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PL
Bezpieczeństwo manewrów wyprzedzania statków morskich jest istotnym elementem podczas realizacji nawigacji na akwenach ograniczonych. Specyfika akwenu ograniczonego redukuje dostępną przestrzeń manewrową. Jednym z elementów decydujących o bezkolizyjnym wykonaniu manewru wyprzedzania jest prawidłowa ocena odległości bocznej pomiędzy statkami w trakcie jego wykonywania. W artykule przedstawiono przyczyny kolizji statków podczas wyprzedzania na akwenach ograniczonych.
EN
Safety of overtaking manoeuvers is an essential point of navigation carried out in restricted areas. The specificity of such areas causes reduce of manoeuvering available space. One of the elements determining no collision overtaking manoeuvre is the correct evaluation of the lateral distance between two ships during the action. The paper presentss the causes of vessel collision during overtaking in restricted areas.
EN
Ship domain is one of navigational safety assessment criteria. Its shape and size depend on many factors, including visibility. This article examines the influence of visibility on the shape and dimensions of ship domain in restricted waters. The research was conducted using a simulator of the ECDIS system with the participation of experts’ navigators. The domains of ships in good and restricted visibility have been compared.
PL
Domena statku jest jednym z nawigacyjnych kryteriów oceny bezpieczeństwa. Jej kształt i rozmiar zależą od wielu czynników, włączając widzialność. W artykule zreferowano badania nad wpływem widzialności na kształt i rozmiary domeny statku na wodach ograniczonych. Badania były prowadzone z użyciem symulatora systemu ECDIS z udziałem nawigatorów ekspertów. Przedstawiono porównanie domen statków w warunkach dobrej i ograniczonej widzialności.
EN
The main task of each navigator is to conduct safely the ship from the point of departure to destination. Although there are many different solutions of this problem, it's still necessary to carry out further research. This is dictated by the specific requirements that are specified, for example by the dynamics of the ship's own or reservoir characteristics. This article presents a short review of different methods such Dijkstra, Bellman-Ford, Floyd or A* algorithms applied to navigation problems. Besides some alternative methods based on artificial intelligence are mentioned. At the end a comparison of these solutions showed the advantages and disadvantages of each approach.
EN
This article focuses on the problem of determining a safe trajectory of a ship proceeding in a restricted area. An algorithm of trajectory choice has been developed, taking into account the parameters of the area, own ship, target ship and other vessels sailing in vicinity. The ship domain has been adopted as a safety criterion. The research results for selected test trials are presented and analyzed. The applicability of the proposed method of trajectory choice in real conditions is considered.
EN
The present article concerns a problem of vessel speed modeling in restricted areas, where vessel traffic flow is disturbed. In analysis of vessel speed on the Świnoujście–Szczecin fairway, division into the particular ship types has been made. Probability distributions describing speed of different ship groups have been analysed. Using the chi-square goodness-of-fit test it has been showed that the best distribution describing vessel speed of the most ship groups, is the Gumbel distribution.
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Content available The safe ships trajectory in a restricted area
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EN
This paper presents the problem of determining a safe ship trajectory in a restricted area. The route choice task is defined as a dynamic optimization problem. The route choice algorithm and criteria are presented and discussed. The ship fuzzy domains are used as a safety criterion. The criterion of the number of manoeuvres to be performed by the own ship is added to the algorithm. The ship encounters simulated situations. Calculated safe ship trajectories were presented and discussed. Discusses the implementation of the present process, in real terms.
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EN
The shortest path problem is one of the most significant ones in the field of maritime navigation. One of the most efficient algorithms was proposed by E. Dijkstra in 1959. Taking into account the development of computer technology was offered another interesting approach to the issue. The main idea is to execute the shortest path algorithm simultaneously forward from the source and backward from the target. The results are presented and discussed.
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Content available remote Navigation Safety Assessment in the Restricted Area with the Use of ECDIS
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EN
This paper presents an analysis of vessel safety parameters used in the ECDIS system while navigating in restricted areas. Apart from defining their priorities, a group of parameters indispensable for the safe navigation in restricted waters is identified. The function of ship domain is proposed on the basis of safety parameters defined in the ECDIS system. This function may be utilized in the navigation decision support system that uses ECDIS data and included as a new function in the ECDIS system.
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EN
In the era of emerging technologies in the transport decided to create three-dimensional visuali-zation system which virtualizes real navigation situation of the ship in a restricted area. The system in its des-tiny is a part of a large branch of the eNavigation and is intended as a tool to assist decision navigator on the ship’s bridge, particularly in the berthing maneuvers. The article presents the technical assumptions for the system. Presents its destination, innovative solutions including the ability to multi-territorial virtualization and preview the actual position of the individual.
PL
Bezpieczeństwo manewrów wyprzedzania statków jest istotnym elementem podczas realizacji nawigacji na akwenach ograniczonych. Trudność wykonania prawidłowego manewru jest uwarunkowana licznymi czynnikami redukującymi dostępny akwen manewrowy oraz rodzajem podjętego manewru. W artykule przedstawiono przyczyny kolizji statków podczas wyprzedzania na akwenach ograniczonych. Przedstawiono prawdopodobieństwo wyprzedzenia innego statku w zależności od szerokości toru wodnego i rodzaju podjętego manewru.
EN
Safety of overtaking manoeuvers in restricted areas is essential point of navigation, when carried out in such areas. Officers have difficulty with correct manoeuvre, it depends on numerous factors that cause reduce of accessible maneuvering space. In the paper causes of collision in restricted areas were presented. The paper contains the probability of collision during overtaking.
EN
In this paper, two different shortest path routing algorithms in respect of basic navigation problems are discussed. First of them is a “state of art” in computer science – well known Dijkstra algorithm. The second one is a method based on artificial intelligence – simplified ant colony optimization proposed originally by Marco Dorigo. Author used both ways to find an optimal / suboptimal route for a ship in a restricted area. Results showed the advantages and disadvantages of both algorithms in simple static navigation situations.
PL
W artykule omówiono dwa różne algorytmy poszukiwania najkrótszej drogi w odniesieniu do zagadnień nawigacji. Pierwszym z nich jest algorytm Dijkstry, stanowiący podstawę rozwiązywania tego typu problemów. Drugi to metoda bazująca na sztucznej inteligencji – uproszczony algorytm mrówkowy, zaproponowany przez Marco Dorigo. Autor używał obu sposobów w celu uzyskania optymalnej, bądź suboptymalnej trasy dla statku na akwenie ograniczonym. Rezultaty badań pokazały korzyści i wady ze stosowania obu rozwiązań w prostych sytuacjach nawigacyjnych.
13
Content available remote Problemy przepustowości torów wodnych
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PL
Przedstawiono przykład zastosowania metody analizy deterministycznej i symulacji komputerowej w badaniach zjawisk ruchu strumieni jednostek na podejściu i torze wodnym. Model symulacyjny uwzględnia losowość zgłoszeń statków w rejonie podejścia do toru wodnego. Badania przeprowadzono dla różnych struktur i natężenia procesu ruchu strumienia jednostek podchodzących do badanego odcinka toru. Wykazano przydatność metody symulacji komputerowej do identyfikacji zjawisk i oceny parametrów procesu ruchu.
EN
This article presents an application of the deterministic analysis method and computer simulation for the research into the vessel traffic flows at an approach channel and a fairway. The simulation model used takes into consideration the random character of vessel reports at the fairway approach area. The research included various structures and intensities of traffic flows concerning vessels approaching the examined fairway section. It has been shown that the presented computer simulation method is useful in the identification and assessment of vessel traffic parameters.
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Content available remote Miary oceny przepustowości toru wodnego
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PL
W artykule przedstawiono podstawowe miary określające przepustowość toru wodnego. Podstawy teoretyczne poparto egzemplifikacją w zakresie realnych wartości wielkości identyfikujących proces ruchu jednostek pływających. Wykazano użyteczność metody symulacyjnej do wyznaczania charakterystyk systemu IRM w zakresie przepustowości. Wyciągnięto istotne wnioski praktyczne.
EN
This article presents basic measures determining fairway traffic capacity. The theoretical foundation has been supported with examples of real values of quantities identifying the process of vessel traffic. It has been shown that the method is useful in determining capacity characteristics of a marine traffic engineering system. Important practical conclusions are drawn.
15
Content available Declarative ship domains in restricted areas
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EN
This paper presents the research results on declarative ship domains in restricted areas. The research was conducted for vessels of different sizes and speed relations. In order to determine the declarative ship domain, data were collected in the form of questionnaires. The influence of ship length and speed on the size and shape of its domain were analyzed. The detailed processes of data development and further approximation are shown. Declarative domains for ships of different sizes and speed relations are compared. As a result of the research, a mathematical model of a declarative ship domain showing the elliptical shape of the domain is presented. The intermediate and summary research results are presented and conclusions drawn.
EN
This paper presents one of the approaches to solve the collision problem in restricted area for two moving objects using artificial intelligence (SACO algorithm). Although AI should be used only when the classic methods fail, a simple comparison between them is very interesting. As we know the main task of navigation is to conduct safely an object from the point of departure to destination. This problem does not seem easy, especially if we consider the movement in restricted areas such narrow passages, ports etc.
EN
The aim of the following article is to analyse the lying of a vessel at anchor in extreme hydrometeorological conditions. As an example it describes the situation of the Panamax type bulk carrier anchoring in Prince Rupert harbour restricted area. The investigation takes into consideration the impact of strong wind on the safety of anchoring in sheltered waters. The presented calculations concern problems of slewing which result in changes of heading. The analysis also includes a description of the wind and current forces. The final part focuses on conclusions whose aim is to improve anchoring safety standards in areas managed by harbour authorities.
PL
Proces manewrowania statkiem na akwenach ograniczonych wymaga od załogi statku skorzystania z usług eksperta, jakim jest pilot (ekspert znający parametry hydrometeorologiczne i batymetryczne danego akwenu manewrowego). Aby zminimalizować wpływ wskazań urządzeń statkowych na decyzje pilota, proponuje się wprowadzenie systemu pilotowego (PNS). Jednym z elementów takiego systemu jest kompas elektroniczny. W artykule określono wymagania stawiane kompasowi elektronicznemu w PNS oraz zaprezentowano wybrane technologie budowy kompasów elektronicznych. Przedstawiono również wyniki oceny dokładności kompasu elektronicznego wykonanego w technologii AMR (anizotropowa magnetorezystancja).
EN
Vessel maneuvering in restricted areas requires expert knowledge (usually that of a pilot who is a specialist in a given area). To minimize the influence of shipboard equipment on pilot decisions, it is proposed to create a pilot navigational system (PNS). One of the PNS components is an electronic compass. The article looks into selected compass technologies. The accuracy of AMR (anisotropy magnetoresistive technology) electronic compass has been assessed.
EN
In this paper an algorithm of finding the optimal path of an object in restricted area, focusing on the position prediction, is presented. Moving in the restricted area requires not only the knowledge of this area, but also the current and future position of other objects present in it. These informations let to minimalize the possible collision risk. It’s significant not only due to the safety, but also to the economic factors. This approach is the further development of the investigations in the area of finding the optimal path in restricted area, carried out at the Maritime University of Szczecin. The authors propose the algorithm for the use in the decision support systems in maritime navigation, but it could be also applied in the other areas of transport.
PL
Parametry statku są istotnym czynnikiem uwzględnianym w ocenie sytuacji nawigacyjnej na akwenie ograniczonym w aspekcie bezpieczeństwa nawigacji. Jednym z kryteriów oceny jest rozmyta domena statku. Podstawą do jej wyznaczenia jest pozyskanie i reprezentacja wiedzy nawigatorów z wykorzystaniem metod i narzędzi sztucznej inteligencji. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań i wstępną analizę wpływu wielkości statku na kształt i rozmiar domeny rozmytej.
EN
Ship's parameters are an essential factor taken into consideration when ship's safety is assessed in a navigational situation in a restricted area. The ship's fuzzy domain is one of the assessment criteria. Its determination is based on the representation of previously acquired navigators' knowledge combined with methods and tools of artificial intelligence. This article presents research results and a preliminary analysis of how a ship's size affects the shape and size of its fuzzy domain.
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