Tytuł artykułu
Treść / Zawartość
Pełne teksty:
Identyfikatory
Warianty tytułu
Języki publikacji
Abstrakty
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) pose a threat to buildings and facilities important to the security of the state. As they are able to operate like individual aircraft, the number of ways they can be used for terrorist activity is practically unlimited. Anyone in charge of a facility that is crucial for the reliable functioning of a state is obliged to ensure an acceptable level of security. Since drones can be used to attack protected structures, they need to be protected by an anti-drone system. The paper proposes a method for assessing the effectiveness of systems for detecting and neutralising unmanned aerial vehicles. In order to suggest a new method for assessing the effectiveness of anti-drone systems, an analysis of the scientific literature and other documents describing existing anti-drone systems has been carried out. Attacks involving the use of drones, both in wartime and in incidents of terrorism, are also analysed and existing anti-drone solutions assessed. Because there are a variety of technical solutions for the detection and neutralisation of drones, and different location and weather conditions, a universal method is proposed based on probability calculations and neutralisation of drones, using mathematical formulas. This method allows for the effectiveness of the entire anti-drone system to be assessed on the basis of measuring the probability of detection and neutralisation of drones in real conditions. The proposed method allows the effectiveness of the currently existing anti-drone systems to be evaluated and for new methods for detecting and neutralising drones to be proposed. This method, based on mathematical calculations, enables software to be written for simulating anti-drone systems on computers and for the effectiveness of these systems to be confirmed before their construction in a protected facility.
Wydawca
Czasopismo
Rocznik
Tom
Strony
88--107
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 49 poz., rys., tab.
Twórcy
autor
- The Faculty of Civil Engineering and Transport, Poznan University of Technology, Poland
- The Faculty of Civil Engineering and Transport, Poznan University of Technology, Poland
Bibliografia
- 1. Abdalla, A.S., Powell, K., Marojevic, V. and Geraci, G. (2020) ‘UAV-assisted attack prevention, detection, and recovery of 5G networks’, IEEE Wireless Communications, 27(4), pp. 40–47. doi: 10.1109/MWC.01.1900545.
- 2. Abdullah, R.S.A., Saleh, N.L., Rahman, S.M.S.A., Zamri, N.S. and Rashid, N.E.A. (2019) ‘Texture classification using spectral entropy of acoustic signal generated by a human echolocator’, Entropy, 21, p. 963. doi: 10.3390/e21100963.
- 3. Aljazeera (2022) Timeline: UAE under drone, missile attacks. Available at: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/3/timeline-uae-drone-missile-attacks-houthis-yemen (Accessed: 1 February 2022).
- 4. Al-Sa’d, M.F., Al-Ali, A., Mohamed, A., Khattab, T. and Erbad, A. (2019) ‘RF-based drone detection andidentification using deep learning approaches: An initiative towards a large open-source drone database’, Future Generation Computer Systems, 100, pp. 86–97. doi: 10.1016/j.future.2019.05.007.
- 5. Andraši, P., Radišić, T., Muštra, M. and Ivošević J. (2017) ‘Night-time detection of UAVs using thermal infrared camera’, Transportation Research Procedia, 28, pp. 183–190. doi: 10.1016/j.trpro.2017.12.184.
- 6. Barisic, A., Car, M. and Bogdan, S. (2019) ‘Vision-based system for a real-time detection and following of UAV’, Workshop on Research, Education and Development of Unmanned Aerial Systems (RED UAS), 2019, pp. 156–159. doi: 10.1109/REDUAS47371.2019.8999675.
- 7. BBC News (2018) Venezuela President Maduro survives ‘drone assassination attempt. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-45073385 (Accessed: 1 February 2022).
- 8. BBC News (2019) Saudi oil attacks: Drones and missiles launched from Iran – US. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-49733558 (Accessed: 1 February 2022).
- 9. BBC News (2021) Iraqi PM al-Kadhimi survives drone attack on his home. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/ news/world-middle-east-59195399 (Accessed: 1 February 2022)
- 10. BBC News (2022) Sweden drones: Sightings reported over nuclear plants and palace. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60035446 (Accessed: 1 February 2022).
- 11. Beamforming algorithms – beamformers, Jørgen Grythe, Norsonic AS, Oslo, Norway. Available at: https://web2.norsonic.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/TN-beamformers.pdf (Accessed: 1 February 2022).
- 12. Burshtein, D. and Weinstein, E. (2001) ‘Signal enhancement using beamforming and nonstationarity with applications to speech’, IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, 49, pp. 1614–1626. doi: 10.1109/78.934132.
- 13. Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2019/945 of 12 March 2019 on unmanned aircraft systems and on third-country operators of unmanned aircraft systems. Available at: https://eurlex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/ TXT/?uri=CELEX:32019R09 45 (Accessed: 1 February 2022).
- 14. Consolidated text: Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/947 of 24 May 2019 on the rules and procedures for the operation of unmanned aircraft (Text with EEA relevance). Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A02019R0947-20210805 (Accessed: 1 February 2022).
- 15. Crino, S. and Dreby, C. “ANDY.” (2020) Drone attacks against critical infrastructure: A real and present threat, Atlantic Council, 14 p. Available at: https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/DRONEATTACK-0420-WEB.pdf (Accessed: 1 February 2022).
- 16. DJI. (2002a) Available at: https://www.dji.com/pl/aeroscope (Accessed: 25 March 2022).
- 17. DJI. (2002b) Available at: https://www.dji.com/pl/products/compare-consumer-drones (Accessed: 25 March 2022).
- 18. European Commission (2017) ‘Guidance on sampling methods for audit authorities. Programming periods 2007–2013 and 2014–2020’, EGESIF_16-0014-01 20/01//2017. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/docgener/informat/2014/guidance_sampling_method_en.pdf (Accessed: 1 February 2022).
- 19. Ezuma, M., Anjinappa, C., Semkin, V. and Guvenc, I. (2021) ‘Comparative analysis of radar cross section based UAV classification techniques’. pp. 1–16. doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.12121.65125.
- 20. Ferreira, R., Gaspar, J., Sebastião, P. and Souto, N. (2022) ‘A software defined radio based anti-UAV mobile system with Ja’ming and spoofing capabilities’, Sensors, 22, p. 1487. doi: 10.3390/s22041487.
- 21. Gannot, S., Burshtein, D. and Weinstein, E. (2001) ‘Signal enhancement using beamforming and nonstationarity with applications to speech’, IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, 49, pp. 1614–1626. doi: 10.1109/78.934132.
- 22. Grisaro, H.Y., Turygan, S. and Sielicki, P.W. (2021) ‘Concrete Slab Damage and Hazard from Close-In Detonation of Weaponized Commercial Unmanned Aerial Vehicles’, Journal of Structural Engineering, 147(11). p. 04021190 doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0003158.
- 23. Guinness World (2021) Available at: https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/commercial/2021/5/3281-drones-break-dazzling-record-for-most-airborne-simultaneously-655062 (Accessed: 29 March 2022).
- 24. Hambling, D. (2021) ‘Drone used in attack on US electrical grid last year, report reveals’, New Scientist. Available at: https://www.newscientist.com/article/2296480-drone-used-in-attack-on-us-electrical-grid-last-year-reportreveals/#ixzz7KPX5qdiT (Accessed: 1 February 2022).
- 25. He, F., Zhou, T., Xiong, W., Hasheminnasab, S.M. and Habib, A. (2018) ‘Automated aerial triangulation for UAV-based mapping’, Remote Sens., 10, p. 1952. doi: 10.3390/rs10121952.
- 26. Hirabayashi, M., Kurosawa, K., Yokota, R., Imoto, D., Hawai, Y., Akiba, N., Tsuchiya, K., Kakuda, H., Tanabe, K. and Honma, M. (2020) ‘Flying object detection system using an omnidirectional camera’, Forensic Science International: Digital Investigation, 35, 301027. doi: 10.1016/j.fsidi.2020.301027.
- 27. Kasteloo, H. (2020) ‘Drone DJ’. Available at: https://dronedj.com/2020/01/24/weaponized-dji-matrice200-taliban-afghan-security-forces/ (Accessed: 1 February 2022).
- 28. Kapoor, R., Ramasamy, S., Gardi, A. and Sabatini, R. (2017) ‘UAV navigation using signals of opportunity in urban environments’, A Review, Energy Procedia, 110, pp. 377–383, ISSN 1876-6102. doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.156.
- 29. Krauss, J.D. (1992) Electromagnetics, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, ISBN 0-07-035621-1.
- 30. Łukasiewicz, J., Piekarski, M. and Kluczyński, M. (2021) ‘Polish association for national security of critical infrastructure against threats from unmaned platforms’, ISSN 2720-037X, Vol. II, 33 Available at: https://drive. google.com/file/d/1hCHNae2847TwpHQjE-KcBwAI4SreDt4Y/view (Accessed: 1 February 2022).
- 31. Maestre, N. del Rey, Mata-Moya, D., Jarabo-Amores, M., Gomez-del-Hoyo P. and Rosado-Sanz, J. (2019) ‘Optimum beamforming to improve UAV’s detection using DVB-T passive radars’, in 2019 IEEE International Radar Conference (RADAR), 23–27 September 2019, Toulon, France, pp. 1–6. doi: 10.1109/RADAR41533.2019.171288.
- 32. Monnik, M. (2021) A confronting look at Jihadi weaponisation of commercial drones. Available at: https://dronesec.com/blog/a-confronting-look-at-jihadiweaponisation-of-commercial-drones (Accessed: 1 February 2022).
- 33. Ochodnický, J., Matousek, Z., Babjak, M. and Kurty, J. (2017) ‘Drone detection by Ku-band battlefield radar’, in 2017 International Conference on Military Technologies (ICMT), 23–27 September 2019, Toulon, France, pp. 613–616. doi: 10.1109/MILTECHS.2017.7988830.
- 34. Oh, J., Lim, D.W. and Kang, K.M. (2020) ‘Unmanned aerial vehicle identification success probability with LoRa communication approach’, in 2020 IEEE 31st Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, 23–27 September 2019, Toulon, France, pp. 1–6. doi: 10.1109/PIMRC48278.2020.9217172.
- 35. Park, S., Kim, H.T., Lee, S., Joo, H. and Kim, H. (2021) ‘Survey on anti-drone systems: Components, designs, and challenges’, IEEE Access, 9, 42635–42659. [9378538]. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3065926.
- 36. Pradier, P. (2018) ‘Greenpeace intentionally crashes drone into French nuclear power plant to reveal security vulnerability’, Abcnews. Available at: https://abcnews.go.com/International/greenpeace-intentionally-crashesdrone-french-nuclear-power-plant/story?id=56343027 (Accessed: 1 February 2022).
- 37. Quevedo, Á.D., Urzaiz, F.I., Menoyo, J.G. and López, A.A. (2018) ‘Drone detection with X-band ubiquitous radar’, in 2018 19th International Radar Symposium (IRS), 23–27 September 2019, Toulon, France, pp. 1–10. doi: 10.23919/IRS.2018.8447942.
- 38. Radartutorial. Available at: https://www.radartutorial.eu/06.antennas/Digital%20Beamforming.en.html (Accessed: 1 February 2022).
- 39. Sahmoudi, M. and Amin, M.G. (2009) ‘Robust tracking of weak GPS signals in multipath and jamming environments’, Signal Processing, 89(7), pp. 1320–1333, ISSN 0165-1684. doi: 10.1016/j.sigpro.2009.01.001.
- 40. Schäffer, B., Pieren, R., Heutschi, K., Wunderli, J.M. and Becker, S. (2021) ‘Drone noise emission characteristics and noise effects on humans – A systematic review’. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(11), p. 5940. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18115940.
- 41. Singhal, G., Bansod, B. and Mathew, L. (2018) ‘Unmanned aerial vehicle classification, applications and challenges: A review’, Preprints, 2018110601. doi: 10.20944/preprints201811.0601.v1.
- 42. Solidakis, G.N. (2017) ‘An Arduino-based subsystem for controlling UAVs through GSM’, in 2017 6th International Conference on Modern Circuits and Systems Technologies (MOCAST), 23–27 September 2019, Toulon, France, pp. 1–4. doi: 10.1109/MOCAST.2017.7937656.
- 43. Swedish police hunt for drone seen flying over Forsmark nuclear plant. (2022) Reuters. Available at: https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/swedish-police-hunt-drone-seen-flying-over-forsmark-nuclear-plant-2022-01-15 (Accessed: 1 February 2022).
- 44. Tahir, A., Böling, J., Haghbayan, M.H., Toivonen, H.T. and Plosila, J. (2019) ‘Swarms of unmanned aerial vehicles – A survey’, Journal of Industrial Information Integration, 16, 100106, ISSN 2452-414X. doi: 10.1016/j.jii. 2019.100106.
- 45. The National Interest (2021) Chinese engineers shot down a large drone using an electromagnetic pulse. Available at: https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/chinese-engineers-shot-down-large-drone-using-electromagnetic-pulse192571 (Accessed: 1 February 2022).
- 46. Wu, Y., Sui, Y. and Wang, G. (2017) ‘Vision-based real-time aerial object localization and tracking for UAV sensing system’, IEEE Access, 5, pp. 23969–23978. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2764419.
- 47. Yaacoub, J.-P., Noura, H., Salman, O. and Chehab, A. (2020) ‘Security analysis of drone’s systems: Attacks, limitations, and recommendations’, Internet of Things, 11, 100218. doi: 10.1016/j.iot.2020.100218.
- 48. Zhou, C., Yan, Q., Shi, Y. and Sun, L. (2021) ‘DoubleStar: Long-range attack towards depth estimation based obstacle avoidance in autonomous systems’ , arXiv preprint. doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2110.03154.
- 49. Ziyang, Z., Dongjing, X. and Chen, G. (2018) ‘Cooperative search-attack mission planning for multi-UAV based on intelligent self-organized algorithm’, Aerospace Science and Technology, 76, pp. 402–411. doi: 10.1016/j.ast.2018.01.035.
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-80829aa7-0db6-4aa6-a09d-d00d0e98430e