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EN
Geographical analysis of river channel processes in rivers located along the meridional transect, running from the Arctic Ocean coast to Tibet and the East China Sea, confirmed that fluvial processes dominate in the formation of morphology and dynamics of river channels and floodplains in all natural zones and under different conditions of channel deformation development. However, even a small disturbance in “climate” conditions by other exogenous geomorphological processes changes the morphology and dynamics of channels and floodplains as well as the dynamics of fluvial processes. The effect of zonal factors depends on the size of a given river and is more pronounced in medium and small rivers than the large ones. Furthermore, the effect of zonal factors on the processes of river channels and floodplains depends on specific environmental conditions of the climate zones: the more extreme the manifestation of certain climatic phenomena, the more pronounced they are in the morphology and dynamics of river channels and floodplains.
EN
The paper outlines changes in the channel morphology of the Ropa riverbed over the last six years, taking into account the role of large floods and the Klimkówka water reservoir in shaping the morphology of the riverbed. The analysis was based on annual geodetic measurements of the Ropa riverbed conducted between 2009–2014. The research was carried out in four cross profiles of the riverbed located upstream (1 profile) and downstream (3 profiles) of the reservoir. In order to recognise the direction and scale of morphology changes of the riverbed, additional analyses of water levels in the Ropa River was performed in the analysed multiannual period. The conducted analysis led to the conclusion that floods with extremely large discharges are the key factor causing the deepening of the riverbed downstream from the reservoir. It can be up to about 70 cm deep during a single event. The reservoir is just one additional factor of many which shape the direction and scale of changes to the riverbed. A significant role in modifying the riverbed morphology upstream from the reservoir is played by river control works, which diminish the effects of sediment accumulation occurring on this section.
PL
Zmiany morfologiczne zachodzące w korytach rzek są dynamiczne i wymagają monitorowania. Skutecznym sposobem śledzenia dynamiki zmian są analizy obrazów satelitarnych, które pozwalają na określenie geometrii form korytowych i tempa ich deformacji. W pracy omówiono źródła danych satelitarnych, w tym także tworzony przez IMGW-PIB portal „Sat4Envi". Przedstawione zostały parametry techniczne misji satelitarnej Sentinel-2 (rozdzielczość radiometryczna, spektralna, przestrzenna i czasowa), a także możliwości zastosowania zdjęć optycznych. Jako przykład w badaniach form korytowych pokazano wskaźniki teledetekcyjne NDWI, MNDWI, AWEInsh, AWEIsh, LSWI, MLSWI, SWM, obliczone na podstawie obrazu Sentinel-2 zarejestrowanego w dniu 5/09/19. Celem analizy jest wyróżnienie form korytowych w wybranym odcinku koryta dolnej Wisły (km 816-828) w warunkach niskiego przepływu oraz analiza przemieszczenia form korytowych w ciągu roku. Wyniki pokazują przydatność danych satelitarnych do badania form korytowych dużych rzek.
EN
Morphological changes occurring in riverbeds are dynamic and need to be monitored. An effective method of following the dynamics of such changes are satellite image analyses, which allow for determination of the riverbed forms geometry and their deformation rate. The article discusses the sources of satellite data, including the Sat4Envi portal created by the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management - National Research Institute. It presents technical parameters of the Sentinel-2 satellite mission (radiometric, spectral, spatial and temporal resolution), as well as the possibility to use optical photographs. As an example of data used in research on riverbed forms, the authors discuss the NDWI, MNDWI, AWEInsh, AWEIsh, LSWI, MLSWI and SWM remote sensing indexes, calculated based on the Sentinel-2 image recorded on 05/09/2019. The aim of the analysis is identification of riverbed forms in the selected section of the lower Vistula River (km 816-828) in low flow conditions and an analysis of riverbed forms movement throughout the year. The results show the useful char- acter of satellite data in research on large riverbed forms.
EN
The river bed stability analysis at the Wkra estuary reach is presented in this paper. When a flood appears, channel and river bed erosion can reach a significant size. During such a situation, flow and water velocity exceed critical values for particular bed sediment grain sizes. This causes the breakage of bed armouring, and then bed mass motion begins. For the estimation of the sandy Wkra River bed the criteria of average velocity and bed armouring were applied with the use of ARMOUR software. The two Wkra River cross-sections at km 1+000 and km 3+200 distance were analysed. The calculation of the characteristics of bed sediment velocities was performed on the basis of, among other factors, probable river flow data, longitudinal slope, and grain size distribution of the bed. The results of the calculations were compared with average velocities in the analysed cross-sections. The results indicate the there is a threat to the stability of the Wkra River bed, especially during long-lasting high water stages. The prognosis of river bed stability loss performed by use of ARMOUR software shows that the bed armour breakage will take place in both considered cross-sections at relatively low water stages (about 40 cm), and mass motion of bed sediments in cross-section P-2 will occur at a flow of slightly lower than Q50% ,and in cross-section P-1 at flows greater then Q0,3%.
EN
Variability of morphological conditions of the Vistula river channel in the section Czerwińsk-Kępa Polska. The paper presents an assessment of morphological changes that occurred in the Vistula river channel in selected section of about 33 km long, located in the middle of the Vistula river course between Czerwińsk and Kępa Polska (km 576–609). Based on the analysis of archival material from 1972–2009, a characteristics of river channel changes, taking primarily into account the horizontal layout (shape in the plan), was obtained. An attempt was made to estimate the trends and rate of transformation of the following parameters in the river channel: width, length, and position of the riverbanks, abundance and size of islands and fluvial deposits, as well as their percentage in the total area of the main river channel and the floodplain area between levees.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono ocenę zmian morfologicznych, jakie wystąpiły w korycie rzeki Wisły na wybranym odcinku o długości około 33 km, położonym w środkowym biegu Wisły między Czerwińskiem a Kępą Polską (km 576 – 609). Na podstawie analizy materiałów archiwalnych z lat 1972 – 2009 uzyskano charakterystykę zmian koryta, biorąc pod uwagę przede wszystkim układ poziomy (ukształtowanie w planie). Podjęto próbę oszacowania tendencji i prędkości przekształceń w korycie następujących parametrów: szerokość koryta, długość i położenie linii brzegowej, liczebność i powierzchnia kęp i odsypisk, a także ich procentowy udział w całkowitej powierzchni koryta głównego i obszaru międzywala.
EN
The study was carried out in the main branches of the Lower Oder River, differentiated in terms of sediments composition. The aim was performing a comparative studies on the differences in Ostracoda fauna inhabiting various types of sediments. Following bottom sediments were distinguished: hard, sapropel/hard, sapropel and Chironomidae mat. The packet of CANOCO v.4.5 programs was used to investigate the interdependence between the species composition and environmental parameters. Eighteen taxa were found of which 16 were identified to the species level. It was a comparatively high number considering the fact that the samples were collected exclusively from the benthic zone and solely from the main river bed, without floodplain. Physocypria kraepelini was an eudominant and Darwinula stevensoni and Cypria ophtalmica were dominants. The samples collected from the sapropel were characterised by the highest density. The case of hard sediments the status of domination was retained as above, but there appeared a new dominant, i.e. Potamocypris unicaudata . The most unique structure of domination was observed in the case of Chironomidae mat, with Limnocythere inopinata as an eudominant and Cypridopsis vidua and P. unicaudata as dominants. As for the species diversity, the hard sediments were characterised by the highest value of Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index, the sapropel/hard sediment was the lowest. The type of river bottom to a great extent affects the density and taxonomic composition of the Ostracoda in rivers. The waters of the Oder River, rich in oxygen, provide favourable conditions for the development of ostracods even on the surface of sapropel sediment.
EN
Our study is aimed at determining the hydrodynamic changes of mountain stream channels caused by degradation that was initiated by uncontrolled mining of bed material. The study was conducted on Mszanka and Targaniczanka streams in which the collected data included: longitudinal profiles, cross-sections of the channels, the geometry of bed forms and analysis of particle composition of the bed material. The results show that hydrodynamic parameters have changed downstream from the studied sectors and along the cross-sections. Bed degradation also was linked to bank erosion, which intensified morphological changes of channels effecting the spatial distribution of flow velocity, shear stresses and stream power. The investigation also demonstrated that the bedload movement was in accordance with channel changes and more sediments were deposited than transported along the studied area. Finally, local aggradation and unstable channel capacity were observed.
EN
The aim of the research was to compare morphodynamics of the Odra river channel in three different sectors and to fi nd the main difference in the way of sediment transport before and after regulation in meandering, straight and sinuous channel sectors and compare the data with those calculated for reconstructed, natural channel of the Odra river. Sediment transport in discussed sectors was compared for average, bankfull and fl ood discharges and it proceeds in different ways. Morphodynamics of the preregulated Odra was most similar to the one currently observed in the meandering section. Also the dynamics of bed-material transport and, consequently, the possibility of the occurrence and disappearance of channel forms is greatly varied among the studied sectors. As it was assumed, a diversifi ed channel geometry imposes water fl ow, which entails a series of processes shaping the channel dynamics.
PL
Celem badań jest porównanie morfodynamiki koryta Odry w trzech różnych odcinkach w celu wychwycenia różnic w sposobie transportu materiału przed regulacją i po regulacji koryta w odcinkach meandrującym, prostym i krętym oraz porównanie uzyskanych danych z danymi otrzymanymi dla koryta przedregulacyjnego. Transport materiału w omawianych odcinkach był porównywany dla przepływów średnich, pełnokorytowych i powodziowych. Morfodynamika przedregulacyjnego koryta Odry była najbardziej podobna do obecnie obserwowanej w korycie meandrowym. Dynamika transportu materiału dennego, a w konsekwencji powstawanie i rozmywanie form korytowych jest zróżnicowane w badanych odcinkach. Zgodnie z założeniami wykazano, że zmodyfi kowana geometria koryta Odry różnicuje przepływ wody, co z kolei pociąga za sobą różnice we współczesnych procesach kształtowania koryta.
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