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EN
This work documents the detailed analysis of the basic elements of climate during last 50 years. from 1965 to 2012, in the areas of the Konin region artificially transformed by human interaction. Two meteorological elements were analyzed in detail: water precipitation and air temperature. The air temperature measurements during the last years shows that the year average air temperature between 1980 and 2012 was 9,2°C It was 2,5°C for the winter half year and was 15,8°C for the summer half year. The hydrological years, in which the year’s average air temperature was below -0,7°C to -1,3°C from that of the previous years average, were qualified as “cold ones”. The years classified as “hot ones” have the year average air temperature higher by 0,7°C to 1,9°C from the previous years average. Based on the analysis of the air temperature, there is an important tendency of the increase of the air temperature during last 30 years. The increase of the year average air temperature from 1986 to1995, in comparison with the years from 2005 to 2012, was 0,5°C, which means an increase of about 0,02°C during the 10 years. Most important is the fact, that from the beginning of 1985 the increase of the temperature is very rapid in comparison with the last period. The largest increase of the air temperature average appeared in the summer periods during which the increase of the average air temperature was 2,2°C, which means an increase of 0,7°C for 10 years. In the area of post mining grounds in the Konin quarry, the average year precipitation between 1965 and 2012, was 517 mm and was below that of the average in the Wielkopolska region and the whole country. The average precipitation during the winter half year was 190 mm and during summer half year was 327 mm. In the years from 1990/1991 to 2011/2012, there were 12–14 years classified as wet, 5–7 years classified as dry and 3 normal periods. The analysis of water precipitation during the last 50 years on the post mining grounds in the Konin area, did not confirm the thesis propagated by the users of the post mining grounds about the decrease of annual precipitation during last 50 years of the 20th. Century in this Wielkopolska region. During this period, it was noticed that there is an increase of the total of precipitation during the winter half years, and a decrease of the precipitation during the summer half years. At the same time, the increase of the air temperature during the winter caused a change of the snow precipitation to water precipitation. In addition to this, the ground was weakly frozen and the evaporation was low which caused precipitation to soak into the soil and an increase of the water retention after winter. All of this, in association with human activity in this area, can lead to the increase of evaporation. Additional to this, the lack or even small increase of precipitation leads to the deterioration of water reserves. These changes in the climate of post mining grounds will change the situation of water reserves for the worse. It is necessary to create an integrated strategy of water management in this area, to concentrate the water retention during high precipitation, and to utilize the water from drainage from the quarry mine.
EN
The article presents results of meteorological observations carried out in the summer of 1997 on the Kaffiöyra Plain during 13rd Toruń Polar Expedition. The measurements were carried out four climatological time a day (01, 07, 13 and 19 LMT) from 21st July to 1st September 1997 i.e. 43 days. The values of meteorological elements are presented in tab. 2 and fig. 2. Apart from the 1997 summer data, there have also been presented for comparison mean values of basic meteorological elements from comparable period s (July 21 - August 31 ) of all the summer seasons when the Toruń Polar Expeditions operated on Spitsbergen (tab. 4). The summer season in 1997 was very wet, with domination of strong winds and average sunshine, thermic and humidity conditions. During the research period cyclonic situations dominated (52.4%), on 47.6%, of the days the weather conditions were formed by anticyclones.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia analizę sposobu uwzględniania czynników meteorologicznych, takich jak temperatura i wiatr, w obliczeniach propagacji hałasu w terenie otwartym.
EN
Some remarks on method for calculation of noise spread with considering weather conditions, i. e. wind and temperature, has been presented in the paper.
PL
Istnieją dobrze znane zależnościpomiędzy zachorowalnościąi śmiertelnościąludzi a warunkami meteorologicznymi. Artykuł zawiera wyniki nowych badań nad związkami tych zmiennych. Badania oparto na dobowych sprawozdaniach lekarzy jednej z przychodni rejonowych w Warszawie. Wyszczególniono 21 jednostek chorobowych. Dane dobowe o liczbie zachorowań były porównywane z głównymi elementami meteorologicznymi. Zaobserwowano wyraźną sezonowość w występowaniu schorzeń układów krążenia i oddechowego. Wykazują one również związek z temperaturą powietrza, ciśnieniem atmosferycznym i saldem wymiany ciepła pomiędzy człowiekiem a otoczeniem.
EN
There are well known quality relationships between human morbidity and mortality and meteorological conditions. The paper presents the results of new studies dealing with qualitative relationships of those variables. The studies base on daily reports of physicians from the one of the clinic for outpatients in Warsaw. 21 individual diseases were noticed. Daily data of diseases amount were compared with meteorological parameters. There were observed seasonal differentiation of circulatory and respiratory diseases. They are also correlated with air temperature, air pressure and net heat storage (special biometeorological index).
EN
In the years 2000 and 2001 observations of meteorological conditions were carried by expeditions of Adam Mickiewicz University in the vicinity of Petunia Bay (Billefjorden, Central Spitsbergen). The meteorological station Skottehytta (78°42,98?N and 16°36,68?E) is located about 50 m of the sea-side, on a rised marine terrace, 5 m a.s.l. The presented database includes the comparison of 30 days period between 10th July and 8th August in both years and a set of values of the whole expedition in 2001 (7th July - 17th September). Observations carried by an automatic station and in five terms a day cycle covered: atmospheric pressure, air temperature, relative humidity, visibility, degree of cloudiness, precipitation, wind speed and direction. The analysis, performed mainly on daily means, partly on maximum values of selected elements and in the case of precipitation on daily totals, showed a confirmation of general characteristics presented in other papers concerning the area under study. In this a slight rise of air temperatures over a multiyear average, low level of precipitation but an increase in the frequency of heavy precipitation events. Wind conditions of the inner-fjord area are strictly connected with local orography, causing frequent foehn-effects. Processes which are described on the example of Petunia Bay can also illustrate the characteristics of global climatic changes, which are clearly visible in high latitudes of Northern Hemisphere.
PL
W artykule omówiono uwarunkowania meteorologiczne funkcjono-wania małego portu morskiego w Ustce. Analizę meteorologiczną przeprowadzono w oparciu o dwa elementy klimatu: temperaturę powietrza i opady atmosferyczne. Ciągi pomiarowe obejmują okres od 1970 do 2005 roku i zostały zmierzone na 6 reprezentatywnych dla zlewni rzeki Słupi stacjach meteorologicznych: w Kołobrzegu, Ustce, Łebie, Resku, Lęborku i Kościerzynie. Analiza uwarunkowań meteorologicznych została poprzedzona krótką charakterystyką fizyczno-geograficzną zlewni Słupi.
EN
In this paper described the meteorological determinats for Ustka small seaport’s operation. The analyses performed in the base of two climatic elements i.e. air temperature and precipitation. Measurement data include the observation period from 1970 to 2005. Variables were measured at 6 of the representative for Slupia catchment the meteorological stations i.e. at Kolobrzeg, Ustka, Leba, Resko, Lebork and Koscierzyna. The analyses of meteorological determinants preceded by a short the phisico-geographical characteristics of Slupia catchment.
PL
Omówiono wpływ prędkości wiatru na równomierność deszczowania i na tym tle przedstawiono zakres i metodykę badań w tym zakresie. Podano również wyniki tych badań oraz sprecyzowano wnioski wynikające z tych prac.
EN
The effect of wind velocity on the sprinkler irrigation uniformity is discussed and the range and methodics of the respective investigations are presented. Also results of the investigations are discussed and suitable conclusions are drawn.
RU
Обсущдаетця влияние скорости ветра на равномерность дождеваниа и на этом фоне рассматривается объем и методика соответствующих исследований. Приводятся также ресультаты этих исследований и уточняются заключения вытекающие из указанн ых работ.
EN
Introduction: Weather conditions continuously influence humans and may provoke symptoms of some diseases or even death. Numerous studies have been performed investigating a link between weather conditions and human health in urban areas. The effects is, however, poorly identified for rural areas. Objective: This study aimed to define a relationship between the mortality rate of Jasienica Rosielna community and the type of air masses, atmospheric fronts and air temperature. The community is located in the southeast part of Poland and is known for excellent aero-sanitary conditions. Materials and methods: The study was based on daily records of the number of deaths and selected meteorological conditions including air temperature, air masses and atmospheric fronts in the period of 2000–2007. Seasonality coefficient was used to investigate the seasonal variability of death. Conditional probability was used to estimate any relationship between mortality rates and the weather. Results and conclusions: A relationship was found to exist and to be strongly seasonal. The number of deaths increases at low air temperatures. Also cold fronts and the arctic masses of air make mortality in Jasienica Rosielna to increase.
PL
Wstęp: Warunki pogodowe oddziałują na człowieka nieprzerwanie i mogą być przyczyną wystąpienia objawów niektórych chorób, a nawet zgonów. Wpływ warunków meteorologicznych na zdrowie i samopoczucie człowieka był przedmiotem licznych badań, które prowadzono głównie w miastach. Wpływ ten jest natomiast słabo poznany w obszarach wiejskich. Cel: W opracowaniu podjęto próbę określenia związku umieralności mieszkańców gminy Jasienica Rosielna z rodzajem mas powietrznych i frontów atmosferycznych oraz temperaturą powietrza. Gmina ta położona jest w południowo-wschodniej Polsce, gdzie występują bardzo korzystne warunki aerosanitarne powietrza. Materiał i metody: Podstawą opracowania są dobowe dane z lat 2000–2007 dotyczące liczby zgonów, wybranych elementów meteorologicznych, tj. temperatury powietrza, rodzaju mas powietrza i frontów atmosferycznych. Zbadano sezonową zmienność (współczynnik sezonowości) liczby zgonów mieszkańców gminy. Związek umieralności z warunkami pogodowymi określono przez obliczenie prawdopodobieństwa warunkowego.Wyniki i wnioski: Stwierdzono, że związek liczby zgonów z warunkami meteorologicznymi na obszarach wiejskich również występuje i cechuje się wyraźną sezonową zmiennością. Wzrost liczby zgonów występuje przy niskich wartościach temperatury powietrza. Także fronty chłodne i powietrze arktyczne powodują wzrost umieralności mieszkańców gminy Jasienica Rosielna.
EN
The connection between, on the one hand, reduction in the visibility range and, on the other, atmospheric pollutants as well as associated air masses and atmospheric fronts in specific meteorological conditions, is indisputable. Frequently human activity directly and indirectly affects the state of the natural environment and climate changes. The article offers a detailed analysis of the problem.
PL
Związek między obniżeniem zakresu widzialności a występowaniem w atmosferze zanieczyszczeń oraz towarzyszącym masom i frontom atmosferycznym określonych warunków pogodowych jest bezsporny. Często działalność człowieka także wpływa bezpośrednio i pośrednio na stan środowiska przyrodniczego i zmiany klimatu. Szczegółowe omówienie problemu - w artykule.
EN
The paper presents the results of meteorological measurements carried out in the Kaffiöyra Plain in the summer season of 2000 during the 19th Toruń Polar Expedition. Area, range and methodology of measurements were analogical as in the previous expeditions. The bulk of meteorological observations has been done near the Polar Station of N. Copernicus University (φ = 78°41 'N, λ = 11°51'E, h = 11.5 m a.s.1.) located in the northern part of Kaffiöyra (NW Spitsbergen), The standard measurements of all main meteorological elements were carried out four times a day (at 00, 06, 12 and 18 GMT). The best summary of obtained results present tab. 2 and fig. 1. It can be seen from them that generally air temperature oscillated between 2 and 8°C. Minimum temperature in two periods dropped below O°C, while maximum temperature did not exceed 10°C. Precipitation (including trace precipitation) were observed with frequency slightly higher than 50% of days. Most of daily precipitation sums did not exceed 4 mm. Majority of the analysed elements (wind velocity, cloudiness, air temperature, water vapour pressure and precipitation) had higher values in July than in August. In comparison with previous 11 summer seasons, when meteorological measurements were done in Kaffiöyra, summer in 2000 was characterized by: l) the highest frequency of cyclones, 2) the highest/lowest frequency of winds from the northern (NW, NNW and N) and southern (SE, SSE and S) sectors, respectively, 3) below/above normal cloudiness and sunshine duration, respectively, and 4) significantly below long-term mean air temperature and atmospheric precipitation.
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