Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Struktura i dynamika dolnoreglowych drzewostanów o charakterze pierwotnym w Babiogórskim Parku Narodowym (na przykładzie trzech powierzchni doświadczalnych)

100%

Jaworski A. , Kaczmarski J.

Acta Agraria et Silvestria. Series Silvestris

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1990

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tom 29

2

Miazszosc drzew i zasobnosc sosny zwyczajnej roznych pochodzen na powierzchni doswiadczalnej w Polanach k.Grybowa

100%

Sabor J. , Chwistek K.

Acta Agraria et Silvestria. Series Silvestris

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1993

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tom 31

31-38

PL

W pracy przedstawiono zróżnicowanie miąższości drzew niżowych i górskich pochodzeń sosny zwyczajnej na powierzchni doświadczalnej Polany k. Grybowa w Beskidzie Sądeckim.

EN

The differentiation in total volume of single trees and the provenance volume in a mixed mountain forest site in the Nowy Sącz Beskid Range [3, 5, 6, 7] are presented. Table 1 contains average values of total volume of single trees and the volume of provenances (tn3/ha) at the age of 25 years, determined on the basis of height and breast high diameter measurements of all experimental trees, and calculated according to the formula: V= π/4 ·d2 · h · f1,3 where: V — volume of a single tree in m3, d — breast high diameter in cm, h — height of trees in m, f1,3 — b.h.d. number of shape [4, 2]. Pine trees from lowland provenances are characterized by the greatest volume; Lipowa (210.04 m3/ha), Supraśl (200.25 m3/ha) and Rozpuda (192.25 m3/ha), while the smallest volume characterized the Gubin provenances (110.89 m3/ha) and mountains pines from Piwniczna (138.48 m3/ha) and Nowy Targ (144.27 m3/ha) (Figs 1 and 2) [7]. Analysis of variance [1] shows a significant influence of genotype (provenance) and the lack of a significant effect of environment (block) on the evaluation of single tree volume (Tab. 2). The obtained results confirm the feasibility of increasing production of forest stands in mountainous territories by the introduction of the most valuable lowland provenances of pine in respective terrains.

3

Budowa i struktura lasu lipowego w rezerwacie Obrozyska

88%

Jaworski A. , Kaczmarski J. , Skryszewski J.

Acta Agraria et Silvestria. Series Silvestris

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1993

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tom 31

57-79

PL

Na podstawie analizy rozkładu pierśnic oraz wysokości, zasobności, składu gatunkowego, masy posuszu i innych cech drzewostanu lipowego w Obrożyskach, scharakteryzowano - na przykładzie 3 powierzchni doświadczalnych - dwa stadia rozwojowe lasu pierwotnego. Podano także skład gatunkowy odnowień. W rezerwacie zwraca uwagę duża zasobność drzewostanów i ich dobra jakość.

EN

The purpose of this study was to determine stand characteristics of common linden (Tilia cordata Mill.) in Obrożyska near Muszyna (Southern Poland) (tab.l). The stand is considered as relict from the Atlantic; period 4000—2000 years B.C. when deciduous stenothermal trees expanded and mixed broadleaved forests appeared [9]. According to Korpel criteria [6] sample plots represent the up-growing stage in transition to the optimum stage with a noticeable ageing phase (Plot 1, 2) and the up-growing stage with a selection phase (Plot 3) (Tab. 1) in some parts. First of all the obtained results show a high stand volume (667—757 cu. m per ha) (Tab. 2) while according to Żyłkin labels [1] the maximum stand volume of pure linden stands on sites of the first stand quality class reaches 455 cu. m per ha. In spite of several generations, different stages, and phases of development, the d.b.h. distribution of linden is compatible with normal d.b.h. distribution on all sample plots (Tab. 3, Fig. 1, 2, 3). The storeyed structure is characteristic for virgin type forests of linden (Plot 1, 2). In selected storeys every generation is found showing horizontal density. Selection structure (selection phase) is formed in the presence of a greater share of shade-resistant species in the stand (like fir and hornbeam) (Plot 3) (Fig. 9). Linden is characterized by a high quality, over 20% of trees reach the highest values. A large share of fir, sycamore, maple in new growth on plot no. 1 and of hornbeam and sycamore on plot no. 2 and 3 can cause concern about the existence of linden (Tab. 6). In the up-growth layer the share of linden is larger and becomes predominant and co-predominant species in this phase of stand development. Analysis of data from 1945 [2] and from 1990 shows that the stand volume has increased from 438 cu. m per ha to 692 cu. m per ha and the share of linden has increased from 63,3% to 90,6% in that period. From the economic point of view the introduction of common linden into stands on suitable forest sites of foothills and lower parts of lower mountain zone not only as a cultivation and biocoenotic but also high productive admixture is advisable though it is currently not realized in practice [2]. Linden is especially recommended for planting under thinned fir stands.

4

Zmiany wybranych cech drzewostanu bukowego na powierzchniach doświadczalnych w Leśnym Zakładzie Doświadczalnym w Krynicy w latach 1998-2012

88%

Nosal P. , Malek S.

Acta Agraria et Silvestria. Series Silvestris

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2014

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tom 52

5

Charakterystyka budowy i struktury oraz wybranych cech hodowlanych dolnoreglowego jodlowego drzewostanu przerebowego w Karpackim Parku Przyrodniczym na Ukrainie

88%

Kaczmarski J. , Lorys S.

Acta Agraria et Silvestria. Series Silvestris

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1993

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tom 31

81-95

PL

Na podstawie analizy zasobności, składu gatunkowego, krzywych rozkladu pierśnic, budowy warstwowej, liczebności odnowień oraz innych wybranych cech, scharakteryzowano dolnoreglowy drzewostan jodłowy o dobrze wykształconej strukturze prze rębowej i wysokim zapasie.

EN

Studies were carried out in natural fir stand of Gorgany Range (Eastern Carpathians - Ukraine) in 1989, Till 1980 the fir stand had been managed by assorted-selection cutting system. From 1980 the stand has been under strict protection as a result of including it in State Carpathian Natural Park. Investigated stand is characterized by high mean stand volume - 942 m3/ha (Tab. 1) when its species composition consist of fir - 88%, spruce — 8% and beech - 4%. Tree distribution in diameter classes (Tab. 1, Fig. 1), stand statistical parameters (Tab. 2) and comformability to Liocourt-Meyer theoretical distribution for spruce and beech are indicative of well formed selection structure. Compound stand structure, vertical and step like density (Fig. 2) and wide age range indicate on its many storied and all-generation character. Composition and amount of natural reproduction is not an evidence of fir declining what is typical for Western Carpathians (Tab. 3). Advisable values of relative crown length and coefficient of slenderness show good conditions for tree growth and its high resistance from snow and wind activity irrespective of biosocial tree position (Tab. 4). Repeated observation on fixed investigated plot would enable to evaluate growth dynamics of selection stand which has been under strict protection for short time.

6

Dynamika procesu przebudowy drzewostanów górskich na gruntach porolnych

88%

Zieba S. , Banas J. , Bujoczek L. , Kozuch A. , Slupska A.

Acta Agraria et Silvestria. Series Silvestris

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2016

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tom 54

7

Bukowe lasy o charakterze pierwotnym jako model lasow przerebowych

88%

Jaworski A. , Kolodziej Z. , Opyd Z.

Acta Agraria et Silvestria. Series Silvestris

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2000

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tom 38

3-31

EN

Investigations were carried out in series of 6 permanent study areas (5 in forests of primeval character, and 1 in a managed stand) with the growing stock ranging from 226 m3ha-1 to 593 m3ha-1. These stands were characterized by a considerable differentiation of the tree d.b.h. and a complex storeyed structure, resembling a selection forest. Only two stands reached the growing stock close to the one accepted as the optimum for the beech selection forests. When carrying out a selection cutting in such forests one should take the lowering of the growing stock to about 220/250-300 m3ha-1 into consideration. It would be more correct, therefore, to carry out in managed beech forests a Swiss irregular shelterwood system, rather than a selection cutting system. The latter one may be used in the beech stands of differentiated structure in protection forests or in forests of a special purpose.

8

Budowa, struktura, dynamika i mozliwosci produkcyjne gornoreglowych borow swierkowych w Babiogorskim Parku Narodowym

88%

Jaworski A. , Karczmarski J.

Acta Agraria et Silvestria. Series Silvestris

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1995

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tom 33

75-113

PL

Przeprowadzone w 1994 roku badania kontrolne wykazały, w porównaniu do 1984 г., bardzo wyraźne zmniejszenie się zasobności drzewostanów (w granicach ud 30 do 72 m na czterech powierzchniach i nieznaczny jej wzrost na jednej (o 2,9 m /ha); ponadto zwiększyła się bardzo znacznie miąższość posuszu, żywych złomów i leżaniny. Zachodzące procesy zakłóciły, jak należy przypuszczali, naturalne tendencje rozwojowe borów pierwotnych, wyrażające się następstwem charakterystycznych stadiów i faz. Przyczyną tego jest najprawdopodobniej nałożenie się szkodliwego oddziaływania wywalających wiatrów i śniegu waz osłabienie żywotności świerczyn przez imisje przemysłowe.

EN

The discussed results concern changes occurring in the period 1984-1994 in a number оf traits on 5 plots of spruce stands of virgin character in the upper montane forest zone (Table 1). During the decade the stand volume of the four investigated stands (plots I, II, III, and IV) decreased (Table 2), the greatest reduction being found on Czerwony Szlak plot (almost by 72 m3/ha) and the smallest one on Górny Płaj (slightly over 30 m3/ha). On Akademicka Perć plot only the stand volume increased by almost 2.9 m3/ha. As at the beggining of the control period so in 1994 the greatest stand volume was recorder on the Górny Płaj plot lying in the lowest zone (591 and 561 m3/ha. respectively). The smallest volume charakterized the Akademicka Perć plot (322 and 325 m3/ha) (Tables 2 and 3). Irrespective of the altitude above sea level and the developmental stage, the Babia Góra stands showed total numbers decreasing by 24-52 trees. In the 10-year period the current annual increment reached small values varying from 1.6 m3/ha-4.0 m3/ha (Table 2). The investigated stands were characterized by a slight differentiation in stand increment classification determined by criteria given by Flury. They reached indices IV and V, i.e. showed a very small variability in spite of the greatley varied altitude above sea level (Table 4). The indices of stands quality classification determined by Schwappach's tables on the basis of age and the upper height, showed distinct differences (from II—V) (Table 4). The distribution of diameters at breast height is given in Table 6 and fig. 1, and of heights in Table 7 and figs 2 and 3. In 1994 the best quality charakterized stands lying at lower altitudes (Markowe Szczawiny and Czerwony Szlak) and the poorest one an object lying slightly below the upper forest zone (Akademicka Perć) (Table 5). During the 10-year period the vitality of spruce forests this begin expressed by a greater share of weakened trees (class 30) deteriorated in all the stands, from a double increase in plot II to an over 9 times increase in plot V (Table 11). The process of dieback increased the volume of standing deadwood from about 1.3 (plot IV) to over 8 times (plot 11) (also cf Table 9 and fig. 4). In the period of the investigation the volume of lying deadwood also rose (Table 10). Breaking winds contributed to the intensified destruction of the Markowe Szczawiny and Czerwony Szlak stands, as manifested by increased numbers of broken trees in them both (over 4 and 5 times, respectively) and also by an increased percentage of live broken individuals in the total number of live trees (Table 15). The increased volume оf dead trees, exeptionally severe in the Żółty Szlak stands (an over 8 times increase in the volume of standing deadwood) (Table 9), indicates another destructive factor which probably is the pollution of the investigated forests with industrial emissions. Analyses of sulphur content in sprute needles from the Markowe Szczawiny and Akademicka Perć stands showed a fairly great amount of this element (0.15% in each of them) [10] exceeding that regarded as natural (011 %) [15]. The estimates of the regeneration condition is given in Table 13. The presented changes significantly effects an intensified course of stages and developmental phases; this observation concerns four stands (plots 1, II, 111, and V) (Table I and 14), The Akademicka Perť stand lying at the highest altitude, was found most stable and characterized by trails of a fully developed optimal stage (figs 5-9). In the 10-years period number of destructive changes occurred as expressed by a pronounced reduction of the growing stock and increased amounts of deadwood and lying trees, endangering the stability of the Babia Góra spruce stands in the upper montane forest zone. In the contaminated spruce forests of the upper montane zone damage inflicted by wind may intensify not only the pattern of the phases of ageing and the destruction stage in stands of a simple one-storied structure but also in those of a complex constitution and structure in the upgrowing stage. The results concerning the regeneration of spruce in strict reserves of nature suggest the necessity of measures intensifying the sowing of this species in partial reserves (the preparation of soils) or the artificial regencration. These measures should be associated with the removal of single declining, strongly weakened spruce trees.

9

Mozliwosci produkcyjne drzewostanu lipowego w rezerwacie 'Las Lipowy Obrozyska'

75%

Gralek K. , Jaworski A. , Kolodziej Z. , Majerczyk K.

Acta Agraria et Silvestria. Series Silvestris

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2009

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tom 47

3-26

EN

The aim of this study was to determine the productive potentiality (stand volume, basal area, and their increments) of the natural little leaf linden stand 26.68 ha in area. This stand is a part of the Obrożyska nature reserve of the total forest area of 98.25 ha. Measurements were carried out in 1995 and 2005 on 26 4-are sample plots established according to the statistical-mathematical system of forest inventory and control, and in 1999 and 2000 on three permanent sample plots which represented different developmental stages and phases of the virgin forest. Between 1990 and 2005, the mean volume of the entire stand increased from 538 to 567 m3/ha. In the growing up stage it increased from 554 to 584 m3/ha, while in the optimum stage from 510 to 541 m3/ha. The volume increment in these two stages was 66 and 51 m3/ha/10 years respectively. Volume of the stand representing the growing up stage in transition to the optimum stage (Obrożyska I classical permanent sample plot) increased during the 10-year period from 700 to 768 m3/ha, while in the stand representing the initial phase of the optimum stage (Obrożyska II) it increased from 797 to 861 m3/ha, and in the stand representing the growing up stage (Obrożyska III) from 696 to 761 m3/ha. The volume increment in these three plots was almost 80, 96, and 82 m3/ha/10 years respectively. The stand volume per hectare of the little leaf linden forest in the Obrożyska reserve is one of the highest among stands of natural character in the Polish part of the Carpathians. A very high productive potentiality of the investigated little leaf linden stand permits to accept this tree species as the main species in stands of the submontane zone as well as in the lower part of the lower montane zone in the Poprad river valley and in the climate close to that of the surroundings of the town of Muszyna.

10

Wpływ intensywności cięć na postać i strukturę wybranych różnowiekowych drzewostanów jodłowych w Leśnym Zakładzie Doświadczalnym w Krynicy

75%

Banas J. , Zieba S. , Bujoczek L. , Polak M. , Zygmunt R.

Acta Agraria et Silvestria. Series Silvestris

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2015

|

tom 53

11

Budowa, struktura i dynamika drzewostanow dolnoreglowych o charakterze pierwotnym w rezerwacie Lopuszna

75%

Jaworski A. , Skrzyszewski J.

Acta Agraria et Silvestria. Series Silvestris

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1995

|

tom 33

3-37

PL

W pracy przeprodzono analizy zmian min.: zasobności, składu gatunkowego, budowy oraz struktury, jakie zaszły w latach 1981-1991 w trzech dolnoreglowych drzewostanach. Należą one do jednych z najzasobniejszych (614-742 m³/ha) pralasów w Karpatach Zachodnich. Stwierdzone zmiany składu gatunkowego wskazują na zwiększenie się udziału buka a zmniejszenie jodły i świerka.

EN

In 1981 in the area of the Łopuszna nature reserve (Gorce Mountain National Park) 3 permanent sample plots were established in the stands of the lower montane forest zone (Table 1, figs 1,2 ). 10 years later, in 1991, control measurements were carried out there in order to estimate the occurring processes desisive for the dynamics and street u re of the stands. The obtained results were compared with the data recorder both in Łopuszna in 1981 [5] and in other Carpathian primitive forests. This chiefly concerns the stand volume. The volume was calculated using 3 methods differing by the determination of the tree height. In method f the equaled curve was calculated according to Michajlov's function [10] Tor each of 3 layers of the stand, determined on basis of IUFRO classification for each species separately (from the thickness of 6 cm). In method II determination of stand volume was based on (he total volume of single trees This was possible since the height of all the trees was measured. In the case method III the height of trees was determined on the basis оf one equated curve of height of all the measured trees for each species separately. The Łopuszna I stand was characterized by the constitution and structure characteristic for (he final stages of the maturation stage and the phase of selection cutting. During the decade the stand showed an increase in volume (method I) from 586 m³/ha to 614 m³/ha (Table 2). Although the two remaining stands represented an optimum stage with the phases of ageing and regeneration, they showed a different tendency in the development of the growing stock. In the Łopuszna III stand a decrease in the volume from 752 m³/ha to 742 m³/ha was typical for the stage and phase mentioned above. In the Łopuszna II stand the volume increased from 677 m3/ha to 694 m³/ha (Table 2) (cf also Tables 3, 4, 5, and 6). In the investigated forests spruce found the best conditions of growth expressed by the index of stand quality classification (index I-II/III), followed by fir (I/II-III), while beech found the poorest conditions (III) (Table 1). The share of beech rose in the all the sample plots, this concerning both the number of trees and their volume. With respect to voluminal share the Łopuszna I and II stands became beech forests (the share of beech amunting to 82 and 79%) with an admixture of fir (8,1% and 12%) and spruce (10% and 9%) (Table 2). In the Łopuszna II plot a fir-beech-spruce stand developed (Table 2) with the voluminal share of fir and spruce diminishing (Table 2). The Łopuszna I stand developed the distribution of diameters at breast height with a modal value at the beginning of the system and a type I(J) Pearsons's curve (fig. 3, Table 7). In Pearson's aspect the same structure of the distribution of diameters but with two modal values developed in the Łopuszna III plot (fig. 8, Table 7). The natural stand reconstruction occurring in the Łopuszna 11 plot, associated with the intense invasion of beech, was manifested by a characteristic distribution of diameters which was a combination of the normal distribution (an overmature stand of basically one-storied constitution) with an addition of a generation of the invading ingrowth chiefly composed of beech (Table 7, fig. 7) (cf also figs 4, 5, and 6). The greatest differentiation on tree height expressed by the variability coefficients (Table 8) was found in the Łopuszna I stand (0.41) and a slightly smaller ones in the alike stands of Łopuszna II (0-35) and Łopuszna III (0.33) (cf also figs 9-15, Tables 10, 11, and 12). Analysis of deadwood (Table 9) carried out in 1991 showed that in this respect fir dominated in the Łopuszna If plot (69.6% of the total volume of standing deadwood), beech in Łopuszna I (42.6%), and spruce in Łopuszna III (44.8%) (Table 10) (also cf Tables 11 and 12). The estimate of tree quality showed a considerable part of usable assortment corresponding to sawmill timber (categories A + R + C) (Table 13). Trees of these categories constituted 63.2%, 82.6%, and 76. 3% of the total number of trees in the given layer on plots I, II, and III, respectively. Spruce showed the best quality on plots 1 and II and fir on plot 111 (Table 13). In respect of this trait beech was found inferior as compared with the above two species. In the upper layer of the stand the quality of beech trunks (categories A + B) depends upon the density of the forest (number of trees, with the share of beech prevailing) on two sample plots (Table 13). Data concerning the regeneration are given in Tables 14 and 15. A very small share of younger and older fir upgrowth (from the height оf 0.5 m to D В H. of 5.9 em) and a sporadic occurrence of higher upgrowth (d1.3 6.0-7.9 em) in the stand is striking. The results of investigation permitted to formulate the following conclusions: Besides the a stands of the Mount Babia Góra region, the investigated forests are among the Carpathian forests of virgin character where the greatest growing stock is encountered. The optimum conditions of growth of the Carpathian beech community were found in the Gorce rang. Analysis of stand volume, deadwood volume, lying trees, regeneration, and the dynamics of these traits suggest changes occurring in the Species composition, i.e. an increase in the share of beech and the diminishing percentage of fir and spruce. This observation was also made in a different part оf the Carpathians. The losses in fir populations associated with its decline and with the grazing on its new growth and upgrowth may result in the disappearance of this species from the Carpathian lower mountain forest zone. The method used in the work of determining the stand quality classification on the basis of upper height, is an objective measure of the growth potential of the investigated tree species.

12

Budowa i struktura drzewostanów dolnoreglowych o charakterze pierwotnym w Babiogórskim Parku Narodowym

75%

Jaworski A. , Kaczmarski J.

Acta Agraria et Silvestria. Series Silvestris

|

1990

|

tom 29

13

Ocena biomasy i produkcyjności drzewostanów kompleksu leśnego "Ratanica" na Pogórzu Wielickim

75%

Raimer J. , Rutkowska L. , Grabczynski S. , Orzel S. , Rieger R.

Acta Agraria et Silvestria. Series Silvestris

|

1990

|

tom 29

14

Wstepne wyniki stosowania rebni stopniowej gniazdowej udoskonalonej w drzewostanie jodlowym w Swietokrzyskim Parku Narodowym

75%

Kaminski P. , Jaworski A.

Acta Agraria et Silvestria. Series Silvestris

|

2008

|

tom 46

21-39

EN

The improved stepwise Swiss femel cutting system was introduced in the control unit 38, 15.06 ha in area. Measurements were carried out in 1993 and 2003. During the period of 10 years the growing stock of the stand under investigations increased from 298.65 to 361.17 m3/ha, while its volume increment was 10.9 m3/ha/year. It was found that between 1993 and 2003 the proportion of silver fir increased from 59 to 73%, while that of Scots pine decreased from 32 to 19%, and the proportion of other admixture species decreased from 9 to 8%. A high volume increment of the stand reflected the revival of silver fir after the period of increment decline between 1975 and 1990. Results showed a high efficiency of the cutting system introduced. They also suggested its modifications taking into account specific forest conditions in the Świętokrzyskie Mountains, i.e. conducting cuttings in favor of silver fir but at the same time securing a proper proportion of admixture species, stopping removal of Scots pine trees of good quality and high vitality, and removing silver fir trees with stem rot from the upper stand layer.

15

Budowa i struktura drzewostanow z udzialem buka i jawora w kompleksie lesnym Moczarne oraz pod Rabia Skala [Bieszczady]

63%

Jaworski A. , Pach M. , Skrzyszewski J.

Acta Agraria et Silvestria. Series Silvestris

|

1995

|

tom 33

39-73

PL

Na czterech powierzchniach założonych w drzewostanach jaworowo-bukowych i bukowo jaworowych oceniono mi.in zasobność, strukturę rozkładu pierśnic i wysokości, miąższość posuszu, odnowienie oraz stadia i fazy rozwoju. Badania wykazały m.in. zróżnicowanie zasobności od 111do 545 m³/ha, oraz innych podanych wyżej elementów w zależności od położenia n.p.m. W warunkach optymalnych drzewostany te mogą odgrywać ważną rolę gospodarzą a w częściach przygrzbietowych, zwłaszcza w najbliższym sąsiedztwie górnej granicy lasu, zapewniają wypełnienie zadań ochronnych.

EN

Fairly undistorted stands of virgin character in Bieszczady National Park were investigated on 4 sample plots (Tabele 1, figs 1, 2, 3, and 4). The volume of the investigated stands varied from 545 m³/ha-111 m /ha (Table 2). Analysts of the species composition was carried out on the basis of the voluminal share, showing that in the studied conditions a sycamore-beech forest developed on Moczarne II plot and a beech-sycamore stands on the remaining three plots (Table 3). The total number of trees (of the diameter at breast height equal or exceeding 8 em) increases with higher altitudes above sea level (Tables 2 and 3) Beech and sycamore maple found the most favourable conditions of growth in the lowest stand at Moczarne II (index of stand quality classification was III for beech and 1 for sycamore maple) and the least favourable ones in the Rabia Skała II stand lying at the greatest altitude (index of stand quality classification V for beech and III for sycamore maple) (Tables 3 and 4) Both, the maximum and average values of tree thickness decrease with the rising altitude above sea level (Table 5). Differences in diameters at breast height expressed by the variability factor were greater for beech (from 0.49 to 0.84, Table 5) than for sycamore maple (0,16-0,29, Table 5), The distribution of D.B.H. of all the tree species confirms the multigenerational character of the investigated stands (Table 5, figs 5, 6. and 7). The values of variability coefficients of beech height (from 0.55-0.20) show a decreasing tendency with the rising altitudes above sea level (Table 6). In the case of sycamore maple the values of this trait present a different pattern. Its highest value (0.17) was found for sycamore maples growing on the lowest plot (Moczarne II 930 m a s.I.) and the smallest one (0.13) for sycamore maples in Moczarne I stand (1010 m a.s.l.) (cf also figs 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12). The comparison of the share of beeches and sycamore maples (Table 7) shows that the beech dominates in almost all the layers of the forests, particularly in the lower and medium layer and, to a smaller degree, in the highest one, though in the last case in the Rabia Skała II stand the share of sycamore maples (71.1%) considerably exceeds that of beech (18,9%). Data concerning dead and lying trees are given in Tables 8, 9, and 10. In the optimal conditions of growth the sycamore maple yields a greater share of usable assortments than the beech. One may conjecture that in cultivated forests it will be possible to improve trunk quality by applying suitable cultural practices, and to obtain a greater variety of valuable assortments (Table II). In the investigated forest, trees of normal vitality dominated. The most vigorous trees (vitality 10) occurred as single individuals (Table 12). Analysis of the number of seedlings and younger new growth in Moczarne I and II und Rabia Skała stands shows that the sowing of beech and sycamore maple is ensured, though the share of these species vanes to a great degree. Nevertheless, the numbers of older new growth dramatically decreases (Table 13). In the 3 forests mentioned above no sycamore maple up-growth (D.B.IH. 6-7,9 cm) was found (Table 13) while at the same lime it does not occur in degrees 8—15.9 cm (Table 2) or in the lowest stand layers. This observation suggest that the younger generations of this species find difficulties in surviving. One may suppose that the light conditions play a decisive role here. Great densities in the upper layer of trees bring about the shading which is too strong for sycamore maples while for the shade-tolerating beech the amount of light is sufficient. The maintenance of sycamore maple in the investigated stands of virgin character would be only possible if in the stage of destruction considerable self-thinning processes occured. The determination of developmental stages and phases is difficult (Table I) on account of single tree harvesting in the neighbourhood of some study plots (Moczarne 1 and 11). The investigation showed that the role of the stands changed as depending upon the altitude a.s.l. In omptimum habitat conditions stands of rich growing stocks develop with a participation of sycamore and beech which may play productive functions in partial nature reserves, yielding valuable assortments. Forests with a large share of sycamore should be treated as seed-stands. Owing to the characteristic storied constitution and the complex age structure beech-sycamore ridge stands (Rabia Skała II) constitute permanent and stable forest communities, ensuring the fulfilment of protective tasks in the nearest vicinity of the upper forest limit.

16

Budowa, struktura i dynamika drzewostanow naturalnych w rezerwacie Swiety Krzyz [Swietokrzyski Park Narodowy]

63%

Jaworski A. , Podlaski R.

Acta Agraria et Silvestria. Series Silvestris

|

2006

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tom 44

9-38

EN

Stands of the Święty Krzyż nature reserve are described on the basis of studies carried out in 1992 and 2002 as well as historical data concerning species composition in 1925. During the period of 10 years the stand in the study area Święty Krzyż 1 maintained characters of the growing up stage and phase of storied structure. Its volume increased from 502 to 542 m3/ha, and volume increment was 10.6 m3/ha/year. The stand in the study area Święty Krzyż 2 underwent transformation from the break up stage and regeneration phase to the growing up stage and phase of multistorey structure. Its volume increased from 201 to 264 m3/ha, and volume increment was 8.0 m3/ha/year. During the period from 1925 to 2002 the percentage of fir decreased from about 80% to 33% (Święty Krzyż 1) and 45% (Święty Krzyż 2), while this decrease during 1992-2002 amounted to 12.5 and 3.1% respectively. Most likely the process of fir decrease will be continued for next ten or twenty years, but due to a relatively abundant fir underwood, after 20-30 years its percentage in ingrowth will be increasing.

17

Budowa, dynamika, struktura i możliwości produkcyjne borów górnoreglowych na Pilsku

51%

Jaworski A. , Pach M.

Acta Agraria et Silvestria. Series Silvestris

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2010

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tom 48

EN

The purpose of the paper is to report on the structure and the potential production of tree stands in the belt of dense forest in the locality of Pilsko, which were formed as a result of connecting natural processes with various methods of cuttings. In two stands single cutting harvesting was applied, corresponding to single tree selection cutting (Einzelplenterung in German). In the third stand there was cutting in the form of small gaps which corresponds to mountain selection cutting (Gebirgsplenterung in German). In the control period (1998-2008) the stand volume on two plots, Pilsko 1 and Pilsko 3 increased from 448 to 479 m3/ha and from 237 to 298 m3/ha respectively, however, in Pilsko 2 the stand volume decreased slightly from 401 to 397 m3/ha. The increase in the volume of the stand reached from almost 5 m3/ha in Pilsko 2 to approximately 8 m3/ha per year in the other plots. The stability of the stand is ensured mainly by the presence of trees in the thinnest classes in the lower and medium layer of the stand as well as the continuous process of regeneration. In this context the stand in which cuttings were taken in the past, characteristic of mountain selection, exhibited more beneficial features. All the researched stands exhibited great differences in the age of trees which enabled them to be classified as uneven-aged stands. The age at the breast height diameter of the oldest drilled spruce was 344 years and frequently the encountered specimens of this variety are of the age of 223 and 276 years. The uneven-aged structure of the stands, however, does not simultaneously ensure a complex and stable structure. In order to form, or to maintain, stable upper mountain spruces, which are under partial active protection (outside reservations with total protection) mountain selection cutting, or cutting by a method of group selection, should be recommended. These methods of cuttings ensure the variations within the structure of the stands, which minimises the risk of large-area disintegration.