Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

XVI-wieczny dyskurs polemiczny w świetle pism Grzegorza Pawła z Brzezin

100%

Hawrysz M.

Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Językoznawcza

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2018

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tom 25

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nr 1

45-58

EN

The subject of the analysis in the article are two editions of Grzegorz Pawełs of Brzeziny’s works treated as an update of the 16th-century polemical discourse. The purpose of the sketch is a preliminary description of this discourse, taking into account its parameters such as the institutional framework, cultural and social conditions, speakers and their interrelationships, the subject of speech, knowledge, basic concepts, ideas and values contained in the discourse.

2

Julia Hartwig słucha dzieł luterańskich kompozytorów. O wierszach: Kantata Schütza i Kantata Bacha

100%

Wiśniewski J.

Zagadnienia Rodzajów Literackich

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2017

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tom 60

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nr 4 (124)

97-109

PL

The poems by Julia Hartwig, Schütz’s Cantata from the volume Obcowanie (1987) and Bach’s Cantata from Czułość (1992), constitute a poetic record of the reception of ancient musical works (which are gaining more and more popularity in modern times). The poet is interested in cantatas by Schütz i Bach — religious works of art of two baroque composers from 17th and 18th century, whose artistic activity was strictly connected with Lutheran spirituality and liturgy. For the poet these cantatas are not only the source of aesthetic experience. Its reception (most probably from the radio, recordings or concerts) becomes a great inspiration for existential and religious reflections. It also makes the poet recognise their uniqueness: as being examples of theocentric art and deep religiousness of their composers, these cantatas reveal the ability to harmonise the human psyche, and consequently they seem to be a perfect art form.

3

Konfesia ako motivácia migrácie: (vnútro)uhorská migrácia protestantov medzi prinútením a pozvaním

100%

Kowalská E.

Acta historica Neosoliensia Vedecký časopis pre historické vedy

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2015

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tom 18

64-82

EN

Confessional motivation of migration in the Early Modern times Kingdom of Hungary is in no way an unusual phenomenon that would deviate from the wide range of causes and connections of changes of demographic and population development. Apart from acute military danger, the possibilities of religion performing have limited its continuance or movement into new settlement in all documented cases since the very beginning of bigger movement of population within Europe. The confessional factor was not the only motive that could stimulate movement of population in space (mainly moving because of better sustenance was important), however, speaking about interpretation of migration waves, it is impossible to avoid considering the meaning of conditions for religion performing. It is interesting that in the case of the Kingdom of Hungary of the 16th – 18th centuries, the migration was oriented in spheres that have exhibited radically different religious tradition or structure: concurrently, a confrontation with foreign – non‐Christian religion (Islam) could happen, it could also be a process of colonization of desolate areas and building of religious infrastructure on „green meadow“ or integration of coming group into the environment with more church societies that work together or vice versa – they are competitive. As an immediate impulse could work phenomena such as forced leaving from home, banishing or more precisely expulsion, escape from religious persecution or voluntary movement into areas where the impact of any restriction actions, whether from the side of nobility or own denomination, was not expected. If the confessional motive was significant factor in deciding on the side of persons interested in migration, maintaining conditions for promised way of religion performance stayed in hands of landlords who organised colonization of areas. Before the stabilization of local government promised conditions were kept without any problems. However, after 1731 Recatholisation trend has spread. It corresponded to the principle of restriction of non‐Catholic religions performances and observance of generally laws in force and orders in those areas (regions) that were initially (by the laws passed in 1681 at a diet in Sopron) out of their reach. This trend was also commensurate with the way how organisational structures of state power and noble self–government were consolidated in freed areas: their crowding and intensification has brought the restriction of original privileges, unification of government, management and control.

4

Recepcia Erazma Rotterdamského a uhorských erazmovcov vo Vedomostiach Mateja Bela

100%

Nagy I.

Acta historica Neosoliensia Vedecký časopis pre historické vedy

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2015

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tom 18

340-358

EN

The work Notitia Hungariae novae by Matej Bel (Bél Mátyás) is based on rich historical source material depicting the character of life in described historic times. For the purpose of emphasizing concrete era or historic figure, it often publishes historic source in its all extent (in extenso). Letters from correspondence of the great figure of Transalpine humanism Erasmus of Rotterdam also belong to such type of source. Matej Bel (Bél Mátyás) used them in the case of three persons whose life destiny is related to history of Hungary. These persons are Esztergom archbishop Mikuláš Oláh (Oláh Miklós), Wroclaw bishop Ján Turzo (Thurzó János) and Olomouc bishop Stanislav Turzo (Thurzó Szaniszló). At this time, all of them are marked as Erasmists, i.e. the most important Central European representants and propagators of humanist ideas of Erasmus of Rotterdam. Matej Bel (Bél Mátyás) wanted to illustrate the meaning of these historic figures through the content of their letters that they exchanged with Erasmus as the most significant humanist scholar. It follows persisting response and reception of Erasmus of Rotterdam in Hungary even at the beginning of the 18th century. Slovak commented edition of letters from the correspondence of Erasmus of Rotterdam with Turzo (Thurzó) family that Matej Bel (Bél Mátyás) used in his work is presented in a supplement.

5

Impact of indirect user participation on public transport financing

100%

Poliak M. , Tomicová J. , Reuter N.

Archiwum Motoryzacji

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2019

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tom Vol. 86, nr 4

65--77

EN

The regional public transport performs with around 11 billion passengers a part of approximately 16.3 % of all passenger transports in Germany. It is financed from tariff revenues (user financing) and, for the most part, through public subsidies. The costs for the regional public transport are only covered by 50 % by direct users. Further 50 % are covered by public funds. The demographic development in Germany and with it declining passenger numbers, legal changes at European and national level as well as the over-indebtedness of public authorities result in a significant change of the framework conditions for the regional public transport. The aim of the paper was to draw up reform proposals for public transport in Germany so that it could continue to meet the four main objectives set. The results of those proposals for reform are transferred to a defined project area enabling to measure specifically the monetary impact. By forecasting the results of the project across the country, we want to verify whether the four main public transport objectives can be achieved using possible additional financial instruments involving indirect users, even under changing conditions, provided the proposed reforms are applied.

6

Madona velkomeziříčská mezi reformací a restaurováním

100%

Míchalová Z. , Kruntorád M.

Umění (Art)

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2019

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tom 67

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nr 5

440-450

EN

This study deals with the ‘second life’ of the Madonna of Velké Meziříčí, a gothic sculpture that originated in the second quarter of the 14th century and belongs to a body of work created by the Master of the Michle Madonna. Attention here focuses on two periods: the end of the 16th century, when the sculpture was fundamentally altered as a result of iconoclastic actions in the Reformation era, and the middle of the 20th century, when modern restoration work was performed in the Brno workshop of the Kotrba brothers. The study draws on newly discovered restoration documentation from 1951, which revealed that the sculpture had been considerably damaged in the past. When the Madonna of Velké Meziříčí reached the restoration workshop, it only remotely resembled a gothic sculpture, because the figure’s torso was concealed beneath a layer of laminated cloth and more recent polychrome applied to the surface, and the face of the Madonna was entirely concealed beneath a more recent paper mask. Some of the modifications can be dated to 1883, when the first recorded repairs to the sculpture were made, and some of the other changes are from an earlier date. On removing the sculpture’s secondary layers, it was discovered that in the past it had been cut crosswise in half and its eyes had been hollowed out and its hair cut off. This is considered to have resulted from modifications made in the baroque period and in the 19th century. However, damage to the sculpture can be linked to the destruction of the furnishings in the parish Church of St Michael in Velké Meziříčí, which has been documented in the sources and which occurred repeatedly around the year 1600. In 1620 there is a record of the return of ‘the representation of the Virgin Mary desecrated by heretics’ to the parish church. Given the extent and the nature of the damage that was discovered, it is highly likely that the sculpture referred to there was the Velké Meziříčí Madonna. The near flawless appearance that the sculpture has in the present day is essentially a preservationist interpretation, which emerged out of collaboration between restorers Heřman and Karel Kotrba, preservationist Miloš Stehlík, and art historian Albert Kutal.

CS

Studie se zabývá tzv. druhým životem Madony z Velkého Meziříčí, gotické skulptury z druhé čtvrtiny 14. století, řazené do okruhu děl tzv. Mistra michelské madony. Pozornost je upřena na období sklonku 16. století, kdy sochu poznamenaly zásadní změny v souvislosti s reformačními ikonoklastickými událostmi, a poloviny 20. století, kdy proběhlo moderní restaurování v brněnské dílně bratří Kotrbů. Podkladem studie je nově objevená restaurátorská dokumentace z roku 1951, která odhalila, že socha byla v minulosti značně poškozena. Když se Madona z Velkého Meziříčí dostala do restaurátorské dílny, gotickou sochu připomínala jen vzdáleně, protože její trup byl skryt pod vrstvou nakašírovaného plátna a novější polychromie a tvář Madony byla zcela skryta pod mladší papírovou maskou. Část povrchových úprav bylo možné datovat do roku 1883, kdy byla uskutečněna první zaznamenaná oprava sochy, část zásahů byla ještě starší. Po sejmutí druhotných vrstev se ukázalo, že socha byla v minulosti příčně rozříznuta, měla vydloubané oči a zcela seřezané vlasy, což bylo považováno za důsledek úprav v období baroka a v 19. století. Poškození sochy však lze spojit s pramenně doloženým ničením kostelního vybavení farního chrámu sv. Mikuláše ve Velkém Meziříčí, k němuž opakovaně docházelo okolo roku 1600. K roku 1620 byl zaznamenán návrat „vyobrazení Panny Marie znesvěceného od heretiků“ do farního kostela. Vzhledem k odhalenému rozsahu a charakteru poškození je velmi pravděpodobné, že šlo o Velkomeziříčskou Madonu. Její v současnosti takřka dokonalý vzhled gotické skulptury je vlastně památkářskou interpretací, jež vznikla za spolupráce restaurátorů Heřmana a Karla Kotrbů, památkáře Miloše Stehlíka a historika umění Alberta Kutala.

7

From a Musical Humanist’s Diaries. The Schreibkalenders of Elias Maior (1588–1669) as a Source for the History of Wrocław Musical Culture

88%

Jeż T.

Odrodzenie i Reformacja w Polsce

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2017

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tom 61

PL

The object of this article is the contents of the notes of Elias Maior, a rector of St. Elizabeth’s gymnasium in Wrocław, made in the consecutive 1640–1669 Schreibkalenders. They constitute a rich source documenting everyday life of Wrocław’s humanistic elite. Of particular interest, among the rector’s accounts, are numerous references to music performed, both in public and in private domain.

8

The ecumenical aspect of the justification of the sinner

88%

Medwid W.

Theological Research. A Journal of Systematic Theology

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2015

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tom 3

57-74

EN

The aim of this article is to discuss the ecumenical aspect of justification. Martin Luther was of the opinion that the road to justification was only through faith and grace, expressed by the principle simul iustus et peccator. The Council of Trent emphasized that justification is not only the remission of sins but is also sanctification. Catholic-Lutheran ecumenical dialogue formally began after the Second Vatican Council, which resulted in a consensus regarding the basic truths of the doctrine of justification and likewise looked at the person of Martin Luther, his demands, and the reformation.

9

Ideologia unitariańska a strategie translatorskie i styl przekładu Nowego Testamentu Marcina Czechowica (1577)

88%

Winiarska-Górska I.

Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Językoznawcza

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2018

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tom 25

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nr 2

277-313

EN

The paper discusses the strategy of translation of Marcin Czechowic’s New Testament translation (1577). The authoress applies the theoretical categories of so called global translation strategy such as scopos, the potential reader, religious attitude as Czechowic’s New Testament was devoted to the unitarian communities. It was arranged as a multifunctional book for religious formation which contained institutionalized transmission of God’s Word. Denominational assumptions are manifested in the selection of translation strategy, style, and method of organizing the text in the book. Both the choice of the specific method of translation and the linguistic form of translations such as Iōannēs Baptistēs – Jan Ponurzyciel were marked by denominational optics of interpretation. The development of humanism broadened the general cognitive horizon. Czechowic’s translation was based on humanistic Greek editions of the time. It is not without reason that we find translators’ assurances as to the method of translation on title pages and in introductions, which were expressed by the concept of “diligence” (Lat. diligentia, Pol. pilność), as well as assurances with regard to the translator’s relationship with the source text – faithfulness to the Greek and Hebrew (veritas graeca, hebraica), or following of an “approved” text (Lat. textus probatus, Old Pol. doświadszony) or “contribution” by confronting different records. Marcin Czechowic, like most Protestant translators, declared faithfulness to the Greek source, however his translation of the Holy Scripture ware also in line with the postulate of veritas confessionis, which was interpreted in various ways depending on doctrinal foundations.

10

Historyczno-prawne uwarunkowania utworzenia przez Henryka VIII angielskiego Kościoła państwowego w 1534 r.

88%

Grzebyk T.

Saeculum Christianum. Pismo Historyczne

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2018

|

tom XXV

198-205

EN

The origins of the reformation in England are inseparably join to king Henry VIII. This character works in common human imagination is a bloody tyrant, who strives to satisfy his desires and ambitions. In a certain sense, his character traits affected his decisions. It is important to write, that the history of England abounds many examples of kings, who wants to got domination on church. In this article author by the analysis of medieval English law and other historical conditions, presents his thesis as an introduction to passing The Act of Supremacy in 1534.

11

Reformacja, której nie było. Przypadek bułgarski (pojęcia — wpływy — idee)

88%

Drzewiecka E.

Zagadnienia Rodzajów Literackich

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2017

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tom 60

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nr 4 (124)

125-143

EN

The article deals with the impact and reception of reformational ideas in Bulgarian culture in the perspective of modernization problems. The subject of the analysis is both the local understanding of the concepts “Reformation” and “Protestant propaganda” as well as the activity of (neo)protestant missions in the Bulgarian lands in the 19th and 20th centuries. The aim is to identify the links between Bulgarian modernity and Protestant thought and to problematize relations between cultural facts and the official discourse on the subject. The “Bulgarian case” illustrates the modern Orthodox-Protestant meeting and, in this sense, the problem of adaptation of “foreign” patterns in the process of the modernization of culture.

12

Novokřtěnci na Moravě a jejich kulturní odkaz

75%

Kalinová A.

Národopisná revue (Journal of Ethnology)

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2016

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tom 26

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nr 4

271 - 283

EN

In South Moravia, a sect of Anabaptists lived in the past, who were a product of the 16th-century reformation. The Anabaptists took a refuge in the Moravian environment that was tolerant of various religions, and they arrived in 1526 for the first time there. They lived in accordance with their principles in the farmsteads they founded in Moravia, and they practised a lot of crafts at an advanced level. Moravian lords admitted them helpfully at their domains. However, after 1622, the Anabaptists as non-Catholics were forced to leave their Moravian settlements. Most of them went to their brothers in today‘s southwestern Slovakia, where they continued their activities until the local Anabaptist communities fell apart. The one-hundred-year long activities of the Anabaptists indisputably contributed to the economic development of Moravia. The Anabaptists also left carefully written chronicles, literary works, spiritual songs and inspiring system of education behind them. However, it is the faience pottery that became the most tangible proof of their activity. Anabaptist faience expresses a level of handicraft at that time. The production of faience became a basis on which the production of peculiar folk pottery grew, which is an inherent part of folk culture in Moravia and Slovakia.

13

Role šlechty v utváření evangelické církevní organizace v Čechách a na Moravě před rokem 1620:

75%

Hrdlička J. , Miller S.

Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)

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2020

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tom 118

|

nr 4

1018-1063

EN

Based on the edited accessible Evangelical church orders issued between 1520 and 1620 for the Bohemian and Moravian noble estates, the study analyses the role of the nobility in both crown lands in the shaping of the evangelical church organisation. It deals with the building of a higher level of evangelical ecclesiastical administration on the estates of reformminded aristocrats. It devotes greater attention to the role of the nobility in the efforts for the constitution of the new evangelical organisations, which emerged in some parts of Moravia in the last third of the 16th and beginning of the 17th centuries and affected a wider territory. The impulse for these endeavours in Moravia was the decline of the power of the Prague Utraquist consistory. In the case of the Kingdom of Bohemia, the study notes the efforts of the non-Catholic estates to renew supervision over the consistory, which they had lost in the middle of the 16th century and were only able to regain in 1609.

14

PROSECUTOR’S OFFICES REFORMATION: FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES

75%

Liulko S. , Shamara O.

International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences

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2018

|

tom 8(2)

337-345

EN

The article is dedicated to the issues of prosecutor’s offices reformation at the level of conceptual approaches development to this question and harmonizing this process coor-dinated approvals with the whole system of law enforcement bodies of Ukraine. In the article much attention is paid to the issues of development and approval of general ap-proaches to the reformation process itself based on description of current reality in a security sector.

PL

Artykuł poświęcony jest zagadnieniom reformy prokuratury na poziomie opracowania koncepcyjnych podejść do tego zagadnienia i zgodność tego procesu z całym systemem organów ścigania Ukrainy. Wiele uwagi w artykule poświęcono zagadnieniom rozwoju i ogólnemu podejściu do samego procesu reformacji w oparciu o odzwierciedleniu nowoczesnej rzeczywistości w sektorze bezpieczeństwa.

15

Duch sakramentalnej pokuty

71%

Biskup M.

Teologia i Moralność

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2015

|

tom 10

|

nr 2(18)

89-99

EN

The 30th anniversary of the Exhortation Recontiliatio et Paenitentia, announced by the Holy Father John Paul II, is a good occasion to induce reflection on the meaning and sense of penance and repentance, as well as on sacramental penance. The Exhortation inspires us to embark on a journey of discovery of the evangelical spirit of penance, which in turn implies understanding of the spirit of sacramental penance. The whole Gospel is permeated with Divine Love towards a human being, revealed by God's Son - Jesus Christ. Penance and repentance should also be imbued with Love and desire for experiencing the merciful love of God by man. Hence, it is the multidimensional joy that constitutes the fruit of penance. We are able to emphasize the triple affirmation of penance, stemming from the understanding of its evangelical spectrum. Penance means: Yes said to Christ, Yes said to man and Yes said to Love. This very notion of penance negates all the old negativity concerning outer forms of penance. Moreover, it also has an effect on the "new quality" of sacramental penance, in which there is room not only for atonement but also for expression of gratitude for the gift of God's Mercy. The realization of sacramental penance, as the answer of love filled with repentance for the committed sin, and the answer to the granted, forgiving Love of God, comes from the resultant, constantly growing joy, at the same time. It is the Paschal Joy at Christ's victory over evil. Hallelujah!

PL

30. rocznica adhortacji Recontiliatio et paenitentia, ogłoszonej przez Ojca Świętego Jana Pawła II, jest dobrą okazją, aby skłonić do refleksji na temat znaczenia i sensu pokuty i nawrócenia. Adhortacja inspiruje nas do rozpoczęcia podróży odkrycia pokuty w duchu ewangelicznym, co z kolei pociąga za sobą zrozumienie ducha sakramentalnej pokuty. Cała Ewangelia jest przeniknięta Boską Miłością ku człowiekowi, objawioną przez Boga Syna - Jezusa Chrystusa. Pokuta i nawrócenie powinny być przepojone miłością i pragnieniem doświadczania miłości miłosiernej Boga przez człowieka. Stąd jest to wielowymiarowa radość, która stanowi owoc pokuty. Jesteśmy w stanie podkreślić potrójne potwierdzenie pokuty, wynikająca ze zrozumienia ewangelicznej wizji.

16

Językowe przejawy tożsamości religijnej w zbiorze Bogowie fałszywi – słowa, motywy, strategie

63%

Hawrysz m.

Język. Religia. Tożsamość

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2017

|

nr 2(16)

113-123

EN

The aim of the study is to identify and describe the language exponents of religious doctrine present in sixteenth-century anonymous collection of songs False Gods, which is one of the few testimonies of poetic battles of words coming from the gathering of the Polish Brethren. The central concept of the text is the religious identity, understood as a set of values, beliefs perceptions, symbols and patterns of behavior. Its identification is made by analyzing vocabulary, expressive connections of different status, and the conceptualizations of various concepts and elements of reality. This has allowed to describe the relationship with God and his conceptualization, basic truths of faith, attitude to life and to indicate the source of beliefs. From the volume emerges dichotomous view of reality resulting from a confrontation with an alien. We get the characteristics of “US” (belonging to Polish brothers) by polemical description of „THEM” (the Catholics).

17

Ulrich Zwingli und die Reformation in der Schweiz

63%

Nowak J.

Studia Oecumenica

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2017

|

tom 17

209-220

EN

Ulrich Zwingli was born on 1st January 1484 in Wildhaus. He studied in Vienna and Basel. After a few months of theological study was ordained a priest in 1506, and took over the parish community in Glarus, where he stayed until 1516. From 1516 to 1518 he was a priest in the Pilgrimage Centre in Einsiedeln. In December 1518 he was appointed to Zurich. Zwingli’s reformation activity in Zurich revealed in 1520 as preaching activity, theological disputes and removal worship objects from the churches as well as the Lord’s Supper celebration associated with two symbols since 1525. The theological disputation with Luther in 1529 in Marburg, who recognised those changes in the Church as a new dogmatic and disciplinary order, showed to Zwingli his own reformation. It was more radical and dynamic, developing and eliminating the authority of theology. These views became the basis and the content of the First Helvetian Confession of Faith from 1536 laid by Zwingli’s successor H. Bullinger.

PL

Ulrich Zwingli urodził się 1 stycznia 1484 r. w Wildhaus. Studiował w Wiedniu i Bazylei. Po paru miesiącach studium teologicznego przyjął w roku 1506 święcenia kapłańskie i przejął wspólnotę parafialną w Glarus, gdzie przebywał do roku 1516. W latach 1516 –1518 był duszpasterzem w centrum pielgrzymkowym w Einsiedeln. W grudniu 1518 r. został powołany do Zurychu. Reformacyjna działalność Zwingliego w Zurychu przejawia się od 1520 r. w działalności kaznodziejskiej, w dysputach teologicznych i usuwaniu z kościołów przedmiotów kultu oraz w sprawowaniu od 1525 r. Wieczerzy Pańskiej pod dwoma postaciami. W dyspucie teologicznej w 1529 r. w Marburgu z Lutrem, który dokonane w Kościele zmiany uznał za nowy porządek dogmatyczny i dyscyplinarny, ukazał Zwingli własny nurt reformacyjny, bardziej radykalny, dynamiczny, rozwojowy i eliminujący autorytet teologii. Poglądy te stały się podstawą treści ułożonego przez jego następcę, H. Bullingera, pierwszego Helweckiego Wyznania Wiary z 1536 r.

18

Ekumeniczna krytyka kapitalizmu - wybrane podejścia

63%

Kopiec P.

Roczniki Teologiczne

|

2018

|

tom 65

|

nr 7: Teologia ekumeniczna

151-166

EN

The ecumenical movement from the very beginning stressed a significance of the social commitment. It is reflected in the last decade in the harsh criticism of the capitalist social order. Article discusses selected examples of the critical ecumenical interpretation of capitalism: the Accra Confession by the World Communion of Reformed Churches (2004), the programme of economy of life by the World Council of Churches and the radicalizing Reformation ecumenical project (2014). It aims to demonstrate convergences in the theological and philosophical assumptions of the discussed approaches. Furthermore, it asks about similarities between the presented ecumenical reflections and the teaching of the Pope Francis.

PL

Ruch ekumeniczny od samego początku akcentował konieczność społecznego zaangażowania. W ostatniej dekadzie znalazło to swe odzwierciedlenie w mocnej krytyce kapitalistycznego porządku społecznego. Artykuł omawia wybrane przykłady krytycznych interpretacji kapitalizmu: Wyznanie z Akry Światowej Wspólnoty Kościołów Reformowanych z 2004 r.. program ekonomii życia Światowej Rady Kościołów oraz ekumeniczny projekt radykalizacji Reformacji z 2014 r. Dąży do wykazania zbieżności w przyjętych założeniach teologicznych i filozoficznych omawianych podejść. Stawia również pytanie o podobieństwa między prezentowanymi refleksjami organizacji ekumenicznych i nauczaniem papieża Franciszka.

19

Rywalizacja i pytanie o rozeznawanie duchów: pneumatologiczny przyczynek do zakreślenia ekumenicznych horyzontów

63%

Mudrak Ł.

Studia Pelplińskie

|

2021

|

tom 55

189-204

EN

It is hard to imagine today’s Christianity without ecumenical movement. However, the desire for unity, a life call for many ecumenism enthusiasts, seems to many observers a utopia of religious romantics. The purpose of this article is a pneumatological interpretation of the historic event of Reformation. First, using Girard’s mimetic theory, historical sources of intra-ecclesiastical division are analysed. Second, the results of the analysis serve as the basis for interpretation of spiritual forces accompanying the beginnings of the Reformation. Third some changes in recent Church and world history are evaluated from this perspective. The article argues that the Reformation gained its momentum not for doctrinal reasons but because of human resentment and prejudices. The paper also interprets some historical events as clear signs of Holy Spirit’s work.

PL

Trudno wyobrazić sobie dzisiejsze chrześcijaństwo bez ruchu ekumenicznego. Jednak dążenie do jedności, które dla wielu entuzjastów ekumenizmu stało się życiowym powołaniem, jawi się dla innych jako utopia religijnych romantyków. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest pneumatologiczna interpretacja historycznego wydarzenia Reformacji. Przy wykorzystaniu teorii mimetycznej Girarda prowadzona jest analiza historycznych źródeł podziału wewnątrzkościelnego. Wyniki analizy stanowią materiał do oceny sił duchowych towarzyszących początkom Reformacji. Na tym tle oceniane są niektóre zmiany w najnowszej historii Kościoła i świata. Artykuł argumentuje, że siłą napędową Reformacji nie były w pierwszym rzędzie problemy doktrynalne, a resentyment i uprzedzenia, interpretując konkretne wydarzenia historyczne jako działanie Ducha Świętego w czasie.

20

The shaping of the Lutheran teaching profession and Lutheran families of teachers in the 16th and 17th centuries

63%

Bernát L.

Journal of Pedagogy

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2012

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tom 3

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nr 1

101-116

EN

The article deals with changes in the status of teachers and the shaping of Lutheran families of teachers in the 16th and 17th centuries in the Trenčín, Liptov and Orava districts of the superintendency. It describes the formation of the families and their background.