Parasite diseases constitute a tremendous danger for human life all over the world, hence there is an urgent need for the recognition of the defense mechanisms of our body against these protozoan pathogens. The aim of this review has been to present the role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) as constituents of innate immunity engaged in the fight against parasites, mainly protozoan, that are the cause of illness among people and animals. This review also shows the means by which the protozoan can control the immunological response to extend their survival inside the host.
Babesia organisms are hemoprotozoa isolated from people and animals. Their in vitro cultivation supplies information about the morphology and ultrastructure of these parasites. They make it possible to obtain the genetic material for diagnostic elaborations and for detections of phylogenetic relationships between various species of Babesia. Protozoa cultivated on red blood cells can be a source of parasite antigen or attenuated strains of protozoa which can be used for vaccinations. The cultures of Babesia species are kept in an erythrocytes host, taken from the animals from which Babesia is most frequently isolated, suspended in tissue culture media with the addition of sera, in microaerophil conditions at 37°C. The specific circumstances and factors that are needed to obtain an effective Babesia culture are very often the reason of the failure of these investigations.
Toxoplasma gondii -intracellular parasite. Tue article presents selected data concerning invasion and intracellular life of obligate intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii in susceptible bosts.
The authors present the actual review on several publications concerning the molecular characterizations of the viruses found in parasitic protozoa such as Giardia, Trichomonas, Leishmania and Entamoeba histolytica. All of the RNA viruses observed in parasitic protozoa showed several similarities and did not considerably differ from the viruses found in simple eukaryotic cells; they closely correspond to dsRNA viruses of yeast. The supposition that the protozoan symbionts detected in laboratories transfer to their hosts in natural conditions seemed to be rational, though, there are no evidences that these symbionts are potential pathogens. However, the opinion reiterates that intestinal protozoa (e.g. Entamoeba histolytica) may serve as vectors for HIV or cofactors of HIV infection. The authors point out that irrespective of the potential role of viruses as vectors in the transfection system for parasitic protozoa, the observed viral system constitutes an unusual experimental system to solve the problems of gene expression.
Fotosyntetyczne organizmy eukariotyczne odgrywają kluczową rolę w biosferze Ziemi. Na lądzie dominują rośliny wyższe, z tego względu przez stulecia to one właśnie były przedmiotem najintensywniejszych badań. Tymczasem rośliny są zaledwie jedną z wielu grup fotosyntetycznych eukariontów. Nabycie zdolności do przeprowadzania fotosyntezy zaszło niezależnie u przodków kilkunastu innych grup systematycznych. Przedstawiciele części z nich są głównymi producentami biomasy w morzach i oceanach, gdzie wchodzą w skład fitoplanktonu. W niniejszym artykule omówiono rozpowszechnienie fotosyntezy u eukariontów oraz procesy, które doprowadziły do nabycia przez nie zdolności do jej przeprowadzania. Z uwagi na to, iż w literaturze przedmiotu najwięcej uwagi poświęcono roślinom wyższym i zielenicom, w niniejszym artykule skupiono się na przedstawicielach pozostałych grup fotosyntetycznych eukariontów.
EN
Photosynthetic organisms belonging to the kingdom of eukaryota fulfill significant roles in the biosphere. Higher plants dominate on the land, therefore this group has been most intensively studied. However, plants are only one group of the many other groups of photosynthetic eukaryota. The ability to perform photosynthesis was acquired independently by ancestors of several eukaryotic lineages. Some of these lineages are major primary producers in the oceans. In this article, occurrence of photosynthesis in eukaryota, as well as processes responsible for acquirement of plastids are described. The authors decided to concentrate on systematic groups other than higher plants and green algae, because photosynthesis of last two has been widely described in the literature.
Immunological aspects of cryptosporidiosis: its immunopathology, antigenicity, perspectives of treatment and diagnosis are reviewed. In particular pathology of this disease in immunodeficient (as a result of AIDS or suppressive drugs chemotherapy) patients is presented.
The appearance of organisms during biological purification of dairy effluent in laboratory conditions was studied. This modification of effluent by the appearance and disappearance of organisms with the passage of time demonstrated process of biological succession. Some organisms also showed an association with saprobity.
PL
Występowanie organizmów w trakcie samooczyszczania się ścieków z mleczarni badano w warunkach laboratoryjnych. Zmiany ścieków, pod względem pojawiania się i zanikania organizmów w czasie, wykazały zjawisko sukcesji biologicznej (ryc. 1). Niektóre organizmy wykazywały związek z saprobowością (tabela I).