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EN
The purpose of this article is to present immunosuppressive and immunostimulating properties of antimicrobial drugs, particularly of antibiotics. Among the former, also known as the adverse effects of these substances on the immune response, the article discusses chemotaxis, lymphocyte transformation, delayed hypersensitivity, antibody production, phagocytosis and the microbial activity of phagocytes. The immunostimulatory effects of antimicrobial drugs, including antibiotics, can occasionally be therapeutically useful, at present in human medicine. In a general sense, immunomodulatory effects of antimicrobial drugs fall into the following categories: stimulation of the inflammatory response, inhibition of the anti-inflammatory response, and promotion of the anti-inflammatory response. The immunomodulatory effects of antibiotics have mainly been shown in vitro or in experiments with laboratory animals. Until now, there has been little evidence from clinical observations, particularly in relation to infectious diseases of domestic animals, that these modulatory actions of antibiotics play a significant role. As far as humans are concerned, the most convincing in this respect are the anti-inflammatory effects of macrolides and tetracyclines. Considering the importance of antibiotics that - in addition to their antimicrobial action - would also stimulate the innate and specific immunity in the control of bacterial diseases of animals, further research in this area is needed.
EN
Thyroid hormones have an effect on every tissue of the organism because they carry out the functions of a catalyst of the oxidize reaction and the main regulator of metabolism. The thyroid hormones have an effect on the heart and cardiovascular system through β-receptors and they are synergistic with catecholamine. The excess and the deficiency of thyroid hormones in an organism is a cause of disorders in the cardiovascular system. These disorders are demonstrated as strong and nagging signs in animals and humans with hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. The disorders of heart functioning in hyperthyroidism may result in congestive heart failure (CHF). The development of heart failure in hyperthyroidism is connected with multidirectional changes in the cardiovascular system.
EN
Phytoestrogens are compounds found in plants with estrogenic activity. Their chemical structure is similar to estradiol. Three main classes of phytoestrogens are: isoflavones, lignans and coumestans. The major bioactive isoflavones are genistein and daidzein. Phytoestrogens are widely present in plants regularly consumed by animals and humans: e.g. oats, barley, wheat, corn, and clover. The most significant sources of isoflavones are soybeans and soy foods. Lignans are present in plant foods: mainly in flaxseed, but also in grains, fruit and vegetables. Phytoestrogens are compounds which exhibit estrogenic activity. This activity was first recognized in sheep and is known as “Clover Disease”. In these animals phytoestrogens cause reproductive disorders or even infertility. The feeding of female rats with a soy rich diet induces an increase in uterine weight. Vaginal modifications have also been observed. Phytoestrogens also exhibit anticarcinogenic activity. Animal studies have demonstrated reduced cancer development with soybean consumption. Genistein and other phytoestrogens have a beneficial role in obesity and diabetes mellitus. These compounds cause slight decreases in insulin, total cholesterol and triglycerides content. Phytoestrogens also increase the amount of cholesterol in high density lipoproteins (HDL) and decrease the amount of VLDL- and LDL-cholesterol, they can reduce risk of cardiovascular diseases. Experiments performed on animals demonstrate that genistein and daidzein clearly inhibit lipogenesis and enhance lipolysis. Phytoestrogens also have a special role in the prevention of osteoporosis.
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