Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

MIDDLE CLASS IN THE BALTIC COUNTRIES SINCE 1991

100%

Taljunaite M. , Sviklas E. K.

Sociālo Zinātņu Vēstnesis

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2018

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nr 2

7-27

EN

The article presents the analysis of social identifications of Baltic countries (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) population with middle class position between 1991 and 2012. The forms of social identification in different periods of formation of the Baltic countries are analyzed in the context of the dominant ideologies or theories and national self-identification complexity is investigated. The class structure in all Baltic countries is changing. The analysis of social structure in different countries moves mainly in parallel to each other but the data is not strictly comparable neither by themes, nor by sample for each country. Sociologists are no longer surprised of the efforts of researchers in various countries undergoing rapid transitions or transformations to provide new meanings to the concepts of the middle class taking into account peculiarities and history of their respective countries. This article also aims at analyzing social identity of the people of the Baltic countries at the beginning of their formation and further as well. Different surveys are discussed in this article. Since 1991, until now, after the restoration of the independence of the Baltic countries, a number of sociological studies has been carried out to analyze the emerging post-Soviet social structure of society. In practice, every research carried out differed both in methodological and method’s approaches. The aim of this article is to analyze the existing social stratification in the Baltic countries on the basis of sociological studies of the middle class, emphasizing the middle class as the main guarantor of creating a modern society. The novelty of the article is that it makes an attempt to use the data of different, multidimensional researches to discover commonalities or peculiarities of the middle class formation and self-identification with middle class position in the Baltic countries. The analysis has also shown that the identity of the middle class remains the strongest on all stages of formation of the Baltic countries, while only the content and the understanding of the middle class differ. Dominant tendencies of the middle class formation in the Baltic countries are connected with transformations and changes taking place within working class and intelligence. It has been revealed that the Baltic countries middle class is far from being homogeneous.

2

Wyborcy polskich partii politycznych wobec problemu rozwarstwienia społecznego

100%

Tomczak Ł.

Political Preferences

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2015

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nr 10

23-35

EN

Article refers to the ratio of the party and their constituents facing the problems of social stratification. The analysis underwent voters of elections to the European Parliament and election to the local governments 2014. There were considered five Polish parties: Platforma Obywatelska, Prawoi Sprawiedliwość, Sojusz Lewicy Demokratycznej, Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe, Nowa Prawica of Janusz Korwin-Mikke. The respondents’ preferences were also examined in the relation to the place on the political scene declared by them and defining accordingly as left wing, right wing and centre. It was questioned whether differences in income between rich and poor in Poland are too large and whether the state should seek to reduce income inequalities of citizens. For the voters of most of the parties income differences were too high. The voter majority also believed that the state was to reduce the differences. The majority of opponents of the state involvement was only in the group of voters of Nowa Prawica. The views of voters slightly differed in the context of left and right division.

3

Rodzina – wspólnota konfliktowych interesów

100%

Poleszczuk J.

Pogranicze. Studia Społeczne

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2014

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tom 24

13-27

EN

The article presents four perspectives on the family. In the intergenerational perspective a family is an institution of biological and cultural reproduction. Family in the perspective of the life cycle is a dynamically changing structure of “problems to solve” associated with life cycle: socialization, mating, parenting and post reproductive phase. Each phase substantially changes the structure of interests, available resources and the nature of social relationships. Family in the system of social stratification is associated with the distribution of scarce resources. The family as a system of social interaction is a complex dynamic unit which stabilizes the basic structure of the moral code (attitudes of loyalty and trust).

4

Rostoucí sociální nerovnosti ve volební účasti v Česku v letech 1990–2010

100%

Linek L.

Naše společnost (Our Society)

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2013

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tom 11

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nr 1

3-14

EN

The aim of this paper is to analyze the social and class inequalities in turnout in the Czech Republic between 1990 and 2010. Thus, the study focuses on a description of the evolution of the relationship between turnout and key characteristics of socio-economic status: education, income and social class. This research utilizes a pooled cross-sectional post-election survey dataset from the Czech Republic fielded over two decades; and employs standard statistical methods, i.e. contingency tables and convergence models, to analyze change in turnout among population subgroups. There are signs of a gradual crystallization of both social and class inequalities in electoral participation. Convergence models reveal a linear increase in educational and class inequalities in turnout. In the case of income, however, this study finds evidence of a crystallization of income based inequalities in participation rather than a growth in inequalities per se.

5

Retirees Are Also Stratified: Pre-Retirement Socio-Occupational Status and the Well-Being of Older Adults in Central Europe

100%

Večerník J.

Polish Sociological Review

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2021

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tom 213

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nr 1

27-46

EN

Most stratification research concerns solely the economically active population and omits inactive seniors. Retirees are often treated as a separate and rather homogeneous social category. However, this approach is only partially valid. Retirees can still be differentiated in regard to their objective and subjective well-being, which is linked to their former occupations. Using large EU-SILC datasets for Central European countries, this article focuses on the effect of pre-retirement socio-occupational category on the well-being of retirees. The category is found to be an important explanatory variable after controlling for age, sex, marital status, and other characteristics. However, there are substantial differences among countries. While in Czechia, retirees are most homogeneous in regard to their objective and subjective well-being across socio-occupational categories, the differences are considerably larger in Hungary and Poland, and on a similar level as in our benchmark country, Austria.

6

Barriers of the Selection to Secondary and University-Level Education

100%

Domański H.

Polish Sociological Review

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2006

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tom 156

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nr 4

471-488

EN

This paper analyses educational inequalities in Poland over the last two decades. Using data from national surveys carried out during the period 1982–2002 these results provide insight into the relationship between social origin and transition to secondary schools and university levels. Transition to both secondary school and universities are unquestionably selective by social class. The only question is whether these patterns have changed over the last two decades, when the communist regime collapsed and new inequalities emerged. Previous cross-time analyses for most countries showed a lack of substantial changes in educational inequalities over long periods of time. The main findings of the investigation can be summarised as follows. First, it showed that the effect of the class position of the father significantly increased in the 1990s, and then-until 2002-it declined to the degree of the 1980s, before the communist system collapsed. Second, in accordance with the findings of all previous studies, secondary school transition proved to be more selective as compared to that to the university level.

7

Globalny system akademicki i stratyfikująca rola badań naukowych

100%

Kwiek M.

Człowiek i Społeczeństwo

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2021

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tom 52

71-90

EN

The global stratification of higher education institutions is accompanied by the vertical differentiation of the academic profession. The various segments of the profession and the various components of higher education systems have been drifting apart. A general contrast emerges between the haves and have-nots in terms of working conditions and the attractiveness of the academic profession at the individual level; and the global visibility in league tables and access to national research funding at the institutional level. In massified systems, the traditional teaching-research nexus will be maintained in practice almost exclusively in the small elite sub-sector. The opportunities at the disposal of institutions will vary immensely in the future, but the most important, qualitative distinction will be between the top 1,000 universities and the rest (comprising about 25,000–30,000 institutions).

8

Popielnica – ubranie zmarłego? Stratyfikacja społeczna ludności Wielkopolski w świetle istnienia dwóch odmian urn w okresie wpływów rzymskich

88%

Żychliński D.

Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia

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2016

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tom 21

505-519

PL

The purpose of this article is to explain why the communities of the Przeworsk and Wielbark cultures occupying Wielkopolska in the broadly-defined Roman period used two different types of cremation urns for burying their dead. The paper provides a description of both types of urns. Type I comprises thin walled, carefully made and burnished vase shaped vessels and situlas. Type II groups carefully made vessels with rough or roughened outside surface: pots, vase-shaped vessels and even cups. This paper provides an overview of previous ideas and interpretations of the phenomenon and examines the construction, grave goods and location of selected graves from two cemeteries of the Przeworsk and Wielbark cultures in Wielkopolska: Kuny and Kowalewko. A hypothesis explaining the presence of two urn types at that time in Wielkopolska is then proposed along with some research postulates and questions that will enable and guide further discussion on this intriguing issue.

9

Rola gospodarcza konsumpcji zbytecznej dóbr luksusowych w dobie kryzysu. Sposoby regulacji konsumpcji na pokaz oraz przeciwdziałanie rozwarstwieniu społecznemu

88%

Kiszkiel Ł.

Prakseologia

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2014

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nr 155

203-228

EN

This article is concerned about the phenomenon of luxury good consumption during the global economic crisis, specifically “conspicuous consumption.” Despite that social stratification created the phenomenon of conspicuous consumption, it is still practiced by many social groups, as evidenced by the fact that luxury goods in the Polish market has seen a significant increase in sales. The article will also examine the regulations and laws in Poland that should be taken to minimize conspicuous consumption and protect against the delamination of the structure of earnings in society.

10

Od diferenciace k diverzifikaci: test MMI a EMI v českém středním vzdělávání v první dekádě 21. století

88%

Katrňák T. , Simonová N. , Fónadová L.

Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review

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2013

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tom 49

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nr 4

491-521

EN

The article deals with secondary education in the Czech Republic between 2000 and 2010. The authors analyse the consequences of educational expansion on unequal chances by social origin of attaining a secondary education with a school-leaving certificate (‘maturita’). This certificate is a prerequisite for the transition to tertiary education in the Czech educational system. The article is based on the theories of maximally maintained inequality (MMI) and effectively maintained inequality (EMI). The authors analyse data from PISA 2000 and 2009 (Programme for International Student Assessment) in the Czech Republic. They support the theory of EMI over MMI. Vertical differentiation by social origin decreased between 2000 and 2009. Contrary to the assumptions of MMI, the chances of attaining a school-leaving certificate are increasing for children from the lower social classes, but only in one type of secondary education (in secondary technical schools). This is occurring because there has been an increasing horizontal diversification of schools offering a school-leaving certificate (on the basis of the assumptions of EMI). Socioeconomic variables have a stronger effect on attendance at grammar schools with a school-leaving certificate. The social and economic exclusivity of this branch of secondary education increased between 2000 and 2009.

11

Stratyfikacja społeczna ludności prawobrzeżnego leśnostepowego Podnieprza okresu Scytii klasycznej (2. poł. VI–IV/III w. p.n.e.)

88%

Burghardt M.

Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego

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2017

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tom 38

111-154

XX

The article discusses the issue regarding the reconstruction of social structure of the early Scythian populations from the forest-steppe area of the Dnieper river, in the period between the second half of 6th–4th/3rd century BC, on the basis of funeral materials. As a result of the analysis of the most important elements of burial rites implemented by the discussed population groups, and based on records of ancient authors (The Histories by Herodotus), it has been established that the most valuable sources are the size and complexity of the funerary structure and covering embankment as well as quantitative and qualitative diversity of included inventory. The classification developed on the basis of 198 burials, by means of statistical inference methods, has led to the separation of several classes of graves that can be combined with different social strata. These layers included nomadic higher spheres (leaders of local communities, leaders of “military teams” and tribal aristocracy) and elites of local settled tribes, average members of the population divided into its wealthy representatives and the so-called “simple Scythians” and lower layers of (“the poor”) and people with limited rights (domestic slaves?).

12

The Analysis of Social Stratification in Elizabeth Gaskell’s Mary Barton: A Tale of Manchester Life from a Marxist Perspective

88%

Kaptan G.

Lublin Studies in Modern Languages and Literature

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2017

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tom 41

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nr 1

DE

Der Band enthält die Abstracts ausschließlich in englischer Sprache.

EN

While Industrial Revolution helped England to become a great power in the world, capitalism created a huge gap between the middle classes and working classes. Observing the condition of the society, Marx and Engels created their famous claim of class struggle in The Communist Manifesto. They emphasized the gap between two classes and how to revolt against the capitalist system by the working class. This paper ventures to study the class issue in the Victorian society from the perspective of the Marxist literary theory. It analyses how the capitalist system makes working class people’s life miserable while it enriches the lives of middle class people. In this respect, Elizabeth Gaskell’s novel Mary Barton will be studied together with the links between the novel and The Communist Manifesto.

FR

Le numéro contient uniquement les résumés en anglais.

RU

Том не содержит аннотаций на английском языке.

13

Social stratification and its perception in Austria and its central-east European neighbouring countries from 1960 to 2015 : historical legacies, socialist pasts and recent developments

88%

Hadler M. , Haller M.

Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review

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2019

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tom 55

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nr 6

697-733

EN

This article compares Austria with three of its former state-socialist neighbouring countries: the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary. The authors are guided by the assumption that it is necessary to analyse changes in both the structure and the perception of inequality and that the two are interconnected. They assume that some general differences exist as a result of the legacy of state socialism in the three post-communist countries, but also that significant differences exist between those three countries themselves that stem from their different paths of development in the 19th and early 20th centuries. In the first part of this article, differences in the societal-political aims of a Western country such as Austria and those of state-socialist countries are discussed. The authors argue that the state-socialist countries were able to contain income inequality but were less successful at limiting other aspects of inequality. Austria, on the other hand, was able to avoid the severe income inequalities of the capitalist system by introducing democratic-corporatist institutions and a strong welfare state. In the second part of the article the authors investigate the subjective perception of inequality based on the ISSP inequality surveys. The majority of the population in all four countries think that income differences are too large, but there are significant differences in how people perceive and evaluate the stratification structure: in Austria, individuals rank themselves significantly higher than do people in the other three countries and see their society as dominated by the middle classes. The opposite is true in Hungary, where most people think that they live in a society characterised by a small elite, and they see the mass of the people at the bottom.

14

Social Stratification in Japanese and Some Other Martial Arts: A Comparison and Discussion of Changes

88%

Cynarski W. J.

Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research

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2013

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tom 59

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nr 1

49-59

EN

Using the humanistic theory of martial arts and martial arts sociology, the author attempts to describe and explain the relationship between social stratification and martial arts. He asks whether a person’s position in the martial arts environment is, today, dependent on social background. He asks: Who could practice with weapons, and which weapons, a hundred years ago? Who can study in the ancient fencing schools today? The analysis includes martial arts in ancient Japan, Europe and Brazil as well as today. He finds that positions originally went to those in the privileged classes or social strata. Today, this does not matter. It can be concluded that there is simply a generational transmission of interest within families. Position in the martial arts, as in many other areas, is part of a person’s long-term effort to determine their own position in society, or “position developed independently”. Martial arts are part of the farreaching democratization and leveling of society. Positions inherited from father to son arise only very rarely. This mainly now happens only in the ancient ancestral schools.

15

Setting social status in couples and partners’ budgetary discretion in central European countries

88%

Večerník J. , Mysíková M.

Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review

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2019

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tom 55

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nr 6

791-820

EN

The conventional optics of social stratification research—in which the social position of the family unit is seen as being determined by the status of the male head of the household—have been challenged since the early 1970s. Similarly, economic research which views the household as a single unit has been questioned. Changing family circumstances and the increased share of couples in which the woman has higher earnings, education, and socioeconomic status mean that both these perspectives needs reformulating. The authors illustrate these issues using the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions survey (EU-SILC) for five Central European countries (the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, and Austria) and draw on its 2006–2016 time series to present the characteristics of partners in couples and the relations between them. Female primacy has increased either in earnings, education, or socio-economic category in all countries except Hungary. The authors use the EU-SILC 2010 ‘Module on Intra-household Sharing of Resources’ to test the hypothesis that a direct link exists between partners’ social status split and separate welfare status, where female primacy in relevant characteristics is taken as a proxy for social status split, while separate welfare status is indicated by partners’ budgetary discretion. The hypothesis is confirmed for Austria, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia, but not for Hungary and Poland. Apart from the personal factors of social status split, two family factors are strongly related to the probability of the budgetary discretion of couple partners across all countries: household income and marital status.

16

Omnivorism of Eating and ‘Highbrow–Lowbrow’ Distinction: Cultural Stratification in Poland

88%

Domański H.

Polish Sociological Review

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2017

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tom 199

|

nr 3

299-314

EN

The idea of the cultural omnivore is increasingly popular. Research in this vein argues that upper-middle class individuals prefer an above-average diversity of art, and that this diversity of tastes is the new marker of high status. Using data from the 2013 national survey, the current study replicates studies carried out in Western societies with respect to patterns of eating. By analyzing the preferences of tastes I try to establish, first-whether omnivorism in eating is mostly displayed among representatives of highbrow culture, referred to intelligentsia, second-to what extent it replaces hierarchical distinction between highbrow and lowbrow categories. It confirms that omnivorism in eating in Poland exists and dominates among higher managers and specialists-they overrun owners, middle lower classes, working class and farmers. Furthermore, although the cultural omnivorism is a new taste pattern, it correlates strongly with the cultural division in highbrow and lowbrow categories.

17

Use of granulands for analysis of social class

88%

CANAL L. , OSTASIEWICZ W.

Operations Research and Decisions

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2010

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tom 20

|

nr 1

25-40

EN

In this paper, an analytical tool enabling the analysis of social stratification is proposed. The classical scheme for scaling consisting of two stages, conceptualisation and operationalization, is modified by the use of the concept of granulation introduced by L. Zadeh. The essential step in the modified scheme for the quantification of vague concepts concerning social class is realized using linguistic variables. The essential part of the methodology presented is illustrated by a simple hypothetical example. However, the methodology is suitable for any classification problem when classes are defined verbally.

18

Social Stratification in Japanese and Some Other Martial Arts: A Comparison and Discussion of Changes

88%

Cynarski W. J.

|

tom 59

|

nr 1

49-59

EN

Using the humanistic theory of martial arts and martial arts sociology, the author attempts to describe and explain the relationship between social stratification and martial arts. He asks whether a person’s position in the martial arts environment is, today, dependent on social background. He asks: Who could practice with weapons, and which weapons, a hundred years ago? Who can study in the ancient fencing schools today? The analysis includes martial arts in ancient Japan, Europe and Brazil as well as today. He finds that positions originally went to those in the privileged classes or social strata. Today, this does not matter. It can be concluded that there is simply a generational transmission of interest within families. Position in the martial arts, as in many other areas, is part of a person’s long-term effort to determine their own position in society, or “position developed independently”. Martial arts are part of the farreaching democratization and leveling of society. Positions inherited from father to son arise only very rarely. This mainly now happens only in the ancient ancestral schools.

19

Wpływ wykształcenia na rozkład zarobków w Polsce w latach 1988–2013

75%

Domański H.

Ekonomista

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2018

|

nr 1

7-24

PL

Zależność między poziomem wykształcenia i wysokością zarobków jest ważną cechą stratyfikacji społecznej. Opierając się na danych z ankietowych badań rynku pracy, autor analizuje ewolucję tej zależności w Polsce w okresie 1988–2013 dla różnych kategorii pracowniczych i różnych poziomów wykształcenia (z uwzględnieniem pewnych dodatkowych zmiennych kontrolnych). Wyniki analizy pokazują, że pomimo pewnych fluktuacji zależność między poziomem wykształcenia a zarobkami jest nadal dość silna, a premia płacowa z tytułu wykształcenia pozostaje znaczna. Oznacza to, że rozkład dochodów i stratyfikacja społeczna rozwijają się zgodnie z zasadami funkcjonowania gospodarki rynkowej.

EN

The dependence between education and earnings is an important characteristic of social stratification. Using survey data on labour market the author analyses the evolution of this dependence in Poland in the period of 1988–2013 for different employment categories and various education levels (with some other control variables). The results indicate that, despite some fluctuation, the dependence between education levels and earnings is still quite strong and the wage premium for education remains considerable. This suggests that income distribution and social stratification tend to develop according to the functioning principles of a market economy.

RU

Зависимость между уровнем образования и размером заработной платы является важной чертой социальной стратификации. Опираясь на данные анкетных исследований рынка труда, автор анализирует эволюцию этой зависимости в Польше за период 1988–3013 гг. для разных категорий работников и разных уровней образования (с учетом некоторых дополнительных контрольных переменных). Результаты анализа показывают, что, несмотря на некоторые колебания, зависимость между уровнем образования и заработной платой все еще довольно сильна, а премия в виде более высокой зарплаты благодаря образованию остается значительной. Это означает, что расклад доходов и социальная стратификация развиваются согласно принципам функционирования рыночной экономики.

20

Regional diversity in the socio-economic situation of Poland’s rural population in the period 1967-2001, assessed by anthropological methods

75%

Łaska-Mierzejewska T. , Olszewska E.

Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development

|

2013

|

tom 17

|

nr 3

26-32

EN

The analysis covered girls, aged 9-18, from farmer, farmer-worker and non-farmer rural families inhabiting 4 regions of Poland. Additionally, parents’ education, number of children per family and the wealth of the family were recorded. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of social stratification of the rural population, the economic crisis (1978-1989) and political and economic transition (1989) on the girls’ biological maturation. Age at menarche and body height were used as biological measures of living conditions. In the period 1967-1977 a marked acceleration in maturation and a significant increase in average body height were noted. The study repeated in 1987 demonstrated negative effects of the economic crisis (1977-1989). Research findings from 2001, after the political system transformation, provide evidence ‘compensating for losses’ recorded in girls’ biological condition during the crisis. The diversity of biogeographic and socioeconomic conditions of rural inhabitants in the studied regions is reflected in a marked diversification in age of menarche and body height.