Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

English animal zero plurals. A new explanation

100%

Berezowski L.

Beiträge zur allgemeinen und vergleichenden Sprachwissenschaft

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2020

|

nr 9

7-27

EN

The paper explores English animal zero plurals using data culled from the BNC and argues that the rarely discussed pattern is motivated by a cognitive factor. Specifically, it is argued that the use of the zero plural mirrors the inability to individuate referents in their natural habitat, i.e. the inability to distinguish between particular individuals. In nouns designating aquatic creatures the inability is rooted in the fact that human eyesight is able to penetrate the water surface only to a very limited extent, which makes animals that live underwater and do not surface practically invisible (e.g. They caught lots of herring vs. They observed a pod of whales). In the case of land animals and birds the inability is due to the fact that some animals live in large groups, which thwarts distinguishing particular specimens (e.g. They watched a herd of wildebeest / a covey of quail vs. They spooked a couple of grizzly bears). It is further shown that the zero plural pattern is the most widespread in generic contexts (e.g. There are about 2,700 species of snake), which accords well with the explanation argued for in the paper as species are mental constructs that can be readily talked about but are invisible to the naked eye.

2

Gottlob Frege o liczbie. Przyczynek do określenia roli, jaką dla filozofów pełni historia matematyki

80%

Besler G.

Zagadnienia Filozoficzne w Nauce

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2013

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nr 53

133-164

PL

In this paper I will focus on Frege’s six crucial claims on numbers. I begin with indicating the reasons for his interest in this topic and conclude with a reflection on the role of the history of mathematics in the practice of philosophy. Frege believed that the study on numbers is a common task for both philosophers and mathematicians. In this article, priority is given to the philosophical aspect.

3

Jak přeměnit kvantitu v kvalitu? : K Hegelovu pojmu míry

80%

Kolman V.

Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)

|

2018

|

tom 66

|

nr 3

325-348

EN

The paper deals with the phenomenon of changing quantity into quality as it is developed in Hegel’s Science of Logic and its chapter on measure. First, the relation of measure to the concept of number is analyzed, particularly with respect to the concept of real numbers and their birth from the practices of counting and measuring. After that, the measure is treated as a category of speech devoted to the application of theoretical or quantitative differences within the qualitatively given experience. As such, Hegel’s talk about the transformation of quantity into quality, as well as his talk about double negation and bad infinity, are contrasted with their interpretation in Marx’s and Engels’s political economy.

DE

Der Artikel befasst sich mit dem Phänomen des Wandels von Quantität zu Qualität, der in Hegels Wissenschaft der Logik und dort im Kapitel zur Kategorie des Maßes erörtert wird. Zunächst wird das Verhältnis des Maßes und des Zahlbegriffs analysiert, insbesondere in Bezug zum Begriff der reellen Zahl und deren Entstehung in der Praxis des Rechnens und Messens. Anschließend wird das Maß als Kategorie der Sprache erfasst, die die Anwendung theoretischer oder auch quantitativer Unterscheidung auf eine qualitativ gegebene Erfahrung betrifft. In diesem Sinne werden Hegels Ausführungen zum Wandel der Quantität in Qualität, ebenso wie seine Verwendung der doppelten Negation und der schlechten Unendlichkeit in Kontrast zur entsprechenden Interpretation in der politischen Ökonomie von Marx und Engels gesetzt.

4

Grammatical typology and frequency analysis : number availability and number use

80%

Brown D. , Corbett G. G. , Fedden S. , Hippisley A. , Marriott P.

Journal of Language Modelling

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2013

|

tom Vol. 1, No. 2

227--241

EN

The Smith-Stark hierarchy, a version of the Animacy Hierarchy, offers a typology of the cross-linguistic availability of number. The hierarchy predicts that the availability of number is not arbitrary. For any language, if the expression of plural is available to a noun, it is available to any noun of a semantic category further to the left of the hierarchy. In this article we move one step further by showing that the structure of the hierarchy can be observed in a statistical model of number use in Russian. We also investigate three co-variates: plural preference, pluralia tantum and irregularity effects; these account for an item’s behaviour being different than that solely expected from its animacy position.

5

The Image of Colour and Number in Fairy Tales: The Case of Bolu Folk Tales

70%

Kaplan H. , Peker S.

Journal of Education Culture and Society

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2023

|

tom 14

|

nr 1

597-618

EN

Aim. How the concepts of colour and number in Bolu tales are perceived in the beliefs and lives of cultures has been examined in our study. We tried to find an answer to the importance of colour and number images in Turkish culture, to compare them with literary works in the literature, in what sense these images are used and whether there is a fundamental point in these areas of use. Methods. In this study, the method of literature review, which is one of the qualitative research techniques, was used. Various researches previously discussed on this subject were also used as auxiliary elements. Results. Since the scope of our study is within certain limits, common colours, and numbers, which are more common in Turkish culture, are discussed. The white, black, green, and yellow colours are detected in Bolu tales; the numbers three, seven and forty carry the meanings assigned to them in Turkish culture and Islam. Conclusion. This study, the use of colours and numbers in fairy tales was examined in Bolu tales and a generalisation was reached. As a result of the colours and numbers being images in the 88 fairy tales examined, the colours and numbers determined in the tales were handled from a historical, religious and cultural point of view; first of all, explanations were made about the meaning of the concepts of colour and number and how they existed, and it was determined in which context of meaning the explanations were reflected imaginatively in Bolu tales.

6

Termin liczba jako nazwa i jako funktor. Arytmetyka liczb naturalnych z liczbą-funktorem jako terminem pierwotnym

70%

Wojciechowski E.

Kwartalnik Filozoficzny

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2020

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tom 48

|

nr 3

137-154

EN

The distinction between number as a name and number as a functor alludes to the important Zahl-Anzahl distinction emphasised by Gottlob Frege. We start from Peano's expression of the axiomatics of natural numbers in the framework of Leśniewski's elementary ontology (OE). Next, we proceed to the enrichment of elementary ontology with Frege's predication scheme (OEsub) and propose such formulation of this axiomatics in which the primitive term natural number (N) is replaced by the term number-functor (A). The nominal constants natural number (N) and zero (0) as well as the functor of the successor (S) are defined here.

7

Abundance and morphotype diversity of surface bacterioplankton along the Gdynia - brest transect

70%

Żmuda M. J.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

|

2005

|

tom Vol. 34, No.4

3--17

EN

Abundance, biomass and morphotype diversity of bacterioplankton were analyzed in surface samples collected on a transect from Gdynia (Poland) to Brest (France) between 5 and 17 October, 2002. The total bacterial number ranged from 1.52 x 105 š 7.0 x 103 ml-1 (SE) to 4.08 x 106 š 3.1 x 105 ml-1. Samples from the Baltic Sea showed both the highest number of bacteria and the largest variability. Total bacterial biomass ranged from 5.45 š 0.99 to 128.17 š 13.58 ěg C l-1. The dominant morphotype were rods (82.4% to 95.7%) especially those with average cell volume below 0.1 ěm3. Regional differences in the average cell volume ranged from 0.099 to 0.382 ěm3. Autotrophic bacteria comprised on average 13.5 % of total bacterioplankton biomass, but increased to 48% at the west side of the English Channel. The high bacterial abundances discussed here shed light on the importance of the ocean surface as a habitat for prokaryotes and as a reservoir of bacterial biomass.

8

Fregovo pojetí aplikace aritmetiky

70%

Sousedík P. , Svoboda D.

Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)

|

2015

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tom 63

|

nr 3, Special No: Sedmkrát z logiky a metodologie vědy

101-124

EN

The authors believe that the problem of applicability can be approached in two ways. One approach derives from the fact that the empirical world has been the source of many mathematical concepts, and claims that arithmetic captures reality in the same way as common empirical disciplines. Its miraculous applicability can then be explained by the greater universality of the concepts used. Such an approach is designated a poste¬riori. The other approach to the problem of applicability, designated a priori, assumes that arithmetic is not grounded empirically, in fact it is already there before all expe¬rience. Upon analysis, both approaches authors’ view, these merits and shortcomings were already noticed by Frege. Though his conception is to be classiﬁed as an a priori approach, he – unlike his predecessors – also learned much from proponents of a posteriori conceptions.

9

Пространства Марины Цветаевой

70%

Voitekhovich R.

Studia Rossica Posnaniensia

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2021

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tom 46

|

nr 2

27-49

EN

The hallmarks of space in Tsvetaeva’s poetic world are vertical orientation, two-worldness (many-worldness), measurability, and “immensity”, often expressed by asymmetry. Tsvetaeva’s model of the double world is presented both in its pure form and in a multilayer one (the model of “matryoshka” according to Lotman) with a hierarchical vertical correlation of spaces. The vertical sets the plots, stylistics, system of characters, system of time and expectations of the reader. Tsvetaeva is a bright representative of irrational tendencies in art, which manifest themselves against the background of rational ones, through their violation. Thus, The Attempt of a Room (1926) builds on an imaginary effort to present a hexagonal box of a rendezvous, but fails. The last poem I Keep Repeating the First Verse… (1940) is a poetic reaction to the “mistake in counting”: there should be not six but seven souls at the table. In one of her poems, Tsvetaeva calls herself “one who has edited the miracle with numbers”. This formula aphoristically expresses the nature of creativity asfirst intuitive search, and then rational design. The mathematical calculation of the composition of her books is an analogue of the metric-stanzaic “frame” of her lyrics. In the given proportions she often uses a deliberate failure by one unit (for example, in the collection From Two Books she adds one extra poem, which was originally missing in these two books).

10

Formation of phytoplankton in the first years of existence of the water supplying reservoir (Southern Poland) against the background of increased eutrophication process

60%

Pająk G.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2003

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tom Vol. 32, No. 4

5-77

EN

The aim of the investigations was a recognition of the complex of physico-chemical parameters affecting the dynamics and structure of phytoplankton. The taxonomical composition, abundance and biomass of nano- and phytoplankton has been determined. In the development of the reservoir four stages were distinguished. In stage I of the reservoir filling, the temperature and pH value of water as well as the level of PO4-P, had a decisive influence on the process of phytoplankton formation. A sudden change in the damming ordinate in stage II of the reservoir studies contributed to the development of nanoplanktonic diatoms, and the refilling of the reservoir ( stage III) caused an abundant development of green algae. After the reservoir had been filled (stage IV) the planktonic forms of cryptophytes group dominated. The initial dominance of taxons had no influence on its structure after a four-year searching. A very similar pattern of proportionally altering phytoplankton communities in the investigated basins (BM and BD) suggests that both the depth and availability of nutrient compounds were not the limiting factors in the initial period of functioning of the Dobczyce Reservoir.

11

Refusal speech act realization in Sarawani Balochi dialect: A case study of female university students

60%

Ahangar A. A. , Zeynali S.

Lodz Papers in Pragmatics

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2013

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tom 9

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nr 2

245-274

EN

This study investigates the effect of power and gender of the addressees on the type and number of refusal strategies employed by Sarawani Baloch female university students (SBFUS) following Beebe, Takahashi, and Uliss-Weltz’s (1990) taxonomy. Employing refusal strategies mostly the same as those in the given classification by SBFUS confirms the universality of applying refusal strategies. However, SBFUS also employed some new strategies not predicted in this scheme, suggesting the effect of their religion and culture. The results also disclose that although power of the addressees significantly affects the type and number of refusal strategies employed by SBFUS, the effect of their gender on these variables is trifling. Negative willingness, ability and a combination of 2 strategies are the most frequent strategies regarding the type and number of refusal strategies.

12

Language learning strategies: An holistic view

60%

Griffiths C. , Cansiz G.

Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching

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2015

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tom 5

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nr 3

473-493

EN

The language learning strategy question has been debated on a number of levels, including definition, the strategy/success relationship and strategy coordination. In addition, awareness has been steadily growing of the importance of taking an holistic view of the strategy phenomenon and examining strategies not just in isolation but as part of an overall picture which includes learning situation, learning target and individual learner characteristics. This article will first of all review the literature and the previous research on these controversial issues, and suggest a workable definition. Then, in order to illustrate the importance of such an holistic view, the results of a small scale study which looks at the strategies used by 16 successful language learners who were all either teaching English or teaching in English at university level will be reported. The quantitative results indicated that these successful learners used many strategies, especially those that suited their goals and their situations; they also frequently used and carefully orchestrated strategy repertoires which suited their own individual needs. The responses of one highly successful respondent were also examined qualitatively. The implications of these findings and the importance of viewing learners holistically are discussed and suggestions are made for ongoing research.

13

Language learning strategies: An holistic view

60%

Griffiths C. , Cansiz G.

Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching

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2015

|

tom 5

|

nr 3

473-493

EN

The language learning strategy question has been debated on a number of levels, including definition, the strategy/success relationship and strategy coordination. In addition, awareness has been steadily growing of the importance of taking an holistic view of the strategy phenomenon and examining strategies not just in isolation but as part of an overall picture which includes learning situation, learning target and individual learner characteristics. This article will first of all review the literature and the previous research on these controversial issues, and suggest a workable definition. Then, in order to illustrate the importance of such an holistic view, the results of a small scale study which looks at the strategies used by 16 successful language learners who were all either teaching English or teaching in English at university level will be reported. The quantitative results indicated that these successful learners used many strategies, especially those that suited their goals and their situations; they also frequently used and carefully orchestrated strategy repertoires which suited their own individual needs. The responses of one highly successful respondent were also examined qualitatively. The implications of these findings and the importance of viewing learners holistically are discussed and suggestions are made for ongoing research.

14

Вариативность числовых форм в древнерусской письменности: singularis vs pluralis

60%

Жолобов О.

Rozprawy Komisji Językowej ŁTN

|

2018

|

tom 66

565-580

PL

Autor rozważa w artykule niecodzienny typ wariantywności w języku staroruskim: singularis vs pluralis. Jego uwagę zwracają przede wszystkim takie sytuacje we współczesnym języku rosyjskim, gdy zamiast dawnej wariantywności form liczby występują formy singularia tantum i pluralia tantum. Zdaniem autora przypadki wariantywności form w zakresie liczby można wyjaśnić podwójną naturą znaków językowych – sygnifikatywnych i denotatywnych. Forma gramatyczna liczby pojedynczej jest wyrażeniem significatum i w żadnym wypadku nie koreluje z potencjalnym gramatycznym znaczeniem jednostkowości. Wręcz przeciwnie, zastąpienie wyjściowych, oryginalnych form wyrazu w liczbie pojedynczej liczbą mnogą jest właśnie spowodowane semantycznym nasyceniem form pluralnych, odzwierciedlających złożoność obiektów lub ich substancjonalną (rzeczową) intensywność. Oznaczony, pozytywny człon opozycji – pluralis – sygnalizuje realność, konkretność, bytowość określanych obiektów, podczas gdy nieoznaczony, negatywny człon okazuje się być związanym z ideą (konceptem) nazwanych obiektów. W intensywnej interakcji członów opozycji rozwija się wtórna, odzwierciedlona kategorialność, w wyniku której prywatywna, jednostronna opozycja może funkcjonować jako ekwipolentna, dwukierunkowa.

EN

The article considers an unusual type of variability in the Old Russian – singularis vs pluralis. Attention is drawn first of all to cases where in the modern Russian language, instead of the ancient variability of numerical forms, the words singularia tantum and pluralia tantum are found. We believe that cases of numerical variability have an explanation in the dual nature of verbal signs – significative and denotative. The grammatical form of the singular appears as an expression of significatum and does not correlate with the potential grammatical meaning of singularity. On the contrary, the replacement of the original word forms of the singular by the plural is due precisely to the semantic saturation of the plural forms reflecting the complexity of the objects or the substantial intensity. The marked member of the opposition – pluralis – signals the reality, concreteness, the beingness of the designated objects, while the unmarked term results in the idea (signification, concept) of the designated objects. In tense interaction of opposition members, a secondary, reflected categoriality develops, as a result of which the private opposition can function as an equipollent one.

15

Connection between shape of pine [Pinus sylvestris] cones and weight, colour and number of seeds extracted from them

60%

Aniszewska M.

Electronic Journal of Polish Agricultural Universities. Series: Forestry

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2006

|

tom 09

|

nr 1

EN

The article presents the attempt to establish connections between the shape of cones and the weight, number and colour of seeds coming from one stand. The author suggested choosing pine (Pinus sylvestris) seeds of the best cultivation characteristics before extraction, paying attention to the shape of cones, and after extraction basing on the weight and colour of seeds. In addition, the author studies the distribution of dark and light seeds on cone scales.

16

Ptaki szponiaste (Falconiformes) gniazdujące na terenie Lasu Łagiew nickiego w latach 2009-2010

51%

Krajewski Ł. , Janiszewski T. , Wojciechowski Z. , Łukasz Krajewski - Uniwersytet Łódzki S. O. S. K. N. B. , Tomasz Janiszewski - Uniwersytet Łódzki Z. D. B. i. B. R. B. , Zbigniew Wojciechowski - Uniwersytet Łódzki Z. D. B. i. R. B.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Biologica et Oecologica

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2006

|

tom Supplementum

EN

Three breeding species of raptors were observed in Łagiewnicki Forest in 2009-2010 (number of breeding pairs): Common Buzzard Buleo buteo (5-6 pairs), Goshawk Accipiter gentilis (5 pairs), Sparrowhawk A ccipiter nisus (6 - 8 pairs). In the paper, the changes in raptor’s number during last 50 years are described and possible reasons of the changes are discussed.

17

Kombajny zbożowe w rolnictwie polskim w latach 1990-2009

51%

Pawlak J.

Problemy Inżynierii Rolniczej

|

2011

|

tom R. 19, nr 2

39-45

PL

W latach 1990-2009 liczba kombajnów zbożowych, użytkowanych w rolnictwie polskim, zwiększyła się z 72,9 tys. szt. do 134,0 tys. szt., czyli o 84%. W tym samym czasie powierzchnia zasiewów zbóż i roślin technologicznie podobnych zwiększyła się w Polsce o 1,7%, a z uwagi na zwiększający się udział kombajnów zbożowych w zbiorze tych roślin szacuje się, że łączna powierzchnia zbierana tymi maszynami w 2009 r. była o 27% większa niż w 1990 r. Zwiększenie liczby kombajnów zbożowych, a w mniejszym stopniu - wzrost przeciętnej ich wydajności - spowodowały, że w okresie objętym analizą nastąpiło zmniejszenie przeciętnego wykorzystania tych maszyn w Polsce o ok. 39%.

EN

The number of combine-harvesters used in Polish agriculture within the years 1990-2009 increased from 72.9 thousand up to 134.0 thousand, i.e. by 84%. In the same time the cropping area of cereals and technologically similar plants in Poland became larger by 1.7%. Taking into account an increasing share of combine-harvesters in harvesting of the mentioned crops, it is estimated that the total area harvested with these machines in 2009 was greater by 27%, as compared to 1990. Increasing number of combine-harvesters, and - to smaller degree - an increase of their average capacity, resulted in reduced average use of these machines in Poland during analysed period by about 39%.

18

Uwagi na temat gramatyki onomastycznej (na przykładzie wybranych toponimów obcych i polskich)

51%

Stefańczyk W. T. , Jagielloński U.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Kształcenie Polonistyczne Cudzoziemców

|

2013

|

tom 20

PL

Artykuł przedstawia prawidłowości w zakresie podstawowych kategorii fleksyjnych (tj. rodzaju, liczby i przypadka) obcych i polskich toponimów. Materiał źródłowy stanowią nazwy państw świata i ich stolic, największe miasta świata oraz największe miasta Polski. Z badań wynika, że rodzaj męski mają zasadniczo toponimy o wygłosie spółgłoskowym, rodzaj żeński – nazwy własne zakończone na -a, natomiast rodzaj nijaki – leksemy z wygłosowymi samogłoskami: -e, -i//-y, -o oraz -u. Zdecydowana większość toponimów ma postać liczby pojedynczej, jedynie niewielka ich część to formy plurale tantum, o czym decydują czynniki semantyczne, np. Stany Zjednoczone, Komory bądź historyczne, np.: Węgry, Niemcy. Toponimy rodzaju męskiego odmieniają się według paradygmatu deklinacji męskiej, przy czym nazwy obce mają w D. lp. na ogół końcówkę -u, natomiast nazwy polskie najczęściej zakończenie -a. Leksemy rodzaju żeńskiego odmieniają się według wzorca deklinacji męskiej, natomiast toponimy rodzaju nijakiego są w ponad 90% nieodmienne.

19

Paradygmat kwantowy w konstytuowaniu struktury kosztów sprzedaży

51%

Mietlewski Z.

Zeszyty Naukowe Ostrołęckiego Towarzystwa Naukowego

|

2015

|

tom Zeszyt

|

nr XXIX

210-222

EN

It is a matter of time when the methods of budgeting of entrepreneurship which are used currently will be replaced by new ones – more sophisticated and effective. The will make impossible to lay out the budget using defective data (so called creative budget), they will also accelerate the budgeting itself as well as they will enable to integrate them with partners’ budgets. Clarity of the budget will be one of advantages of competitiveness. The author noticed that reliable rights of physics may to be applicable when solving of economic problems. In the report there is presented and explained how to implement this fact in budgeting of business activity. Presented material is the fragment of author’s work on concept of quantum budgeting in the frame of developing theory of mechanics of the quantum economy.

PL

Jest kwestią czasu, że stosowane w działalności gospodarczej metody budżetowania zastąpione zostaną przez nowe metody, bardziej wyrafinowane i skuteczne. Uniemożliwią one opracowanie budżetów za pomocą danych ułomnych (budżet kreatywny) oraz przyspieszą samo budżetowanie, a także pozwolą je zintegrować z budżetami kooperantów. Przejrzystość budżetu będzie jedną z przewag konkurencyjności. Autor zauważył, że pewne prawa fizyki mogą mieć zastosowanie przy rozwiązywaniu problemów ekonomicznych. W referacie objaśniono, jak przejść ze świat fizyki do świata ekonomii i jak ten fakt zaimplementować w budżetowaniu działalności gospodarczej. Zaprezentowany materiał stanowi fragment pracy autora nad koncepcję budżetowania kwantowego prowadzonych w ramach rozwijanej teorii mechaniki ekonomii kwantowej.

20

Ocena wpływu związków powierzchniowo czynnych zawartych w wybranych płynach do mycia naczyń na rozwój, plenność i masę ciała muszki owocowej DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

51%

Mitrus J. , Stankiewicz C. , Steć E.

Chemia i Inżynieria Ekologiczna

|

1998

|

tom Vol. 5, nr 5-6

451-462

PL

W trzyletnim doświadczeniu (1994-1997) laboratoryjnym badano wpływ detergentów zawartych w płynach Ludwik, Kop, Floren, Brio, Sunlicht i E na biologię muszki owocowej. W eksperymencie brano pod uwagę dwa stężenia każdego z płynów. Z analizy danych wynika, iż detergenty z płynów Floren i Brio działają hamująco na rozwój owadów badanego szczepu. Może to świadczyć o pewnej toksyczności tych płynów.

EN

In the three-year (1995-1997) laboratory experiment effect of detergents from cleaning liquids Ludwik, Kop, Floren, Brio, Sunlicht and E on the midge reproductive biology was examined. Each liquid was used in two concentrations. The detergents from liquids Floren and Brio inhibited development of midge that probably demanstrates the toxic character of these liquids.