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The plants possess both, permanent and inducible resistance mechanisms against pathogens. Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) was discoverd first of all through inoculation of the plants with necrotizing pathogens. Naturally induced resistance SAR has been known for almost a century but this phenomenon occurs only sporadically in the nature and can not be used by agricultural practice. After the period of intensive studies, synthetic chemicals (plant activators) inducing SAR, similar to the natural ones, were discovered. Control of fungal bacterial and viral diseases by stimulation of SAR in plants gives new possibilities for plant protection. This article reviews the literature concerning the most important aspects of acquired systemic resistance in plants.
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Content available Rola monocytów w odporności
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EN
New mechanism of innate immunity - lipocalin 2 limits bacterial growth by iron sequestration. Iprl gene of innate immunity to tuberculosis. New data concerning regulatory T cells. Recent progress in immunotherapy. Antigen administration in autoimmune disease. HIV and SIV have evolved to avoid neutralization by antibodies. Genetically modified vaccine against malaria.
EN
Cryptosporidium sp. has emerged as an important cause of intestinal opportunistic infections in immunocompromised humans, especially in HIV positive patients. The host immune responses to these infections both in humans and in animals are still poorly understood. However, experimental and clinical studies show that both humoral and cellular immune responses are essential to control the duration and severity of Cryptosporidium sp. infection. The role of specific IgM, IgG, lgA and secretory IgA remains unclear. Nevertheless, high level of IgG and IgM responses was found in ADIS patients with chronic infection. Hyperimmune bovine colostrum decreases parasite burden and severe diarrhea. Severe chronic infections have been found in hosts with selective T-cell deficiency, especially AIDS patients with low CD4+ T-cell counts (<50 cells/mm3). Moreover, it is also generally agreed that T lymphocytes are required for the resolution of both acute and chronic cryptosporidisis. Several studies suggest that IFN-γ is very important in the control of Cryptosporidium infection; especially intestinal intraepithelial CD4+ T-cells (IEL) that produce IFN-γ are potentially crucial mediators of host immunity to Cryptosporidium. Recent experimental studies also indicate that mice deficient in either αβ or γδ T-cells are more susceptible to infection than control mice, however γδ T-cells have a less critical role than αβ T-cells. Less extensive studies investigating the role of other cells and cytokines both in the innate and cell-mediated immune responses to Cryptosporidium sp. are also discussed.
EN
Some plants own the mechanism protecting them against the infestation of the eriophyoid mites or rendering quick regeneration of injuries caused by mites possible. The specific morphological or chemical features preventing the establishment or limiting the colonization of mites and their feeding play an important role in this mechanism. The eriophyoid feeding induces the wide diversity of host plants' defensive responses. The infested plant sets in motion a series of biochemical, physiological and morphological processes that either limit the development and activity of mites or decrease the losses caused by their feeding. This work presents the examples of the defensive responses and the plant resistance to the infestation and feeding of mites and the plant-mite-plant interactions.
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