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EN
Introduction: Vaccination is the most effective method of infectious disease prevention. Contemporary technologies have created the possibility of producing vaccines against many diseases. Their use has been facilitated due to the development of combined vaccines aimed at multiple microorganisms. Vaccine regimens differ between countries depending on their epidemiological and population needs. Aim of the study: Assessment of vaccination programme implementation among young patients, including with the use of combined and recommended vaccines in family doctor practices in Białystok, Poland, in 1997–2015. Material and methods: The research material constituted medical records of children aged 0–19 years who were under the care of three family doctor practices in the city of Białystok, Poland. Vaccination cards of 2,804 children born in 1997–2015 have been analysed. Results: Under the official vaccination programme 98.43% of children have been immunised; 42.0% of them received combined pentavalent or hexavalent vaccines (financed by parents) in place of free-of-charge, state-reimbursed vaccines. Recommended vaccines were received by 45.7% of children and adolescents. Recommended vaccinations were rarely used in children aged over 10 years. Among non-mandatory vaccines the most commonly used ones included acellular pertussis component vaccine, which was used to immunise 1,178 (42.0%) children, Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccine (18.1%) and rotavirus vaccine (13.0%). Due to a lack of parental consent or contraindications (temporary or permanent) 81 (2.9%) children have not received a full set of vaccinations. Conclusions: 1) The vaccination rate among children receiving mandatory vaccines is high in family doctor practices. 2) Recommended vaccines are more frequently administered to children up to 3 years of age, less frequently to preschool children and even less frequently to schoolchildren. 3) There is a need for parent education on the available effective methods of protecting children against infectious diseases.
PL
Wstęp: Szczepienia ochronne są najskuteczniejszą metodą zapobiegania chorobom zakaźnym. Współczesne technologie stworzyły możliwość produkcji szczepionek przeciwko wielu chorobom oraz ułatwiły ich zastosowanie dzięki opracowaniu szczepionek skojarzonych przeciwko wielu drobnoustrojom. Schematy szczepień ochronnych w poszczególnych państwach różnią się w zależności od potrzeb epidemiologicznych i populacyjnych. Cel pracy: Ocena realizacji Programu Szczepień Ochronnych wśród populacji wieku rozwojowego z uwzględnieniem wykorzystania szczepionek skojarzonych i zalecanych w praktykach lekarzy rodzinnych w Białymstoku w latach 1997–2015. Materiał i metoda: Materiał badawczy stanowiła dokumentacja medyczna dzieci w wieku 0–19 lat znajdujących się pod opieką trzech praktyk lekarza rodzinnego w obrębie miasta Białegostoku. Dokonano analizy 2804 kart szczepień dzieci urodzonych w latach 1997–2015. Wyniki: W ramach Programu Szczepień Ochronnych zaszczepiono 98,43% dzieci, w tym 42,0% szczepionkami skojarzonymi pięcio- lub sześciowalentnymi (opłacanymi przez rodziców) – w miejsce szczepionek bezpłatnych, refundowanych z budżetu państwa. Szczepionkami zalecanymi zaszczepiono 45,7% dzieci i młodzieży. U dzieci powyżej 10. roku życia szczepienia zalecane były rzadko stosowane. Spośród szczepionek nieobowiązkowych najczęściej stosowane były kolejno: szczepionka zawierająca acelularną komponentę krztuścową, którą zaszczepiono 1178 (42,0%) dzieci, szczepionka przeciwko zakażeniom wywołanym przez Streptococcus pneumoniae (18,1%) oraz szczepionka przeciwko rotawirusom (13,0%). Z powodu braku zgody rodziców lub ze względu na przeciwwskazania (czasowe bądź stałe) pełnego programu szczepień obowiązkowych nie zrealizowano u 81 (2,9%) dzieci. Wnioski: 1) Wyszczepialność dzieci szczepionkami obowiązkowymi w praktykach lekarzy rodzinnych jest wysoka. 2) Szczepienia zalecane są częściej wykonywane wśród dzieci do 3. roku życia, natomiast rzadziej u dzieci w wieku przedszkolnym, a najrzadziej – w wieku szkolnym. 3) Istnieje potrzeba edukacji rodziców na temat dostępnych, skutecznych metod zabezpieczania dzieci przed chorobami zakaźnymi.
PL
Szczepienia ochronne stanowią jeden z elementów walki z chorobami zakaźnymi. Przedstawiamy, jakie wyróżniamy rodzaje szczepionek, oraz jakie podstawy prawne są związane ze szczepieniem pracowników.
EN
Live vaccines prepared from M. intracellulare serotype 5 and 16, BCG and killed vaccine from M. avium, were used for the vaccination against tuberculosis in 2191 chickens, 6-10 weeks old, in a small husbandry. The birds were observed for 15 months after vaccination. None of the vaccines used gave satisfactory protection of the hens against infection with M. avium. The most immunogenic activity was displayed by the vaccine prepared from M. intracellulare serotype 5. The birds immunized with the vaccine were affected with tuberculosis half as often as the control hens.
EN
One thausand and six hundred sixty six embryonated eggs were inoculated with two vaccines, i.e. Iboral I and Bioral H 120. The third group of embryos served as a control. The following factors were taken into consideration: the hatching time, percentage of injured chickens, degree of lesions in vaccinated and dead embryos, time of survivance and level of antibodies in sera at day 2 and 12 after hatching (5 and 15 days after vaccination). Both vaccines caused a slight postvaccinal reaction of the respiratory system and an increase of HI titers at day 15 after vaccination: up to 5.1 (Iboral I) and 4.2 (Bioral H 120) compared with 2.7 in the control. Only after Bioral H 120 an insignificant decrease of the brood (1.2%) and a greater ratio of scrapped chicks were observed in comparison to the control, however, it was still within normal limits. Inoculated and dead embryos were not injured in the both groups. Iboral I caused the insignificant dilatation of the extreme of hatch function and distortion of hatch diagram. The studies showed that the both vaccines were safe for embryos. The proposed analysis of hatch may be considered as a model to assess the safety of vaccines.
EN
Efforts at devising new vaccinations against fish disease involve using antigens which are comprised of compounds contained in the cell membrane of bacteria or extracellular compounds excreted by them. The compounds which are the subject of this type of research are lipopolisaccharides (LPS), polysaccharides (EPS), protein layer A (А-layer), protein regulating the collection of iron substances from the medium, as well as protein ECP extra-cellularly excreted by bacteria. Research is also being conducted into finding an immunogenic compound through using biotechnological methods. One example is obtaining an immunogenic gluco- protein typical for virus 1HN in insect cells, into which the IHNV gene which codes this protein has been previously introduced by use of a vector. As a result of the fact that the most immunologically active atnino- -acid sequence in the IHN glucoprotein virus is 336-444, an attempt has been made to create a vaccination which would contain this sequence. The latter has been synthesised in Escherichia coli plasmodia into which the appropriate gene of the IHN virus has been introduced. Attempts have also been made to inoculate fish with IHN glucoprotein synthesised in-vitro. The article also presents new methods of attenuating bacteria and virus antigens. Attenuation of Aeromonas salmonicida has been achieved through depriving it of protein A and of antigen О in LPS or through removing gene AroA from its genome. Further examples of new methods of attenuation have concerned Renibacterium salmoninarium. Protein p57 has been degraded in the cellular membrane of this bacteria. Attenuation of IHN virus has been achieved by its mutation caused by cultivating it in the presence of neutralising antibodies. The attenuation of herpes virus CCV has also been achieved by depriving it of the tymidine kinase gene. The paper additionally reviews the first research into creating a genetic vaccination for fish.
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