Arsen i jego związki nieorganiczne (w przeliczeniu na As) : dokumentacja proponowanych wartości dopuszczalnych poziomów narażenia zawodowego

• Autorzy: Jakubowski M.

Warianty tytułu

EN

Arsenie, elemental and inorganic compounds – as As

• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

PL

Narażenie zawodowe na arsen może występować podczas wydobywania i wytapiania rud miedzi, u pracowników elektrowni spalających węgiel o wysokiej zawartości arsenu, w trakcie produkcji arsenków galu i indu stosowanych w przemyśle elektronicznym, a także przy wyburzaniu kotłów opalanych ropą. Zgodnie z istniejącymi danymi, w 1994 r. w Polsce w narażeniu na nieorganiczne związki arsenu o stężeniu powyżej wartości NDS (,0,05 mg/m3) pracowało 99 osób. Dane te nie uwzględniają pracowników przemyski miedziowego. Według dostępnych danych stężenie w hucie miedzi przekraczało wartość NDS u 35% spośród 48 badanych osób. Arsen jest rakotwórczy dla ludzi. Zostało to udowodnione w wyniku badań epidemio-logicznych populacji narażonych inhalacyjnie w hutach miedzi w USA. Na podstawie zależności dawka-odpowiednio obliczono wartość ryzyka jednostkowego, która według US EPA wynosi 4,29 • lO3, a według późniejszej reewaluacji z uwzględnieniem dodatkowo wyników badań z terenu Szwecji - 1,43 • 10~3. W przypadku pobierania nieorganicznych związków arsenu z wodą na terenach, gdzie arsen występuje w bardzo wysokim stężeniu stwierdzono występowanie skutków działania toksycznego w postaci zgorzeli palców stóp i dłoni w wyniku zaburzeń krążenia, przebarwień i zrogowacenia skóry oraz raków skóry, pęcherza moczowego, płuc, wątroby i nerek. Wydaje się, że w tym przypadku istnieje próg działania rakotwórczego przy dziennym pobraniu doustnym około 400 ug arsenu. Arsen jest kancerogenem niegenotoksycznym, a mechanizm działania rakotwórczego nie został dotychczas wyjaśniony. W ustroju człowieka trójwartościowy arsen ulega metyla-cji, wydalając się w moczu w postaci nieorganicznego arsenu (ok. 20%), kwasu metyloarso-nowego (MMA, ok. 15%) i kwasu metyloarsynowego (DMA, ok. 65%). Łączne oznaczanie tych trzech form w moczu jest wykorzystywane do monitoringu biologicznego narażenia na arsen. Eliminacja arsenu z ustroju następowała trójfazowo, a biologiczne okresy półtrwania wynosiły 2,1; 9,7 i 38 dni, przy czym udział kolejnych faz w wydalaniu wynosił odpowiednio 66, 30, i 3,7% dawki. Ryzyko występowania dodatkowych przypadków raka płuc w ciągu całego życia, w wyniku narażenia zawodowego na arsen o stężeniu 50 ng/m3 (obecna wartość NDS w Pol¬sce), 10 |lg/m3 (TLY-TWA przyjęte w 1993 r. przez ACGIH) oraz l Hg/m3 wynosi, przy przyjęciu wartości ryzyka jednostkowego US EPA 4,29 • 10-10, odpowiednio: 1,67 • 10-2; 3,4 • 10-3 i 3,4 • 10-4. Proponuje się ustalenie wartości NDS na poziomie 0,01 mgAs/m3 i wartości DSB -50 |ug As/g kreatyniny w próbkach moczu pobranych po zakończeniu zmiany w końcu tygodnia pracy.

EN

Arsenie, an element with an atomie number 33 and atomie weight of 74.92, is in Group VA of the periodic table. The most common form of the element is a grey, brittle, crystalline solid with a specific gravity of 5.72, which sublimes at 613 °C. It also exists in amorphous forms: black, specific gravity of 4.7, and yellow, specific gravity of 2.0, relatively volatile. Yellow arsenie is soluble in carbon disulphide; the other forms arę insoluble in water or solvents but arę dissolved by oxidising acids. Elemental or metallic arsenie is applied as an alloying agent for heavy metals, in special solders, and as a doping agent in silicon and germanium solid-state products. The arsenites have been used as major herbicides; calcium and other arsenates arę insecticides; sulphides arę pigments and rodenticides and arę used in pyrotechnics; and gallium arsenide iś used in semiconductors. Chromated copper arsenate and ammoniacal copper arsenate arę used as wood preservatives. Arsenie trichloride, a liquid with a boiling point of 130.5 °C, is employed in chemical synthesis. Several studies have found associations between occupational exposure to arsenie and lung cancer. IARC classified arsenie and its inorganic compounds to Group l - sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans. The OEL Expert Group has adopted the acceptable limit level for carcinogens – 10-3 and recommends the MAC of 0.01 mg/m3 for arsenie and its inorganic compounds and the notation Rc - carcinogenic to humans. No MAC-STEL value has been established.

Słowa kluczowe

PL

arsen; narażenie zawodowe; wartość NDS; wartość NDSCh; działanie rakotwórcze

EN

arsenic; occupational exposure; MAC (TWA) value; MAC (STEL) value; carcinogenic action

• Wydawca: Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
• Czasopismo: Podstawy i Metody Oceny Środowiska Pracy
• Rocznik: 2000
• Tom: Nr 1 (23)
• Strony: 23--55
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 97 poz., rys., tab.

Twórcy

autor

Jakubowski M.

• Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. prof. dr tned. Jerzego Nofera 90-950 Łódź ul. św. Teresy 8

Bibliografia

• 1. Air Quality Guidelines for Europe. WHO Regional Publications, European Series No. 23, WHO 1987.
• 2. Armstrong C.W. i in.: Outbreak of fata! arsenic poisoning caused by contaminated drinking water. Arch. Environ. Health 1984, 39, 276-279.
• 3. Arsenic. Geneva, World Health Organization, Environmental Health Criteria 1981 No.18.
• 4. Axelson O. i in.: Arsenic exposure and mortality: a case-referent study from a Swedish copper smelter. Brit. J. Industrial Medicine, 1978, 35, 8-15.
• 5. Bates M.N. i in.: Arsenic ingestion and internal cancers: A review. Am J. Epidemiology 1992, 135, 462-476.
• 6. Bickley L.K., Papa C.M.: Chronic arsenicism with vitiligo, hyperthyroidism, and cancer. N. J. Med. 1989, 86, 377-380.
• 7. Borgono J.M., Greiber R.: Epidemiological study of arsenicism in the city of Antofagasta. Trace Subst. Environ. Health 1972, 5, 13-24.
• 8. Brown C.C., Chu. K.C.: Approaches to epidemiologic analysis of prospective and retrospective studies: example of Jung cancer and exposure to arsenic. In: Risk assessment proceedings SIMS Conference on Environmental Epidemiology. June 1982, Alta, VT. STAM Publication.
• 9. Brown C.C., Chu KC.: Implications of the multistage theory of carcinogenesis applied to occupational arsenic exposure. J. National Cancer Institute 1983, 70, 455-463.
• 10. Brown C.C., Chu K.C..: A new method for the analysis of cohort studies, implications of the multistage theory of carcinogenesis applied to occupational arsenic exposure. Environ. Health Perspectives 1983, 50, 293-308.
• 11. Brune D i in.: Distribution of 23 elements in the kidney, liver and lungs of workers from a smeltery and rafinery in North Sweden exposed to a number of elements and of control group. Sci. Total Environ. 1980, 16, 13-35.
• 12. Buchet J.P. i in.: Assessment of exposure to inorganic arsenic following ingestion of marine organisms by volunteers. Environ. Research. 1994, 66, 44-5 1.
• 13. Buchet J.P.: Comparison of several methods for the determination of arsenic compounds in water and in urine; Their application for the study of arsenic metabolism and for the monitoring of workers exposed to arsenic. Int. Arch. of Occupational and Environ. Health, 1980, 46, 11-29.
• 14. Cebrian M.E. i in.: Chronic arsenic poisoning in the north of Mexico. Hum Toxicol. 1983, 2, 121-133.
• 15. Chabraborty A.K., Saha K.C.: Arsenical dermatosis from tube-well water in West Bengal. Indian J. Med. Res. 1987, 85, 326-334.
• 16. Chen C.J. i in.: Atherogenicity and carcinogenicity of high-arsenic artesian well water. Multiple risk factors and related malignant neoplasms of blackfoot disease. Arteriosclerosis 1988, 8, 452-460.
• 17. Chen C-J. i in.: Malignant neoplasms among residents of a blackfoot disease-endemic area in Taiwan: high arsenic artesian well water and cancers. Cancer Res. 1985, 45, 5895-9.
• 18. Diaz-Barriga F. i in.. Arsenic and cadmium exposure in children living near a smelter complex in San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Envioron. Research. 1993, 62, 242-250.
• 19. Enterline P.E. i in.: Exposure to arsenic and respiratory cancer: a reanalysis. Am. J. Epidemiology 1987, 1 929-938.
• 20. Enterline P.E. i in.: Some effects of cigarette smoking, arsenic and SO2 on mortality among US copper smelter workers. J. Occup. Med.1987, 29, 83 1-838.
• 21. Enterline P.E., Marsh G.M.: cancer among workers exposed to arsenic and other substances in a copper smelter. Am. J. Epidemiology 1982, 116, 895-911.
• 22. Fahring R.: Genetic mode of action of cocarcinogens and tumor promoters in yeast and mice. Mol. Gen. Genet. 1984, 94, 7-14.
• 23. Fairfax R.E.: Exposure to different metals during the demolition of oil-fired boilers. Applied Occupational and Environ. Hygiene 1993, 8, 151-152.
• 24. Franklin M. i in.: Fowler’s solution as an etiologic agent in cirrhosis. Am. J. Med. Sci. 1950, 219, 589-596.
• 25. Freeman G.B. i in.: Bioavaiability of arsenic soil impacted by smelter activities following oral administration in rabbits. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 1993, 21, 83-88.
• 26. Frenzblau A., Lilis R.: Acute arsenic intoxication from environmental arsenic exposure. Arch. Environ. Health 1989, 44, 385-390.
• 27. Greaves W.W. i in.: Relationship between lung cancer and distance of residence from monferrous smelter stack effuent. Am. J. Industrial Medicine 1981, 2, 15-23.
• 28. Guha Mazumder D.N. i in.: Chronic arsenic toxicity from drinking tube well water in rural West Bengal. Bull. WHO 1988, 66, 499-506.
• 29. Harrington J.M. i in.: A survey of a population exposed to high arsenic in well water in fairbanks, Alaska. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1978, 108, 377-385.
• 30. Health assessment document for inorganic arsenic. Research Triangle Park, NC, US Environmental Protection Agency, 1984, p. 351 (Final report No. EPA-600/8-83-021F).
• 31. Holland R.H. i in..: A study of inhaled arsenie-74 in man. Cancer Research 1959, 19, 1154-6.
• 32. Hood R.D. i in.: Distribution, metabolism and fetal uptake of pentavalent arsenic in pregnant mice following oral and intraperitoneal administration. Teratology 1987, 35, 19-25.
• 33. Hopenhayn-Rich C. i in.: Human studies do not support the methylation threshold hypothesis for the toxicity of inorganic arsenic. Environ. Research 1993, 60, 161-177.
• 34. Huang Y.Z. i in.: Endemic chronic arsenism in Xinjiang. Cm. Med. 1985, 98, 219-222.
• 35. Hughes K i in.: Inorganic arsenic: Evaluation of risks to health from environmental exposure in Canada. Environ. Carcino. Ecotox. Revs. 1994, 12, 145-149.
• 36. IARC Monographs on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans. Vol 23. Some metals and metalic compounds. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, 1980, 39-142.
• 37. IARC Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk to humans. Overall evaluations of carcinogenicity: An updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1 to 42. Int. Agency for Research on Cancer. Lyon, Suppl. 7, 1987, 100-106.
• 38. Ide C.W., Bullough G.R.: Arsenic and old glass. J. Soc. Occup. Med. 1988, 38, 85-88.
• 39. IRIS. Arsenic: I. Chronic health hazard assessment for noncarcinogenic effects. II Carcinogenicity assessment for lifetime exposure. January 1995.
• 40. Inhinishi N. i in.: Arsenic. In: Friberg L., Nordberg G.F., Vouk B.V., ed. Handbook of the Toxicology of Metals. Vol. II. Amsterdam-New York-Oxford, Elsevier, 1986.
• 41. Jarup L. i in.: Cumulative arsenic exposure and lung cancer in smelter workers: A dose-response study. Am. J. Industrial Medicine. 1989, 15, 31-41.
• 42. Jarup L., Pershagen G.: Arsenic exposure, smoking, and lung cancer in smelter workers - A casecontrol study. Am. J. Epidemiology. 1991, 134, 545-55 1.
• 43. Lagerkvist B. i in.: Arsenic and Raynaud’s phenomenon: Vasospastic tendency and excretion of arsenic in smelter workers before and after summer vacation. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 1988, 60, 36 1-364.
• 44. Lagerkvist B. i in.: Vasospastic tendency and Raynaud’s phenomenon in smelter workers exposed to arsenic. Environ. Res.1986, 39, 465-474.
• 45. Lagerkvist B.J., Zetterlund B.: Assessment of exposure to arsenic among smelter workers: A five-year folow-up. Am. J. Industrial Med. 1994, 25, 477-488.
• 46. Lee T.C. i in.: Induction of gene amplification by arsenic. Science 1988, 241, 79-8 1.
• 47. Lee-Feldstein A.: Arsenic and respiratory cancer in man: follow-up of an occupational study. In: Lederer, W.H., Fensterheim, R.J., ed. Arsenic: industrial, biomedical and environmental perspeetives. Proceedings of the Arsenic Symposium, Gaithersburg, MD. New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1983, 245-254.
• 48. Lee-Feldstein A.: A comparison of several measures of exposure to arsenic; Matched case-control study of copper smelter employees. Am. J. Epidemiology 1989, 129, 112-124.
• 49. Lee-Feldstein A.: Cumulative exposure to arsenic and its relationship to respiratory cancer among copper smelter employees. J. Occupational Medicine 1986, 28, 296-302.
• 50. Levin-Scherz J.K. i in.: Acute arsenic ingestion. An Emerg. Med. 1987, 16; 702-704.
• 51. Liebscher K., Smith H.: Essential and nonessential trace elements: A method of determining whether an element is essential or nonessential in human tissue. Arch. Environ. Health 1968, 17, 88 1-890.
• 52. Lin S.M., Yang M.H.: Arsenic, selenium and zinc in patients with Blaekfoot disease. Biol. Trace. Elem. Res. 1988, 15, 213-221.
• 53. Marafante E., Vahter M.: The effect of dietary and chemically induced methylation deficiency on the metabolism of arsenate in rabbit. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol. 1986, 59 (Suppl. 7), 35-38.
• 54. Matanoski G. i in.: Cancer mortality in an industrial area of Baltimore. Environ. Research 1981, 25, 8-28.
• 55. Mazumder D.N. i in.: Chronic arsenic toxicity from drinking tubewell water in rural West Bengal. Bull. WHO 1988, 66, 499-506.
• 56. Merian E.: Introduction on environmental chemistry and global cycles of chromium, nickel, cobalt, beryl hum, arsenic, cadmium and selenium and their derivatives. Toxicol. and Environ. Chemistry 1984, 8, 9-38.
• 57. Mizuta N. i in.: An outbreak of acute arsenic poisoningcaused by arsenic contaminated soy-sauce: A clinical report of 220 cases. Bull. Yamaguci Med. Seh. 1956,4, 131-149.
• 58. Nagvi S.M. i in.: Toxicity and metabolism of arsenic in vertebrates. W: Arsenic in the environment. Part II: Human health and ecosystem effects. Red. J.O. Niargu N.Y. John Ailey & Sons, 1994, s. 55-9 1.
• 59. Natusch D.F.S. i in.: Toxic trace elements: preferential concentration in respirabile particles. Science 1974, 183, 202-204.
• 60. Offergelt .J.A. I in.: Relation between airborne arsenic trioxide and urinary excretion of inorganic arsenic and its methylated metabolites. Brit. J. Jndustrial Medicine 1992, 49: 387-393.
• 61. Perry K. i in.: Studies in the incidence of cancer in factory handling inorganic compounds of arsenic. II: Clinical and environmental investigations. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1948, 5, 6-15.
• 62. Pershagen G.: Lung cancer mortality among men living near an arsenic emitting smelter. Am. J. Epidemiology 1985, 122, 684-694.
• 63. Pershagen G. i in.: On the interaction between occupational arsenic exposure and smoking and its realationaship to lung cancer. Scand. J. Work, Environment & Health 1981, 7, 302-309.
• 64. Pinto S.S. i in.: Arsenic trioxide absorption and excretion in industry. J. Occup. Med. 1976, 18, 677-680.
• 65. Pinto S.S. i in.: Mortality experience in relation to a measured arsenic trioxide exposure. Eniron. Health Perspectives 1977, 19, 127-130.
• 66. Pinto S.S., McGill: Arsenic trioxide exposure in industry. Ind. Med. Surg. 1953, 22, 28 l-287.
• 67. Piontek M. i in.: Noncirrhotic liver firosis after chronic arsenic poisoning. Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. 1989, 114, 1653-1657.
• 68. Pomory C. i in.: Human retention studies with 74 Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 1980, 53, 550-556.
• 69. Rencher A.C. i in.: A retrospective epidemiological study of mortality at a large western copper smelter. J. Occupational Medicine 1977, 19, 754-758.
• 70. Rhoads K. Sanders C.L.: Lung clearance, translocation and acute toxicity of arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, cobalt, lead, selenium, vanadium and ytterbium oxides following deposition in rat lung. Environ. Res. 1985, 36, 359-378.
• 71. Romm W.N. i in.: Lung eaneer mortahity among residents liying near the ElPaso smelter. Brit. J. Industria! Medieine 1982, 39, 269-272.
• 72. Roth F.: The sequelae of chronic arsenic poisoning in Moselle vintners. Ger. Med. Mon. 1957, 2, 172-175.
• 73. Salamon L. i in.: Retrospective trend analysis of the content of U.K. air particulate material 1957-74. Sci. Total Environ. 1978, 9, 161-200.
• 74. Schroeder HA., Mitchener M.: Toxic effects of trace elements on the reproduction of mice and rats. Arch. Environ. Health 1971, 23, 102-106.
• 75. Sheehy J.W., Jones J.H.: Assessment of arsenic exposures and control in gallium arsenide production. Am. Industrial Hygiene Association J. 1993, 54, 6 1-69.
• 76. Soutwick J.W. i in.: Community health associated with arsenic in drinking water in Millard County. Utah. Cincinnati: EPA, Health Effects Research Laboratory, EPA-600/1-81-064. NTIS no PB82-108374.
• 77. Stohrer G.: Arsenic: Opportunity for risk assessment. Arch. Toxicol. 1991, 65, 525-53 1.
• 78. Szuler l.M. i in.: Massive variceal hemorrhage secondary to presinusoidal portal hypertension due to arsenic poisoning. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 1979, 120, 168-171.
• 79. Taylor P.P. i in.: Relation of arsenic exposure to lung cancer among tin miners in Yunnan Province, China. Brit. J. Industrial Medicine 1989, 46, 88 1-886.
• 80. Tseng W.P.: Blackfoot disease in Taiwan: A 30-year follow-up study. Angiology 1989, 40, 547-558.
• 81. Tseng W.P.: Effects of dose-response relationship of skin cancer and blackfoot disease with arsenic. Environ. Health Perspect. 1977, 19, 109-119.
• 82. Tseng W.P. i in.: Prevalence of skin cancer in an endemic area of chronic arsenicism in Taiwan. J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 1968, 40, 453-463.
• 83. U.S. Department of Health 8 Human Services. Toxicological profile for arsenic (draft). October 1991.
• 84. Vahter M. i in.: Airborne arsenic and urinary excretion of metabolites of inorganic arsenic among smelter workers. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. He 1986, 57, 79-91.
• 85. Vahter M., Marafante E.: In vivo methylation and detoxication of arsenic. In: The biological alkylation of heavy elements. Craig P.J., Glockling F. ed. Royal Society of Chemistry, Special publication No. 66, 1998, s. 105-1 19.
• 86. Vahter M., Norm H.: Metabolism of 74 trivalent and pentavalent inorganic arsenic in mice. Environ. Res. 1980, 21, 446-457.
• 87. Valee B.L. i in.: Arsenic toxicology and biochemistry. Arch. Ind. Health 1960, 21, 132-15 1.
• 88. Viren J.R., Silvers A.: Unit risk estimates for airborne arsenic exposure: An updated view based on recent data from two copper smelter cohorts. Regulatory Toxicol. Pharmacol. 1994, 20, 125-138.
• 89. Wade H.J., Frazer E.S.: Toxipathic hepatitis due to Fowler’s solution. A case treated with dimercaprol. Lancet 1953 (February), 269-271.
• 90. Wagner S.L. i in.: Skin cancer an arsenical intoxication from well water. Arch Dermatol. 1979, 115; 1205-1207.
• 91. Wail S.: Survival and mortality pattem among Swedish smelter workers. Int. J. Epidemiol. 1980, 9; 73-87.
• 92. Weich K. i in.: Arsenic exposure, smoking and respiratory cancer in copper smelter workers. Archives of Environ. Health 1982, 37, 325-335.
• 93. Wong o. i in.: An ecologic study of skin cancer and environmental arsenic exposure. International Archives of Occupational and Environ. Health 1992, 64, 235-241.
• 94. Woolson E.A.: Man’s perturbation of the arsenic cycle. In.: Lederer W.H,. Fensterheim R.J., ed. Arsenic: industrial, biomedical and environmental perspectives. Proceedings of the Arsenic Symposium, Gaithersburg, MD. New York,. Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1983.
• 95. Wu M.M. i in.: Dose-response relation between arsenic concentration in well water and mortality from cancers and vascular diseases. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1989, 130, 1123-1132.
• 96. Zaldivar R.: Ecological investigations on arsenic dietary intake and endemic chronic poisoning in man: Dose-response curve. Zentralbl. Bacteriol. Hyg. 1977, 164, 226-234.
• 97. Zaldivar R., Guiller A.: Environmental and clinical investigations on endemic chronic arsenic poisoning in infants and children. Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Hyg. 1977, 165, 226-234.