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EN
Community self–reliance, which is guaranteed in article 165 of the Polish Constitution of 2 April 1997, does not preclude judicial review in relation to the resolutions of the municipal council, which is made in relation to the determination of land use and ways of its development in the zoning plan. The possibility of such control gives the complaint, which must be filed under article 110 of the Act of the Local Government of 8 March 1990. This raises the question of whether any property owner may bring an action on a resolution of the municipal council, taken in connection with the fixing of land use. At issue is primarily a possibility effectively to challenge a resolution on the study of conditions and directions of spatial management. Besides, it was necessary to draw attention to the possibility of using an application as a tool for land owners that are not covered by the boundariesdrawnup and enacted local plans. Also pointed to the problem of complaints by the successors of property owners who have acquired ownership of the entry into force of the resolution of the municipal council.
EN
Under the art. 59 p. 1 of the Act on Spatial Management, the change of the development, in the absence of spatial development plan, requires the prior acquisition of the zoning decision. This solution helps to ensure the spatial order, since the condition of receiving the zoning decision is its compliance with the function and development of the area in which the investment is to be realized. The analysis of the legal doctrine and judgments of the administrative courts reveal that the legal character of the zoning decision is still open to discussion. Therefore the aim of the article is to characterize the institution of the zoning decision and find the answer as to its legal character.
EN
The article presents selected issues within the field of space syntax, its theoretical assumptions, and application possibilities, taking into account, especially, works in the field of social and economic geography, and spatial management. The article attempts to present Polish works in the field of space syntax as related to the wider spectrum of its global applications. In Poland, the theory and research tools of space syntax are rarely used. It appears that there are two factors that influence the current marginalisation of space syntax. The first one is the relative complexity of the research procedure, which requires knowledge of specialist computer software. The second arises directly from the fact that, in reality, only occasional use of space syntax tools has been attempted within the Polish arena. This determines the actual lack of a native space syntax community that would support subsequent researchers who are ready to conduct such studies.
7
Content available remote Wskaźniki i kryteria zrównoważonego rozwoju w aspekcie gospodarki przestrzennej
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PL
Praktyczne uwzględnienie wymogów zrównoważonego rozwoju w gospodarce przestrzennej wymaga opracowania wskaźników i indeksów z tego zakresu. W niniejszym opracowaniu autor zaproponował usystematyzowany zestaw odpowiednich wskaźników, wydzielając trzy podstawowe grupy merytoryczne, a mianowicie wskaźniki: użytkowania zasobów, wskaźniki zanieczyszczeń oraz wskaźniki jakości życia. Aplikacyjna część pracy obejmuje ponadto analizę i ocenę zróżnicowania przestrzennego województwa małopolskiego z punktu widzenia wybranych wskaźników zrównoważonego rozwoju. Wydaje się, że praktyczna część niniejszej pracy może być przydatna czynnikom decydującym o rozwoju województwa małopolskiego w podejmowaniu działań zmierzających do likwidacji dysproporcji w zakresie jakości życia, występujących na badanym obszarze.
EN
In order to practically comply with and implement requiremenls of sustainable development in the spatial economy, it is necessary to work out indicators and indices within this special discipline. In this paper, the author recommends a systematic set of such indicators and indices. Three basie groups were identified with regard to the fundamental merits: resource utilization indicators, pollution indicators, and life quality indicators. The applicable section of the paper includes an analysis and assessment of spatial differentiation within the Małopolska Province from the point of view of the selected indicators of sustainable development. The practical part of this paper might appear supportive for decision-making bodies and entities responsible for the development of the Małopolska Province; they could apply it while starting and carrying out activities and actions necessary to eliminate disproportions existing within life quality in this province.
EN
The content of the presented paper consists a short reconstruction of the genesis and beginning of educational process in spatial management at the A. Mickiewicz University in Poznań. It is kind of personal reflection on this initial period, made by a person taking part in this project from the beginning until now. Both reconstruction and reflection have, of course, subjective character and have been made from the perspective of 25 years of asctivity. Particular attention is devoted to the origins of education, the struggle for recognition of spatial management, as a direction of study, the supplementation of the education profile and “values added” carried out activity.
EN
The aim of the article is to present the chronology of activities that led to the emergence of the discipline ‘socio-economic geography and spatial management’ in the new classification of science in Poland which has been in force since 2018. The path of emergence of the discussed discipline is analysed from the standpoint of one of the participants of this process. The article also presents positive and negative consequences of implementing this classification in the context of two different structural models of geography as a science. Among positive consequences one can mention (1) preservation of the name ‘geography’ on the list of scientific disciplines, and (2) a favourable formal and legal ‘empowerment’ of socio-economic geography in the system of the organisation and evaluation of science in Po land. Among the greatest threats one can see (1) a reduction in the importance of socio-economic geography in favour of spatial management, and (2) the organisational disintegration of some geographical communities, institutions and research units. However, there are also attempts at the reintegration of geography around two of its basic segments, i.e. physical geography and human geography. In the author’s opinion, future activities should focus on the means to strengthen realistically (and not only declaratively) the position of the new discipline and its constituent subdisciplines against other scientific disciplines.
EN
Works intended to launch Spatial Management courses in Poland were initiated in the late 1980s and early ‚90s by the Institute of Socio-Economic Geography and Spatial Management of Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań and the Chair of Physical Planning of the Wrocław University of Technology. They ended successfully in 1995 when the Central Council of Higher Education put spatial management on the list of directions of study. This article seeks to present the genesis of and changes in Spatial Management courses conducted at Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań since 1991, i.e. over the last 25 years. It consists of two basic parts. The first presents changes in the education syllabus and in the number of students and graduates. Part two describes novel spatial management specialities offered as part of consolidated master studies as well as 1st and 2nd-order studies at AMU in Poznań. They include: (1) Development and Renewal of Urban and Rural Areas at Collegium Polonicum in Słubice, (2) Regional Development, and (3) Protection of European Cultural Goods.
11
Content available remote System planowania przestrzennego w Polsce
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PL
Planowanie przestrzenne konkretyzuje się na trzech poziomach funkcjonowania państwa: krajowym, regionalnym i lokalnym. Na poziomie krajowym eksponowane są elementy zagospodarowania przestrzennego decydujące o spójności państwa unitarnego i charakterze współpracy międzynarodowej. Poziom regionalny wydobywa swoiste cechy poszczególnych obszarów kraju, wskazuje na zróżnicowane przestrzennie ograniczenia i predestynacje rozwoju. Na poziomie lokalnym tworzone są podstawy merytoryczne i formalnoprawne realizacji przedsięwzięć przewidywanych na wszystkich poziomach planowania przestrzennego. Te trzy poziomy planowania przestrzennego mają w stosunku do siebie charakter komplementarny, tworząc razem układ zhierarchizowany bez wzajemnego, arbitralnego podporządkowania. Podstawowym założeniem systemu planowania przestrzennego jest spójność planów ze strategiami rozwoju traktowanymi jako założenia społeczne i gospodarcze oraz obligatoryjność planowania przestrzennego na każdym poziomie samorządu terytorialnego i administracji rządowej na szczeblu centralnym.
EN
The activity of spatial planning is concretized on three levels of state functionning, i. e. national, regional and local. The elements of spatial managements deciding about the coherence of unitary state and about the character of international cooperation are exposed on the national level. Regional level draws out peculiar features of particular areas of the country, pointing out on spatially differentiated limitations and predispositions to the development. On the local level the substantial and formal-legal bases of undertakings' realization foreseen on all levels of spatial planning are created. These three levels in spatial planning have got a complementary character in relation to one another, creating together the hierarchical scheme without mutual and arbitrary subordination. Foundamental assumption of the spatial planning system is the coherence of plans with development strategies, treated as social and economic assumptions and the obligation of spatial planning to be in duty on every level of territorial self-government and governmental administration on the central level. As basic elements of the system are: concept of national spatial management, plans of spatial management of voivodeships, studies of pre-conditions and directions in spatial management of community and the local plans of spatial management. Spatial planning, spatial management, the local plan of spatial management, study of pre-conditions and directions in spatial management of community, plan of spatial management of voivodeships and concept of national spatial management.
PL
W miarę postępującego rozwoju industrializacji począwszy od lat pięćdziesiątych XX w. do czasów obecnych, pojawiają się nowe zagrożenia zdrowia i życia człowieka. Poczynając od zanieczyszczenia powietrza, poprzez zanieczyszczenie wód, gleb, na emisji hałasu do środowiska kończąc, wszystko to negatywnie wpływa na psychikę i zdrowie człowieka oraz w sposób destrukcyjny działa na jakość otoczenia. W związku z powyższym cały świat humanistyczny i techniczny powinien być włączony do walki z tymi zagrożeniami. Tempo przyrostu hałasu we współczesnym świecie jest duże. Każde dziesięciolecie obecnego wieku zwiększa poziom hałasu o 1 dB w skali światowej (Mazur, 2000) a wg raportów ODCE aż o 2 dB. Coraz powszechniejszy i coraz bardziej uciążliwy staje się hałas lotniczy. Dotyczy on w znacznej mierze krajów biednych i rozwijających się. Hałas bardzo często towarzyszy innym niedogodnościom życia, takim jak brak kanalizacji i ujęć wody, zanieczyszczenie wód i powietrza. Na ich tle hałas schodzi na dalszy plan (Winpenny, 1995). Do tej pory ranga problemu, jakim jest hałas była stosunkowo niska, porównując do innego typu zagrożeń. Jednak problematyka ta staje się coraz częściej przedmiotem badań naukowych i pojawia się w najpoważniejszych opracowaniach związanych z ochroną środowiska.
EN
Along with the rise of number of planes and flights, aircraft noise has become particularly perceptible. The noise is especially oppressive in the vicinity of military airports, where landings and take-offs with the use of afterburner are frequent. Noise has a harmful effect on health and well-being of people living nearby airports. Having that in mind, there must be adopted such a way of managing space, so that detrimental effects of noise emission are reduced. Aircraft noise affects not only areas of airports, but also territories distant from a few to over a dozen kilometres, depending on landing and take-off routes. Those areas become unsuitable for living. It is therefore necessary to protect the affected land and its inhabitants. In relation to the level of noise, limited use areas are established. The creation of limited use areas causes limitations concerning land-use management and sets technical restrictions on buildings. With the aim of proper spatial management, aircraft noise zones are created. It allows to offer solutions concerning functions of certain areas, according to valid regulations, and their further implementation.
EN
This article presents the general characteristics of the Poznań school of socio-economic geography (and spatial management). Scientific school is usually understood as a community of scholars, representatives of a given scientific discipline, associated with a specific university (or universities) functioning in a given city, united by particular approaches to scientific problems and by accepted ideas, views, methods used etc., which has substantial achievements in a given scientific discipline. There is practically no scientific school without a master (or masters) who is an eminent scholar gathering a group of students and associates. The acknowledged output of this scholar – master, especially an innovative approach to solving research problems and also the influence of his/her scientific authority on students and associates, is usually an origin of a new scientific school. Professor Zbyszko Chojnicki, the founder of the Poznań school, was such a master. The article presents the creation of the School and its development, characterises the role of the Master, indicates the research approach and direction of the conducted studies he determined and discusses the scientific output of the Master and the three selected generations of students and, to a lesser extent, the auditing students. Emphasis is put on the achievements in the theory of geography and spatial management, methodology, paying particular attention to quantitative analysis methods and the innovative and original empirical research conducted as well as the significance of this output for Polish socio-economic geography and spatial management. What is also presented is the popularisation activity and the reflections on the future of the School. The article presents the author’s point of view.
EN
The main aim of the article is to describe the activity of members and supporters of Academic Scientific Circle of Spatial Management over the years. It was achieved by presenting the origins of Scientific Circle, people associated with and carried out activities. In author evaluation the role of Scientific Circle is constantly growing. It is a result of focusing on practical project and activities that affect in the urban space. Nowadays, the main aim of scientific circle is to establish the forum of co-operation between Polish circles of spatial management and increase the activity in the sphere of scientific research.
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