
• [66] Fanick E. R., Valentine J. M.: Emissions Reduction Performance of a Bimetallic Platinum/Cerium Fuel Borne Catalyst with Several Diesel Particulate Filters on Different Sulfur Fuels. SAE Paper 2001-01-0904, 2001.
• [67] Konstandopoulos A. G., Kostoglou M., Skaperdas E., Papaioannou E., Zarvalis D., Kladopoulou E.: Fundamental Studies of Diesel Particulate Filters: Transient Loading, Regeneration and Aging. SAE Paper 2000-01-1016, 2000.
• [68] MacDonald J. S., Simone G. M.: Development of a Particulate Trap System for Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine. SAE Paper 880006, 1986.
• [69] Konstandopoulos A. G., Skaperdas E., Warren J., Allansson R.: Optimized Filter Design and Selection Criteria for Continuously Regenerating Diesel Particulate Traps. SAE 1999-01- 0468, 1999.
• [70] Konstandopoulos A. G., Johnson J. H.: Wall-Flow Diesel Particulate Filters - their Pressure Drop and Collection Efficiency. Society of Automotive Engineers: 890405, 1989.
• [71] Mayer A.: 5th ETH Nanoparticle Conference. Zurich, August 2001.
• [72] Mayer, A.: 6th ETH Nanoparticle Conference. Zurich, August 2002.
• [73] Mayer A., Czerwiński J., Napoli S., Matter U., Mosimann T.: NanoMet An option for supplementing the legal exhaust gas measuring procedures for the diesel vehicles with particle filters. Report PMP - CH2, 2001.
• [74] Jelles S. J., Makkee M., Moulijn J. A., Acres G. J. K., Peter-Hoblyn J. D.: Diesel Particulate Control. Application of an Activated Particulate Trap in Combination with Additives at an Ultra Low Dose Rate. Society of Automotive Engineers: 1999-01-0113, 1999.
• [75] Vincent M. W., Richards P., Cook S. L.: Particulates Reduction in Diesel Engines Through the Combination of a Particulate Filter and Fuel Additive. Society of Automotive Engineers: 982654, 1998.
• [76] Stępień Z., Urzędowska W.: Filtracja spalin jako efektywna metoda ograniczenia emisji w transporcie miejskim. Międzynarodowa Konferencja DEXFIL 2004, Kraków, 11-12 maja 2004.
• [77] Stępień Z.: Evaluation methods for passive regeneration of particulate filters for the city bus. 8th Conference on Combustion Generated Nanoparticles, Zurych, 16-18.08.2004.
• [78] Stępień Z.: Pasywna regeneracja filtrów cząstek stałych. Nafta-Gaz nr 6/2005, s. 257-268.
• [79] Stępień Z., Żak G., Łukasik Z.: Dodatki FBC do oleju napędowego wspomagające regenerację filtrów cząstek stałych. Nafta-Gaz nr 11/2009, s. 861-870.
• [80] Stępień Z., Oleksiak S.: Zagadnienia współdziałania pasywnej i aktywnej regeneracji filtrów cząstek stałych silników z ZS do autobusów miejskich. Nafta-Gaz nr 11/2009, s. 875-882.
• [81] Bach E., Zikoridse G., Sandig R., Lemaire J., Mustel W., Naschke W., Bestenreiner G. M.: Combination of Different Regeneration Methods for Diesel Particulate Traps. SAE Paper 980541, 1998.
• [82] Konstandopoulos A. G., Kostoglou M.: Periodically Reversed Flow Regeneration of Diesel Particulate Traps. SAE 1999-01-0469, 1999.
• [83] Brewbaker T., Nieuwstadt M.: Control of Oxygen for Thermal Management of Diesel Particulate Filters. SAE Paper 2002-01-0427, 2002.
• [84] Gieshoff J., Pfeifer M., Schafer-Sindlinger A., Hackbarth U., Teysset O. et al.: Regeneration of Catalytic Diesel Particulate Filters. SAE Paper 2001-01-0907, 2001.
• [85] Pischinger S., Sliwinski B., Schnitzler J., Wiartalla A.: Concepts for Integrated Regeneration of Diesel Particulate Traps and NOx-Storage Catalyst. 27th International Vienna Motor Symposium, 2006.
• [86] Lepperhoff G., Kroon G.: Uerminderung der Partikelemission von Dieselmotoren Fur PKW durch Abgasnachbehandlung. Abschlussbericht zum FVV-Vorhaben nr 259,1983.
• [87] Lepperhoff G., Huthwohl G., Li Q.: Additivunterstutzte Oxidation von emittierten Partikeln aus Dieselmotoren. Abschlussbericht zum FVV-Vorhaben nr 419, 1990.
• [88] Li Q.: Mechanismen und Einflusse der additivunterstutzten Partikelzundung und Uerbrennung im Russfilter von Dieselmotoren. Dissertation, RWTH Aachen 1993.
• [89] Urzędowska W., Stępień Z.: Badania wpływu oleju smarującego silnik o zapłonie samoczynnym na emisję cząstek stałych w spalinach. Dokumentacja ITN nr 3633/2002.
• [90] Fanick E. R., Whitney K. A., Bailey B. K.: Particulate Characterisation Using Five Fuels. Society of Automotive Engineers: 961089, 1996.
• [91] Jacob E., Rothe D., Schlógl R., Miiller J. O. et al.: Diesel Soot: Micro Structure and Oxidation Kinetics. 24. Internationales Wiener Motorensymposium, Wiedeń, 15-16 maja 2003, band 2, s. 19-45.
• [92] Sappok A., Parks J., Prikhodko V.: Loading and Regeneration Analysis of a Diesel Particulate Filter with a Radio Frequence-Based Sensor. SAE Technical Paper 2010-01-2126, 2010.
• [93] Manufacturers of Emission Controls Association (MECA): Diesel Particulate Filter Maintenance: Current Particles and Experience. Washington D.C., 2005.
• [94] Sappok A., Wong V.: Ash Effects on Diesel Particulate Filter Pressure Drop Sensitivity to Soot and Implications Regeneration Frequency and DPF Control. SAE Paper 2010-01-0811, 2010.
• [95] Ohyama N., Nakanishi T., Daido S.: New Concept Catalyzed DPF for Estimating Soot Loadings for Pressure Drop. SAE Paper 2008-01-0620, 2008.
• [96] Mizuno Y., Miyairi Y., Katsube F., Ohara E., Takahashi A., Makino M., Mizutani T., Yuki K., Kurachi H.: Study on Wall Pore Structure for Next Generation Diesel Particulate Filter. SAE Paper2008-01-0618,2008.
• [97] Van Nieuwstadt M., Trudell D.: Diagnostics for Diesel Particulate Filters. SAE Paper 2004-01- 1422, 2004.
• [98] Van Nieuwstadt M., Brahma A.: Uncertainty Analysis of Model Based Diesel Particulate Filter Diagnostics. SAE Paper 2008-01-2648, 2008.
• [99] Ochs T., Schittenhelm H., Genssle A., Kamp B.: Particulate Matter Sensor for On Board Diagnostics of Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF). SAE Paper 2010-01-0307, 2010.
• [100] Rose D., Boger T.: Different Approaches to Soot Estimation as Key Requirement for DPF Applications. SAE Paper 2009-01-1262, 2009.
• [101] Cambustion service for Diesel Particulate Filter performance testing. http://www.cambustion.com. Dostęp: czerwiec 2014.
• [102] Hands T., Twigg M. V., Gallinger M.: A new Instrument for Diesel Particulate Filter Functional Tests in Development and Quality Control Applications. SAE Paper 2010-01-0809, 2010.
• [103] Jodeit H.: Untersuchungen zur Partikelabscheidung in technischen Tiefenfiltern, VDI-Uerlag. ISBN 3-18-140803-4104.
• [104] Rausch W.: Untersuchungen am Sinterlamellen-Filtermedium. Aufbereitungs-Technik/Mineral Processing nr 6/1988.
• [105] FOEN/Suva Filter List. Tested and approved particle filter systems for retrofitting diesel engines. Status: December 2007.
• [106] VERT Filter List.
• [107] DieselNet Technology Guide. https://dieselnet.com/tech/diesel/_exh_pres.php Dostęp:1 lipiec 2014.
• [108] Majkowski S.: Value Analysis of Alternative Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) Substrates for Future Diesel Aftertreatment Systems. DEER Conference, 04.08.2009.
• [109] Cartus T., Schussler M., Herrmuth H., Giovanella K.: SCR and DPF - From the Concept to Series Production. Mastering Complex, Multi-Dimensional Challenges. 28. Internationales Wiener Motorensymposium, 2007.
• [110] Schar C. M., Onder C., Geering H., Elsener M.: Control of a Urea SCR Catalytic Converter System for a Mobile Heavy Duty Diesel Engine. SAE Paper 2003-01-0776, 2003.
• [111] Haberer R.: SCR Systems for NOx Reduction. MinNOx Berlin Conference, 2007.
• [112] Majewski A.: Selective Catalytic Reduction. Ecopoint Inc. Revision 2005, https://www.diesel-net.com/tech/cat_scr.php. Dostęp: sierpień 2014.
• [113] Stępień Z., Krasodomski M., Ziemiański L.: Badania silnika z zapłonem samoczynnym zasilanego olejem napędowym z dodatkiem umożliwiającym ciągłą regenerację filtra spalin. Sprawozdanie z projektu badawczego nr 8 T12D 006 20, realizowanego w ITN od 01.03.2001 do 31.10.2003.
• [114] Blanchard G., Colignion C., Griard C., Rigaudeau C., Salvat O., Seguelong T.: Passenger Car Series Application of a New Diesel Particulate Filter System Using a New Ceria-Based Fuel-Borne Catalyst: From the Engine Test Bench to European Vehicle Certification. SAE Paper 2002-01-2781, 2002.
• [115] Daly D. T., McKinnon D. L., Martin J. R., Pavlich D. A.: A Diesel Particulate Regeneration System Using a Copper Additive. SAE Paper 930131, 1993.
• [116] Dementhon J. B., Martin B., Richards P., Rush M., Williams D., Bergonzini L.: Novel Additive for Particulate Trap Regeneration. Society of Automotive Engineers: 952355, 1995.
• [117] Horvath W.: Auto Exhaust Catalysis. Encyclopedia of Catalysis, vol. 1 517-560, Wiley Inter Science, 2001.
• [118] Jelles S. J., Makkee M., Moulijn J. A., Acres G. J. K., Peter-Hoblyn J. D.: Diesel Particulate Control. Application of an Activated Particulate Trap in Combination with Additives at an Ultra Low Dose Rate. Society of Automotive Engineers: 1999-01-0113, 1999.
• [119] Novel-Cattin F., Rincon E, Trohel O., Leflamand M.: Evaluation Method for Diesel Particulate Trap Regeneration Additives: Application to Five Additives. SAE Paper 2000-01-1914, 2000.
• [120] Gieshoff J., Pfeifer M., Schafer-Sindlinger A., Hackbarth U., Teysset O. et al.: Regeneration of Catalytic Diesel Particulate Filters. SAE Paper 2001-01-0907, 2001.
• [121] Florchinger P., Anderson M. et al.: Prediction and Validation of Pressure Drop for Catalyzed Diesel Particulate Filters. SAE Paper 2003-01-0843, 2003.
• [122] Mayer A., Buck A.: Passive Regeneration of Catalyst Coated Knitted Fiber Diesel Particulate Traps. SAE Paper 960138, 1996.
• [123] Patent US 3,346,493, Lubrizol Corp., 10.10.1967.
• [124] Howard J. B. et al.: Soot Control by Fuel Additives. Prog. Energ. Combust. Sci. 1980, vol. 6, s. 263-276.
• [125] Międzynarodowe zgłoszenie patentowe W092/20762, DU Chez, 26.11.1992.
• [126] Neeft J. P. A., Makkee M., Moulijn J. A.: Catalyst for the oxidation of soot from diesel exhaust gases. I. An exploratory study. Applied Catalysis nr 8, 1996, s. 57-78.
• [127] Patent EP 1 344 810, Infineum International Limited, 13.03.2002.
• [128] Patent US 4,908,045, Farar, 13.03.1990.
• [129] Patent US 5,669,938, Ethyl Corp.: Emulsion Diesel Fuel Composition with reduced emissions. Grudzień 1995.
• [130] Sappok A., Govani I., Kamp C., Wong V.: A Revealing Look Inside Passive and Active DPF Regeneration: In-Situ Optical Analysis of Ash Formation and Transport. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, DEER, 2012.
• [131] Ishizawa T., Yamane H., Satoh H., Sekiguchi K. et al.: Investigation into Ash Loading and Its Relationship to DPF Regeneration Method. SAE Int. J. Commer. Veh. 2(2):164-175, 2010, doi:10.4271 /2009-01-2882.
• [132] Stępień Z., Szczerski B., Oleksiak S.: Development of Diesel exhaust gases filtration technology with application of fuel additives enabling continuous regeneration of filters to minimize the particulate emission of city buses. Projekt realizowany w ITN w ramach 5. Ramowego Programu Wspólnoty Europejskiej Badań, Rozwoju Technologicznego i Demonstracji Aktywności 2001-2004.
• [133] Stępień Z., Żak G.: Nowy dodatek uszlachetniający do paliwa silnikowego przeznaczonego do nowoczesnych silników z zapłonem samoczynnym, spełniających wymagania Euro IV.: Opracowanie systemu filtracji spalin z zastosowaniem pasywnej regeneracji filtra (DPF) za pomocą nowego typu dodatków FBC do olejów napędowych. Projekt nr KB/52/13510/IT1-B/U/08, finansowany przez Narodowe Centrum Badań i Rozwoju w latach 2008-2011.
• [134] Daly D. T., McKinnon D. L., Martin J. R., Pavlich D. A.: A Diesel Particulate Regeneration System Using a Copper Additive. SAE Paper 930131, 1993.
• [135] Harvey G. D., Baugard K J., Johnson J. H., Gratz L. D., Bagley S. T, Leddy D. G.: Effects of a Ceramic Particle Trap and Cooper Fuel Additive on Heavy-Duty Diesel Emissions. Society of Automotive Engineers: 942068, 1994.
• [136] Lepperhoff G., Luders H., Barthe P., Lemaire J.: Quasi-Continuous Particle Trap Regeneration by Cerium Additives. Society of Automotive Engineers: 950369, 1995.
• [137] Richards P., Papachristos M.: Diesel Particulate Filters and Fuel Borne Catalysts as a Viable Solution to Reduced Airborne Particulate. SAE Paper 2001-28-0041, 2001.
• [138] Richards P., Vincent M. W., Cook S. L.: Emissions Characteristics of Diesel Vehicles Equipped with Particulate Filters and Using Fuel Additive for Regeneration. SAE Paper 2000-01-1925, 2000.
• [139] Richards P., Terry B., Vincent M. W., Cook S. L.: Assessment of the Performance of Diesel Particulate Filter Systems with Fuel Additives for Enhanced Regeneration Characteristics. Society of Automotive Engineers: 1999-01-0112, 1999.
• [140] Seguelong T., Fournier-Bidoz P.: Use of Diesel Particulate Filters and Cerium-Based Fuel-Borne Catalyst for Low Temperature - Low Load Applications. SAE Paper 2001-01-0906, 2001.
• [141] Tan J. C., Opris C. N., Baumgard K. J., Johnson J. H.: A Study of the Regeneration Process in Diesel Particulate Traps Using a Copper Fuel Additive. Society of Automotive Engineers: 960136, 1996.
• [142] Zelenka P., Reczek W., Mustel W., Rouveirolles W.: Towards Securing the Particulate Trap Regeneration: A System Combining a Sintered Metal Filter and Cerium Fuel Additive. SAE 982598, 1998
• [143] Swiss EJPD (Eidgenóssisches Justiz und Polizei Departament) directive 8/1990.
• [144] Czerwinski J. et al.: Testing of Combined DPF+SCR Systems for HD retrofitting - VERTdePN. SAE Paper 2009-01-0284, 2009.
• [145] Bruehlmann S., Forss A., Steffen D., Heeb N. V.: Benzene: a secondary pollutant formed in the three-way catalyst. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, vol. 39, s. 331-338.
• [146] Heeb N. V Forss A., Bruhlmann S., Luscher R., Saxer C. J., Hug P.: Three-way catalyst-induced formation of ammonia - velocity - and acceleration-dependent emission factors. Atmos. Environ. 2006, vol. 40, s. 5986-5997.
• [147] Wenger D., Gerecke A. C., Heeb N. V., Zennegg M., Kohler M., Naegeli H. P., Zenobi R.: Secondary effects of catalytic diesel particulate filters: Reduced aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated activity of the exhaust. Environmental Science & Technology, 2008, vol. 41, s. 5789-5794.
• [148] Mayer A., Heeb N. V., Czerwinski J., Wyser M.: Secondary emissions from catalytic active particle trap systems. Soc. Automot. Eng. 2003-01-0191, 2003, s. 1-11.
• [149] Heeb N. V., Ulrich A., Emmenegger L., Czerwinski J., Mayer A., Wyser M.: Secondary emissions risk assessment of diesel particulate traps. Soc. Automot. Eng. 2005-24-014, 2005, pp. 329-338.
• [150] Altwicker E. R., Konduri R., Lin C., Milligan M. S.: Rapid formation of polychlorinated dioxins/furans in the post combustion region during heterogeneous combustion. Chemosphere 1992, vol. 25, pp. 1935-1944.
• [151] Bosteels D., Searles R. A.: Exhaust Emission Catalyst Technology - New Challenges and Opportunities in Europe. Platinum Metals Rev. 2002, 46 (1), pp. 27-36.
• [152] Mayer A.: VERT Verminderung der Emissionen von Real-Dieselmotoren im Tunnelbau Ein Uerbundprojekt von Suva, AUVA, TBG und BUWAL, Abschlussbericht TTM. 29.2.2000. Sprawozdanie z badań prowadzonych w ramach projektu Verbundprojekt von Suva, AUVA, TBG und BUWAL.
• [153] Mayer A. et al.: Particulate Traps for Retro-Fitting Construction Site Engines VERT: Final Measurements and Implementation. SAE 1999-01-0116, 1999.
• [154] SNV, Swiss Normative Organization, SNR 277205, Testing particle filter systems for internal combustion engines, SNV Winterthur, Switzerland, 2007, http://www.snv.ch. Dostęp: luty 2015.
• [155] Czerwinski J., Zimmerli Y., Mayer A., Heeb N., Lemaire J., D'Urbano G.: VERTdePN: quality verification of combined DPF+SCR systems for retrofitting in Particle Filter Retrofit for all Diesel Engines. Journal of KONES Powertrain and Transport 2008, vol. 15, no. 3, s. 90-101.
• [156] Bahr M. J.: Passive regeneration: long-term effects on ash characteristics and diesel particulate filter performance. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2013, http://hdl.handle.net/ 10945/40212.
• [157] Seguelong T., Fournier-Bidoz P.: Use of Diesel Particulate Filters and Cerium-Based Fuel-Borne Catalyst for Low Temperature - Low Load Applżcatżons. SAE Paper 2001-01-0906, 2001.
• [158] Blanchard G., Colignion C., Griard C., Rigaudeau C., Salvat O., Seguelong T.: Passenger Car Series Application of a New Diesel Particulate Filter System Using a New Ceria-Based Fuel-Borne Catalyst: From the Engine Test Bench to European Vehicle Certification. SAE Paper 2002-01-2781, 2002.
• [159] Dementhon J. B., Martin B., Richards P., Rush M., Williams D., Bergonzini L.: Novel Additive for Particulate Trap Regeneration. Society of Automotive Engineers: 952355, 1995.
• [160] Pattas K., Samaras Z., Roumbos A., Lemaire J., Mustel W., Roveirolles P.: Regeneration of DPF at Low Temperatures with the Use of a Cerium Based Fuel Additive. Society of Automotive Engineers: 960135, 1996.
• [161] Bach E., Zikoridse G., Sandig R., Lemaire J. et al.: Combination of Different Regeneration Methods for Diesel Particulate Traps. SAE Technical Paper 980541, 1998, doi:10.4271/980541.
• [162] Civiello M., Wouters P.: Combination of Diesel fuel system architectures and Ceria-based fuel-borne catalysts for improvement and simplification of the Diesel Particulate Filter System in serial applications. Materiały naukowe firmy Rhodia, 2001.
• [163] Belot G.: More than half a million ultra clean PSA Diesel vehicles with FAPTM in the field. 7. ETH Conference, Zurich, August 2003.
• [164] Campenon T., Wouters P., Blanchard G., Macaudiere P., Seguelong T.: Improvement and Simplification of DPF System Using Ceria-based Fuel-Borne-Catalyst for DPF Regeneration in Serial Applications. SAE Paper 2004-01-0071, 2004.
• [165] Pattas K. et. al.: Cordierite Filter Durability with Cerium Fuel Additive: 100 000 km of Revenue Service in Athens. SAE Paper 920363, 1992.
• [166] Bandy W. J., Graboski M. S.: Reliable Catalytic Particulate Trap Regeneration by Exhaust Hydrocarbon Enrichment. Society of Automotive Engineers: 932661, 1999.
• [167] Hashimoto S. et al.: SiC and Cordierite Diesel Particulate Filters Designed for Low Pressure Drop and Catalyzed, Uncatalyzed Systems. SAE 2002-01-0322, 2002.
• [168] Liang Ch. Y., Baumgard K. J., Gorse R. A., Orban J. M., Storey J. M. E., Tan J. C., Thoss J. E., Clark W.: Effects of Diesel Fuel Sulfur Level on Performance of a Continuously Regenerating Diesel Particulate Filter and a Catalyzed Particulate Filter. SAE Paper 2000-01-1876, 2000.
• [169] Mayer A., Nothiger P., Zbinden R., Evequoz R.: Particulate Trap Selection for Retrofitting Vehicle Fleets Based on Representative Exhaust Temperature Profiles. SAE Paper 2001-01-0187, 2001.
• [170] Richards P., Terry B., Vincent M. W., Chadderton J.: Combining Fuel Borne Catalyst, Catalytic Wash Coat and Diesel Particulate Filter. SAE Paper 2001-01-0902, 2001.
• [171] Suresh A., Johnson J. H., Bagley S. T., Leddy D. G.: A Study of the Effect of a Catalyzed Particulate Filter on the Emissions from a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine with EGR. SAE Paper 2001-01-0910, 2001.
• [172] Johansen K., Dahl S., Mogensen G., Pehrson S., Schramm J., Ivarsson A.: Novel base metal-palladium catalytic diesel filter coating with NO2 reducing properties. SAE Paper 2007-01-1921, 2007.
• [173] Allansson R. et al.: Optimising the Low Temperature Performance and Regeneration Efficiency of the Continuously Regenerating Diesel Particulate Filter (CR-DPF) System. SAE Paper 2002- 01-0428, 2002.
• [174] Ise H., Saitoh K., Kawagoe M., Nakayama O.: Combustion Modes of Light Duty Diesel Particles in Ceramic Filters with Fuel Additives. SAE Paper 860292, 1986.
• [175] Johnson J. E., Kittelson D. B.: Deposition, diffusion and adsorption in the diesel oxidation catalyst. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 1996, nr 10 (1), s. 117-137.
• [176] McCabe R. W., Sinkevitch R.: A Laboratory Combustion Study of Diesel Particulates Containing Metal Additives. SAE Paper 860011, 1986.
• [177] Simon G. M., Stark T. L.: Diesel Particulate Trap Regeneration Using Ceramic Wall-Flow Traps, Fuel Additives and Supplemental Electrical Igniters. SAE Paper 850016, 1985.
• [178] Wiedemann B. W., Neumann K. H.: Vehicular Experience with Additives for Regeneration of Ceramic Diesel Filters. SAE Paper 850017, 1985.
• [179] Chandler G. R., Cooper B. J., Harris J. P., Thoss J. E., Uusimaki A. J., Walker A. P., Warren J. P.: An Integrated SCR and Continuously Regenerating Trap System to Meet Future NOx and PM Legislation. SAE Paper 2000-01-0188, 2000.
• [180] Gieshoff J., Schafer-Sindlinger A., Spurk P. C., Van den Tillaart J. A. A., Garr G.: Improved SCR Systems for Heavy-Duty Applications. SAE Paper 2000-01-0189, 2000.
• [181] Active Regeneration Technology for DPF&NSR. JASIC. 9th Plenary Meeting of WWH-OCE, Geneva, 11-12 January 2005.
• [182] Cipolla G., Sanguedolce A., Boretto G., Peters B.: Diesel Particulate Filters - Field Experiences with Current Systems and Factors that will define Future Designs. 27th International Vienna Motor Symposium, 2006.
• [183] Zink U. H.: State-of-the-Art Filter Regeneration Management. Corning. Concept realized by LDV companies. Materiały szkoleniowe firmy Corning.
• [184] Bong-Ha S., You-Ho C.: Investigation of variations of lubricating oil diluted by post-injected fuel for the regeneration of CDPF and its effects on engine wear. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 2008, vol. 22, pp. 2526-2533.
• [185] Zikoridse G., Velji A., Heidrich E., Naschke W., Seguelong T.: Particulate Trap Technology for Light Duty Vehicles with a New Regeneration Strategy. SAE Paper 2000-01-1924, 2000.
• [186] Mayer A., Evequoz R., Schweizer R., Lutz Th., Lammle Ch., Keller R.: Particulate traps for heavy duty vehicles. Technical Report No. 130, Published by Swiss Agency for the Environment, Forests and Landscape (SAEFL) 3003 Berne, 2000.
• [187] Rao V. D, White J. E, Wade W. R, Aimone M. G., Cikanek H. A.: Advanced Techniques for Thermal and Catalytic Diesel Particulate Trap Regeneration. SAE Paper 8500114, 1985.
• [188] Shirk R., Bloom R., Kitahara Y., Shinzawa M.: Fiber Wound Electrically Regenerable Diesel Particulate Filter Cartridge for Small Diesel Engines. SAE Paper 950153, 1995.
• [189] Lance M. J., Parks J. E., Wereszczak A. A., Prikhodko V., Partridge W. P., Ferber M. K.: Electrically-Assisted Diesel Particulate Filter Regeneration. GM Presentation PM041, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, May 2012.
• [190] SMF - Sintered Metal Filter. Modular SMF-AR System, http://www.hjs.com. Dostęp: marzec 2015.
• [191] MANN+HUMMEL Diesel Particulate Filter SMF®-AR. New filter technology for diesel engines. Materiały reklamowo-szkoleniowe, https://www.mann-hummel.com. Dostęp: :marzec 2015.
• [192] Salvat O., Marez P., Belot G.: Passenger Car Serial Application of a Particulate Filter System on a Common Rail Direct Injection Diesel Engine. SAE Paper 2000-01-0473, 2000.
• [193] Wiartalla A., Scholz V., Adomeit P., Rohs H.: Diesel Engine Regeneration Mode and Engine Long Term Effects. 13. Aachener Kolloquium Fahrzeug und Motorentechnik, 2004.
• [194] Guo G., Warner J., Cavataio G., Dobson D., Badillo E.: The Development of Advanced Urea-SCR Systems for Tier 2 Bin 5 and Beyond Diesel Vehicles. SAE Paper 2010-01-1183, 2010.
• [195] Luders H., Stommel P., Backes R.: Applicatlon for Regeneration of Diesel Particulate Traps by Combining Different Regeneration Systems. SAE Paper 970470, 1997.
• [196] Heibel A., Bhargawa R.: Advanced Diesel Particulate Filter Design for Lifetime Pressure Drop Solution in LD Applications. SAE Paper 2007-01-0042, 2007.
• [197] Hermann H. O., Lang O., Mikulic I., Scholz V.: Particulate Filter Systems. MTZ worldwide nr 9/2001, vo1. 62.
• [198] Mayer A., Kany S., Nothiger P., Richards P., Andreassen L., Andreoni T., Sem T.: Retrofitting TRU-Diesel Engines with DPF-Systems Using FBC and Intake Throttling for Active Regeneration. SAE Paper 2005-01-0662, 2005.
• [199] Mayer A. et al.: Engine Intake Throttling for Active Regeneration of Diesel Particle Filters. SAE Paper 2003-01-0381, 2003.
• [200] Wickstrom A.: Variable Valve Actuation Strategies for Exhaust Thermal Management on a HD Diesel Engine. Master of Science Thesis, Stockholm, Sweden, 2012.
• [201] Honardar S., Busch H., Schnorbus T., Severin C., Kolbeck A. F., Korfer T.: Exhaust Temperature Management for Diesel Engines Assessment of Engine Concepts and Calibration Strategies with Regard to Fuel Penalty. SAE Paper 2011-24-0176, 2011.
• [202] Syed M., Seguelong T., Fayard J. C.: The ExoClean Filter System for "Stop & Go" Duty Cycle Vehicles: Experience, Durability and Improvements. DEER, Chicago, 21-25 August 2005.
• [203] Fayard J. C., Seguelong T.: A New Active DPF System for "Stop & Go" Duty Cycle Vehicles". Materiały firmy Comela, czerwiec 2004.
• [204] Mayer A., Petermann J. L., Wyser M.: Reliability of DPF-Systems: Experience with 6 000 Applications of the Swiss Retrofit Fleet. SAE Paper 2004-01-0076, 2004.
• [205] Zioridse B. et al.: Combination of Different Regeneration Methods for Diesel Particulate Traps. SAE Paper 980541, 1998.
• [206] Brewbaker T., Nieuwstadt M.: Control of Oxygen for Thermal Management of Diesel Particulate Filters. SAE Paper 2002-01-0427, 2002.
• [207] Kitagawa J., Hijikata T., Makino M.: Effects of DPF Volume on Thermal Shock Failures During Regeneration. SAE Paper 890173, 1989.
• [208] Konstandopoulos A. G., Kostoglou M.: Periodically Reversed Flow Regeneration of Diesel Particulate Traps. SAE 1999-01-0469, 1999.
• [209] Lanni T., Chatterjee S., Conway R., Windawi H., Rosenblatt D., Lowell D., Bush C., Evans J.: Performance and Durability Evaluation of Continuously Regenerating Particulate Filters on Diesel Powered Urban Buses at NY City Transit. SAE Paper 2001-01-0511, 2001.
• [210] Murtagh M., Sherwood D. L., Socha L. S.: Development of a Diesel Particulate Filter Composition and Its Effect on Thermal Durability and Filtration Performance. Society of Automotive Engineers: 940235, 1994.
• [211] Pattas K., Samaras Z., Kyriakis N., Mihailidis A., Manikas Th.: Diesel Particulates Trap Protection Against Uncontrolled Regeneration via Selective Flow Modulation. Society of Automotive Engineers: 960128, 1996.
• [212] Vertin K., Le Tavec C. A., Clar N. N.: Emission Reductions and Operational Experiences with Heavy Duty Diesel Fleet Vehicles Retrofitted with Continuously Regenerated Diesel Particulate Filters in Southern California. SAE Paper 2001-01-0512, 2001.
• [213] Wade W. R., White J. E., Florek J. J., Cikanek H. A.: Thermal and Catalytic Regeneration of Diesel Particulate Traps. Society of Automotive Engineers: 830083, 1983.
• [214] Joint EMA and EUROMOT Report. 31 August 2002, http://www.enginemanufacturers.org.
• [215] Novel-Cattin E, Rincon F., Trohel O., Leflamand M.: Evaluation Method for Diesel Particulate Trap Regeneration Additives: Application to Five Additives. SAE Paper 2000-01-1914, 2000.
• [216] Horvath J. B.: Auto Exhaust Catalysis. Encyclopedia of Catalysis, Wiley Inter Science, 2001, vol. 1, s. 517-560.
• [217] Ise H., Saitoh K., Kawagoe M., Nakayama O.: Combustion Modes of Light Duty Diesel Particles in Ceramic Filters with Fuel Additives. SAE Paper 860292, 1986.

Uwagi

Opracowanie ze środków MNiSW w ramach umowy 812/P-DUN/2016 na działalność upowszechniającą naukę.