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Gastrointestinal nematodes are considered a serious economic problem affecting the livestock industry around the world. Current methods of their control, relaying mainly on organic drugs, are not sustainable because parasites develop resistance to anthelmintic and bacause of increasing public concem about chemicals residues in livestock products and environment. Nematode-trapping fungi offer a very promissing, nonchemotherapeutic approach to nematode parasite control. Their potential in preventing nematodosis is well documented. In this paper we outline the present knowlege on mechanisms involved in trapping and killing nematodes by the predacious nematode-destroying fungi.
EN
Forming of gastro-intestinal nematodes fauna of free ranging European bison in Białowieża Primeval Forest during last 17 years (1984-2001). 28 European bison of both sexes and in different age shot in Bialowieża Primeval Forest in January 1984, (10 animals), January 1992 (10 animals) and in January and the beginning of February 2001 (8 animals) have been necropsied. The examined animals in mentioned years were of similar age. There were examined abomasa and duodena of shot animals. All necropsied bison were infected with gastro-intestinal nematodes. The bighest intensity of infection with nematodcs of abomasum was found in 1992 year and with nematodes of duodenum in 2001 year. In the examined period were found as many as 21 species of gastro-intestinal nematodes, and 15 of them occurred in 1984, 16 in 1992 and 17 in 2001; 12 species, namely: Trichostrongylus axei, T. capricola, Ostertagia ostertagi, O. lyrata, O. leptospicularis, O. kolchida, Spiculopteragia boehmi, Cooperia oncophora. Nematodirus helventianus, N. roscidus. N. europaeus and Aonchotheca bilobata occurred in all 3 examined years. The highest mean intensity of infection and the percentage index of intensity of these 12 species of nematodes showed O. leptospicularis which was 45% to 47% of all Ostertagiinae. Beyond of these 12 species of nematodes which occurred in all examined years, there were found 9 species more: Ostertagia antipini, Spiculopteragia mathevossiani, S. asymmetrica, Mazamastrongylus dagestanicus, Cooperia surnabada, C. punctata, C. pectinata, Haemonchus placei and Ashworthius sidemi. They occurred sporadically and in low density. During the examined period, bison have adapted 10 species of parasites from Cervides. Mazamastrongylus dagestanicus -parasite primary typical for moose, was for the first time found in bison.
EN
The development of the larvae of roundworms in the gastrointestinal tract of sheep under the condition of significant temperature fluctuation within a day and night was studied. Moreover, the survival rate of the Haemonchus contortus and Ostertagia circumcincta and Tricho- strongylus sp. and Chabertia ovina larvae stored in the samples of faeces at 17-24°C, 4°C and -10°C was examined. It was found that the first larvae of Haemonchus contortus and Ostertagia circumcincta occurred at 4-26°C after 33 days. The highest number of the larvae appeared at days 42 and 45 since the culture commencement. In relation to control samples, the number of developed larvae was 19 per cent. In the samples stored alternately at 24°C and -10°C the first larvae of Haemonchus contortus and Ostertagia circumcincta were found at day 42. Compared with control samples they constituted only 3 per cent of the larvae. Invasive larvae stored in faeces at 17-24°C or at 4°C survived 35 days and 85 days respectively, while stored at -10°C they survived 180 days; they were classified as Ostertagia circumcincta.
EN
The current control of parasitic diseases has been based on anthelmintic drug treatment. In the light of increasing occurrence of anthelmintic-resistant strains of parasites and lack of effective vaccines against gastrointestinal nematodes, the genetic selection of resistant animals seems to be very promising. Taking into account the fact that the immune response is under genetic control, an understanding of the processes involved in the development of adaptive immunity to infections will contribute to better understanding of variabilities in susceptibility and pathology of helminth infection.
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