Vaccine candidates against Nipah and Hendra viruses, recently emerging zoonotic threats. Renewed interest in the possibility that the proteins causing neurodegeneration are all prions. Bright and dark sites of complement system. A noninflammatory humoral factor of the coagulation cascade, FX binds to the surface of adenovirus and triggers activation of innate immunity. NLRP6 receptor is a negative regulator of innate immunity against bacterial pathogens. The lung can serve as a location where autoreactive T cells become reactivated and gain the competence to enter the CNS. Reactivation of anticancer activity of T cells by blocking PD-1 (programmed cel death - 1) on their surface.
Bats are the only mammals that have the ability to fly. In recent years, many emerging and re-emerging diseases threaten humans and animals, raising fear. Studies carried out confirm that many serious diseases are caused by viruses such as: EboV, Marburg, MERSCoV, SARS, Hendra and Nipah, the source of which are bats. Although the bats do not have very close contact with humans viruses are transmitted through intermediate hosts. Changes in the environment caused by human activities lead to increased contacts between humans and animals resulting in a higher risk of infection.