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EN
Industrial acidic zinc electrolyte has been treated with calcium compounds and/or concentrated ammonia solution and resulting crystalline phases as well as equilibrium mother liquors were analyzed in detail for dependence on preliminary dilution of electrolyte with water. Neutralized zinc electrolyte was an object of investigation in zinc(II) extraction with di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (DEHPA) as an extractant. Dependencies of zinc(II) and contaminants extraction on equilibrium pH, isotherms of zinc(II) extraction and stripping have been studied. During simulated laboratory counter-current trial of zinc extraction a new zinc electrolyte (stripped solution) has been produced. Raffinates left after the process were purified and qualified as mineral magnesium-ammonium fertilizer solutions.
EN
A pot experiment on an acid brown soil was conducted in 1998-2001. Three multicomponent fertilizers were applied: Polifoska 8, Polifoska 15 and Polimag 306, Travit at the rates of 0.5; 1.0; and 1.5 g N per pot. The total forms of phosphorous were determined in dry matter of perennial ryegrass with the use of ASA method. The contents of these elements were higher in the fertilized variants as compared to the control. No significant differences were found among the contents of investigated elements compared in plants treated with different multicomponent fertilizers. The chemical analyses indicated that increasing rates of the fertilizers applied enhanced the contents of phosphorous. In the content of phosphorous in dry matter of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) the Polifoska 8 it ranged from 0,49-0,65 %. In the content of phosphorous in dry matter of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) the Polifoska 15 it ranged from 0,49-0,63 %. In the content of phosphorous in dry matter of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) the Polimag 306 it ranged from 0,51-0,72 %. In the content of phosphorous in dry matter of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) the Travit it ranged from 0,46-0,53 %.
EN
Urbanization is the cause of many changes which is taking place in the environment, including those found in the catchment. A pot experiment on an acid brown soil was conducted in 1998-2001. Three multicomponent fertilizers were applied: Polifoska 8, Polifoska 15, Polimag 306 and Travit at the rates of 0.5; 1.0; and 1.5 g N per pot. The total forms of nitrogen were determined in dry matter of perennial ryegrass with the use of ASA method. The contents of these elements were higher in the fertilized variants as compared to the control. No significant differences were found among the contents of investigated elements compared in plants treated with different multicomponent fertilizers. The chemical analyses indicated that increasing rates of the fertilizers applied enhanced the contents of nitrogen.
EN
A pot experiment on an acid brown soil was conducted in 1998-2001. Three multicomponent fertilizers were applied: Polifoska 8, Polifoska 15 and Polimag 306, Travit at the rates of 0.5; 1.0; and 1.5 g N per pot. The total forms of potassium were determined in dry matter of perennial ryegrass with the use of ASA method. The contents of these elements were higher in the fertilized variants as compared to the control. No significant differences were found among the contents of investigated elements compared in plants treated with different multicomponent fertilizers. The chemical analyses indicated that increasing rates of the fertilizers applied enhanced the contents of potassium. In the content of potassium in dry matter of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) the Polifoska 8 it ranged from 3.49- 4.92 %. In the content of potassium in dry matter of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) the Polifoska 15 it ranged from 4.29-4.86 %. In the content of potassium in dry matter of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) the Polimag 306 it ranged from 4.07-5.17 %. In the content of potassium in dry matter of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) the Travit it ranged from 3.84-4.73 %. The content of potassium in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) was mostly higher on objects may receive farm manures fertilisers compared to the control object.
EN
A pot experiment on an acid brown soil was conducted in 1998-2001. Three multicomponent fertilizers were applied: Polifoska 8, Polifoska 16 and Polimag 306, at the rates of 0.5; 1.0; and 1.5 g N per pot. The total forms of cadmium were determined in dry matter of perennial ryegrass with the use of ASA method. The contents of these elements were higher in the fertilized variants as compared to the control. No significant differences were found among the contents of investigated elements compared in plants treated with different multicomponent fertilizers. The increasing rates of nitrogen decreased soil pH and, thereby, enhanced the availability and concentration of heavy metals in perennial ryegrass.
EN
Urbanization is the cause of many changes which is taking place in the environment, including those found in the catchment Three multicomponent fertilizers were applied: Polifoska 8, Polifoska 16 and Polimag 306, at the rates of 0.5; 1.0; and 1.5 g N per pot. The total forms of nickel were determined in dry matter of perennial ryegrass with the use of ASA method. The contents of these elements were higher in the fertilized variants as compared to the control. No significant differences were found among the contents of investigated elements compared in plants treated with different multicomponent fertilizers. The increasing rates of nitrogen decreased soil pH and, thereby, enhanced the availability and concentration of heavy metals in perennial ryegrass. A pot experiment on an acid brown soil was conducted in 1998-2001.
EN
The aim of the three-year pot experiment was to determine the effect of standard mineral fertilization enriched with sulfur and iron on the content of nitrogen and sulfur in plants and on nutrient utilization by plants. Abundance of sulfates in soil after sulfur fertilization was also assessed. The direct effect of fertilization was assessed during the first and second year of the pot experiment, and the after-effect was analyzed during the third year. Rape (first year) and maize (second and third year) were the test plants. Solid mineral fertilizers (A: a mixture of ammonium nitrate and dolomite; B: a mixture of ammonium nitrate and sulfate) enriched with iron sulfate were used. Nitrogen content in the plants varied depending on applied fertilization as well on plant species and part. Sulfur application increased sulfur content in the aboveground parts of plants by 25-457% and in roots by 95-708%. Iron application ambiguously influenced nitrogen and sulfur content in the plants. Hovewer, simultaneous application of iron and sulfur (as fertilizer B enriched with iron) resulted in the highest coefficient of nitrogen (84%) and sulfur (39%) utilization. Sulfur fertilization caused a 5-20 fold increase in sulfate sulfur content in the soil.
EN
The influence of mineral fertilizers on productivity and nutrient balance of sod–podzolic soil when growing cereal meadow agrophytocenosis under conditions of Precarpathians of Ukraine was researched. It was found that the dependence of cereal agrocenosis productivity on the doses and ratios of N, P, K in mineral fertilizers is described by equation (polynomial) of the 2nd degree. Among the mineral elements, nitrogen is has the greatest influence on grass productivity. When applying the total dose of N75 with even distribution of nitrogen under each of three mowings on different backgrounds of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers, the productivity of cereal grass increases by 2.82–3.06 t ha-1 of dry mass, and when applying N150 by 3.33–4.93 t ha-1 of dry mass. Recoupment of nitrogen fertilizers per 1 kg by yield increase when applying N75 is 38–41 kg of dry mass, which is 4–5 kg more compared to the application of N150. The indices of phosphorus and especially potassium removal, as well as deficiency of these elements in the balance increased along with nitrogen dose. Independently of the phosphorus and potassium doses, the lowest indices are fixed on a nitrogen–free background, and the highest – on the background of N150.
EN
The article is devoted to the disclosure of the effect on the vital activity of cyanobacteria by changes in the nutrients in the chemical composition of artificial aquatic biotopes. The research results allowed us to establish that the dissolution of complex mineral fertilizer (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) in the range of up to 10 g/L contributes to the active development of cyanobacteria, which is accompanied by complete binding of mineral additives and absorption of oxygen. The addition of fertilizers in the amount of more than 1 g/L contributes to a sharp increase in the growth rate of the cyanobacteria population, which provokes the conditions for the blooming of the solutions. Enrichment of the nutritive base of biotopes ensures rapid growth of biocenosis and accelerated consumption of dissolved substances. The recorded average absorption rate of phosphorus reached more than 17 g/(L·day), and nitrogen – 30 g/(L·day). The formation of sediment and foam in the test vessels was associated with the depletion of nutrients and the death of hydrobionts. This phenomenon can serve as an indicator of oxygen decrease in the water. The results of the experiment confirmed the ability of cyanobacteria to transform nitrogen and phosphorus dissolved in water into bound organic forms with high intensity. This opens up the prospect of creating biological methods and means of wastewater demineralization.
EN
The results of research on the influence of plant standing density and level of mineral fertilization on growth and development of sweet corn plants of hybrid Moreland F1 on sod–podzolic soils have been presented. The change in influence degree of technological factors on the height of sweet corn plants in different periods of the crop growth and development has been established. It was determined that the longest vegetation period had the crops of sweet corn grown under conditions of full mineral fertilization and maximum plant density of 80.000/ha – 80.3 days, and the shortest one was on the variant with unfertilized background and plant density of 60.000/ha – 73.2 days. Increase of mineral fertilizer dose contributed to better growth of sweet corn than in variants without mineral fertilizers. Increase of plant density up to 80.000/ha led to unnatural stretching of plants (over 190 cm). It was determined that the optimal plant height of the crops was at the density of 60 thousand/ha on the background of nutrition N135P90K125 + N60 + N30. The maximum average daily growth was characterized by sweet corn plants on the background of nutrition N135P90K125 + N60 + N30 with plant density 80.000/ha – 2.93 cm.
PL
Przedstawiono wyniki badań granulacji nawozu NPS(Mikro) dwiema metodami. W metodzie pierwszej stosowano strumień surowcowy w postaci stałej. Jako czynnik granulacyjny zastosowano parę wodną oraz wodę, wprowadzane do złoża materiału na talerzu granulacyjnym. W metodzie drugiej (granulacji mieszarkowej) główny strumień surowcowy miał postać pulpy procesowej, który wprowadzano do mieszalnika łopatkowego. Jako urządzenie poprawiające jakość produktu końcowego zastosowano talerz granulacyjny. Podano charakterystykę nowego wieloskładnikowego nawozu mineralnego NPS(Mikro) o nazwie roboczej UreaPhoS(Micro). Przedstawiono wyniki badań dotyczące wpływu wgłębnego stosowania nowego nawozu na rozwój systemu korzeniowego kukurydzy. Stwierdzono, że umieszczenie mikrogranul badanego nawozu łącznie z nasionami przy jednoczesnym wprowadzeniu supergranul na głębokość 30 cm zapewnia najkorzystniejsze warunki dla rozwoju systemu korzeniowego kukurydzy.
EN
A NPS fertilizer was produced and granulated either by plate method with water vapor, water and optionally NH3or by pulping method with H2SO4, water, urea and Ca3 (PO4)2 in a paddle mixer and in a plate granulator. The fertilizer prepd. under pilot plant condition was applied sub-soil to maize root system in 5 combinations. The placement of micro-granules of tested fertilizer together with seeds (with a simultaneous placement of super granules) at the depth of 30 cm resulted in good development of the maize root system.
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PL
Przeprowadzona analiza gospodarstw rolnych wykazała duże zróżnicowanie w zakresie wybranych wskaźników dotyczących stosowania nawożenia mineralnego wzależności od struktury zasiewów iwielkości gospodarstwa. W analizowanych gospodarstwach rolnych najwięcej zużywano nawozów azotowych, nieco mniej potasowych, anajmniej fosforowych. Stwierdzono zależność między powierzchnią użytków rolnych a ilością NPK stosowanego w nawożeniu roślin uprawnych. Największe zużycie nawozów mineralnych odnotowano w gospodarstwach o powierzchni 51-100 ha, a najmniejsze w gospodarstwach o powierzchni 10-20 ha. We wszystkich gospodarstwach największe dawki nawozów mineralnych stosowano w uprawie rzepaku, kukurydzy i roślin okopowych, a znacznie mniejsze wuprawie zbóż jarych i ozimych. Stwierdzono istotną korelację między ilością stosowanego NPK a plonem wybranych ziemiopłodów oraz między poziomem plonowania a kosztem nawożenia, a także między kosztem nawożenia a wartością plonu.
EN
The anal. was based on questionnaire surveys conducted in 2016-2018 in 80 farms located in the Wielkopolskie province, differing in the area of agricultural land (10-100 ha) and cropping system structure. In the analyzed farms the N fertilizers were consumed in the greatest amounts, the less K and the least P fertilizers. A relationship was found between the area of agricultural land and the amt. of NPK used in fertilizing crops. The highest consumption of mineral fertilizers was recorded on farms with an area of 51-100 ha, and the lowest on farms with an area of 10-20 ha. A significant pos. correlation was found between yield and the NPK dose, the yield and fertilization costs as well as between the yield value and mineral fertilization costs.
EN
One of the elements of the Polish Energy Policy program is the development of renewable energy, including energy from biomass combustion. In Poland, the Green Block was built at the Połaniec Power Station fired with 100% biomass fuel. This solution is conducive not only to obtaining energy but also to improving environmental protection. During the combustion of biomass in a fluidized bed boiler, about 50 thousand tons of fly ash per year being a source of nutrients for plants, for example potassium salts, phosphorus, calcium, boron compounds, etc. was derived. The subject of the research were three types of ashes from biomass combustion containing 80% dendromass and 20% agromass. Agromas was made of straw, dried material or sliced palm nuts. The physical characteristics and chemical composition of three basic fly ash samples are presented. Due to the high fineness and thus dusting during spreading, it was found that there is no possibility of the direct use of fly ash from biomass combustion as an alkalizing agent for acidic soils. The lowest bulk density was demonstrated by samples of fly ash originating from the combustion of biomass containing 20% straw as agromass, while the poorest in potassium and phosphorus were ash samples obtained from the combustion of biomass containing 20% agromass in the form of palm kernel slate. As additional components, mineral acids as well as inorganic compounds, including industrial waste, were used to correct the chemical composition and to mineral fertilizer granulation. The number of introduced components was related to the postulated composition of the produced fertilizer. Examples of mineral fertilizers obtained, both simple and multicomponent fertilizers, are presented.
PL
Jednym z elementów programu Polityka Energetyczna Polski jest rozwój energii odnawialnej, w tym pozyskiwanie z biomasy. W Polsce wybudowano Zielony Blok w Elektrowni Połaniec opalany w 100% paliwem z biomasy. Rozwiązanie takie sprzyja nie tylko pozyskiwaniu energii, ale także poprawie w zakresie ochrony środowiska. W toku spalania biomasy w kotle fluidalnym powstaje około 50 tys. ton popiołu lotnego w skali roku stanowiące źródło składników pokarmowych dla roślin, na przykład sole potasowe, związki fosforu, wapnia, boru itp. Przedmiotem badań były trzy rodzaje popiołów pochodzących ze spalania biomasy zawierającej 80% dendromasy i 20% agromasy. Agromasę stanowiły słoma, susz lub łupki orzecha palmowego. Przedstawiono charakterystykę fizyczną i skład chemiczny trzech zasadniczych próbek popiołu lotnego. Ze względu na duże rozdrobnienie, a tym samym pylenie podczas rozsiewu, stwierdzono brak możliwości bezpośredniego wykorzystania popiołów lotnych ze spalania biomasy jako czynnika alkalizującego kwaśne gleby. Najniższą gęstość nasypową wykazały próbki popiołów lotnych pochodzących ze spalania biomasy zawierającej 20% słomy jako agromasę, natomiast najuboższe w potas i fosfor były próbki popiołu uzyskane ze spalania biomasy zawierającej 20% agromasy w postaci łupek orzecha palmowego. Jako dodatkowych komponentów do korekty składu chemicznego oraz do granulacji nawozów mineralnych stosowano kwasy mineralne, jak również związki nieorganiczne, w tym odpady przemysłowe. Ilość wprowadzanych komponentów związana była z postulowanym składem wytwarzanego nawozu. Przedstawiono przykłady otrzymanych nawozów mineralnych zarówno prostego, jak i nawozów wieloskładnikowych.
PL
Przeprowadzono optymalizację procesu mielenia wapienia jurajskiego przeznaczonego do produkcji mineralnych granulatów wapniowych. Zastosowano dwa rozwiązania technologiczne: laboratoryjny młyn kulowy oraz pionowy młyn kulowy z mieszalnikiem materiału suchego. Badania prowadzono w kierunku minimalizacji nakładów energetycznych oraz uzyskania odpowiedniej granulacji. Do obliczeń optymalizacyjnych wykorzystano równanie Gardnera i Austina w formie różniczkowej dla dyskretnych wartości udziałów. Określono podstawowe parametry przemiału, wykorzystując teorię momentów statystycznych.
EN
A lab. ball mill and a vertical ball mill with a dry material mixer were used to minimize the energy expenditure and to obtain necessary size fraction of the product. The basic milling parameters were detd. according to the theory of statistical moments.
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Content available remote Badania możliwości wykorzystania żużli stalowniczych jako nawozu mineralnego
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PL
Celem pracy było przeprowadzenie badań możliwości wykorzystania żużli stalowniczych, powstających w stalowniach, jako nawozu mineralnego. Wykonano analizę danych literaturowych wykorzystania żużli stalowniczych w rolnictwie w różnych krajach oraz analizę przepisów i norm dotyczących dopuszczalnych zawartości metali i ich związków w nawozach. Przeprowadzono badania materiałowe żużli pod kątem możliwości ich wykorzystania w rolnictwie, w tym: oznaczenia składu chemicznego, fazowego oraz analiz postaci fizycznej. Wyniki badań składu fazowego skonfrontowano z wynikami symulacji komputerowych procesu krzepnięcia przykładowych żużli. Wykonano także laboratoryjne badania podatności do procesu grudkowania wybranych żużli ulegających samorozpadowi. Na podstawie zebranych wyników wytypowano żużle do dalszych badań nad ich wykorzystaniem w rolnictwie: żużle konwertorowe, ze względu na wieloletnie tradycje ich wykorzystywania w tym charakterze na świecie i żużle z procesów pozapiecowej obróbki ciekłej stali ze względu na wysoką zawartość wapna i tlenku magnezu. Uzyskana w trakcie realizacji wiedza została wykorzystana przy opracowaniu wniosku na projekt rozwojowy w ramach Programu Badań Stosowanych.
EN
The purpose of this paper was to carry out the investigations of possibilities to use steel slags, generated in steel-works, as a mineral fertiliser. The review of literature data on using steel slags in agriculture in different countries as well as regulations and standards concerning the permissible contents of metals and their compounds in fertilisers was made. The materials testing of slags, including the determination of chemical and phase composition as well as analyses of physical forms, was carried out with regard to the possibility of their use in agriculture. The results of phase composition tests were compared to the results of computer simulations of solidification of sample slags. The laboratory investigations of susceptibility to pelletising of selected slags subject to self-disintegration were also carried out. Based on the acquired results, the following slags were selected for further investigations on their use in agriculture: Bessemer slags, due to long-standing tradition of use in this capacity all over the world, and slags from secondary treatment of liquid steel, due to high contents of calcium and magnesium oxide. The knowledge gained during this work has been used for development of application for development project under the Applied Research Programme.
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