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EN
The method for the determination of Sr microamounts in milk by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) is suggested. The main characteristics for the determination of this metal have been optimized and investigated: optimum air and gas pressure; the influence of hydrochloric acid and an effect of time on the absorbance of strontium. The selectivity of the determination of strontium was also investigated. The limit­ing interfering Sr/M ratios (the determination error ±10%) have been estimated. The suggested technique is simple, fast, accurate and selective.
EN
The evaluation of the microbiological and sensory quality of 30 assortments of market milk was the objective of the presented research. The study also compared the sensory profile of selected samples of milk differing in preservation method. Microbiological tests included determination of the presence and number of Enterobacteriaceae and the total number of microorganisms. Sensory characteristics of all the milk samples was performed by scaling method (5-points scale). Selected samples of milk were additionally assessed by means of profile method. Microbiological tests showed satisfactory microbiological purity of milk, which indicates the effectiveness of the heat treatment and the lack of secondary contamination. Regardless of the preservation method, all the evaluated milk samples were characterised by a high sensory quality (4.25-5 points). There were no changes in smell and taste, resulting from the development of undesirable microflora. The tested samples of milk differing in the preservation method (sterilisation, pasteurisation at high temperature and subjected to microfiltration and low pasteurisation) varied in the sensory profile. Milk pasteurised at high temperature was characterised by the most harmonised overall quality.
EN
Draft Regulation of the Council of Ministers establishes the principles of the application by Poland of the possibility of rescheduling payment of the levies provided for in Regulation No 595/2004. In accordance with § 4 of the draft regulation of the Council of Ministers aid provided for therein has the character of de minimis aid, and should be provided in accordance with the provisions of Regulation 1408/2013. This draft regulation does not go beyond the legal framework determined by Regulation 595/2004 in relation to the preamble to the Regulation 2015/517. Consequently, it must be considered not to be inconsistent with Commission Regulation (EC) No 595/2004
PL
Omówiono niektóre właściwości wyizolowanych z mleka kobiecego przez badaczy rosyjskich przeciwciał katalityczych (abzymów), hydrolizujących kwasy nukleinowe i chroniących niemowlę przed infekcjami bakteryjnymi i wirusowymi. Przedstawiono również częściowe wyizolowanie z siary krowiej przeciwciał katalitycznych hydrolizujących RNA.
EN
Some properties of reported human milk by Russian workers catalytic antibodies (abzymes), which hydrolyze nucleic acids and which may defend new born babies against infection by viruses and bactieria are reviewed. Some partial purification antibodies, which hydrolyze RNA, from bovine colostrum is reported.
PL
Mleko i jego przetwory są dobrym źródłem składników odżywczych i prozdrowotnych, dlatego też odgrywają dużą role w diecie współczesnego człowieka. Właściwości prozdrowotne mleka warunkowane są obecnością m.in. wybranych składników frakcji białkowej i frakcji tłuszczowej mleka, a także witamin, szczególnie lipofilnych oraz niektórych składników mineralnych. Mleko i produkty mleczne należą do żywności o szczególnie dużej gęstości odżywczej (INQ - index of nutritional quality). Wszystkie składniki są dobrze przyswajalne i efektywnie wykorzystywane przez organizm, jedynym wyjątkiem jest laktoza.
EN
Milk and dairy products arę good sources of nutrients and healthy, and therefore play an important role in the diet of modern man. Health benefits of milk arę conditioned by the presence of such selected components of the protein fraction and the fraction of milk fat, and vitamins, particularly lipophilic and some minerals. Milk and milk products arę foods for particular nutritional density (INQ - index of nutritional quality). All the ingredients are well absorbed and efficiently utilized by the body, the only exception is lactose.
EN
The article is focused on the analysis of the current scientific and methodological principles of determining parameters of transport and purveyance infrastructures of enterprises. The research proves the necessity of determining parameters of the system of milk collecting from the private farm-steads of a single administrative district and develops its own methods of such determining based on the simulation modeling. It presents specifications and determines parameters of the system of purveyance of milk collected from the private farm-steads of a single administrative district.
PL
Trwająca od początku lat dziewięćdziesiątych spadkowa tendencja spożycia mleka uległa pewnemu pogłębieniu w pierwszych latach po integracji. Wpływ na to mają w znaczącym stopniu przemiany strukturalne zachodzące w produkcji mleka. Zmniejszenie o połowę w ciągu 10 lat (1996-2005) liczby gospodarstw hodujących krowy spowodowało, że spożycie mleka maleje przede wszystkim w rodzinach rolniczych. Zmniejsza się więc różnica między poziomem spożycia mleka i jego przetworów przez ludność rolniczą i miejską. Jeszcze przez co najmniej kilka lat konsekwencje restrukturyzacji produkcji mleka będą niwelować wzrost spożycia z tytułu rosnącej zamożności polskich konsumentów.
EN
The ongoing since the 90's downward trend in milk consumption has strengthened in the first years after the integration with EU. This process is influenced by structural changes in dairy sector. The reduction in the number of dairy farms by a half within 10 years caused, that milk consumption is declining mostly in the families of farmers. The gap between consumption of milk and dairy products in rural and urban households population is narrowing. The consequences of restructuring of milk production will obliterate, at least for next several years, the effects of raising consumption due to increasing Polish consumers' incomes.
EN
Article 12a (1) of the Act on the Agricultural Market Agency and Organization of Certain Agricultural Markets may provide a basis of the relevant regulation on granting aid under the de minimis conditions since it would be implementation of the provisions of Regulation 595/2004. You cannot unequivocally determine whether this provision could also serve as a legal basis for the Regulation making it possible to grant public aid under different conditions, as detailed assumptions regarding such assistance are unknown.
PL
W pracy zaprezentowano podstawowe czynniki mające wpływ na jakość i trwałość produktów mlecznych o krótkim, średnim oraz długim okresie trwałości. W pierwszym przypadku obejmowało to pasteryzowane mleko i śmietankę spożywczą, jogurt oraz serek twarogowy typu cottage cheese. W drugim masło i produkty masłopodobne, w trzecim mleczne produkty suszone, sterylizowane mleko zagęszczone, mleko i śmietankę sterylizowaną UHT oraz sery dojrzewające. Omawiając trwałość pasteryzowanego mleka i śmietanki spożywczej dużo uwagi poświęcono wtórnym zanieczyszczeniom po zakończeniu ogrzewania, obecności ciepłoopornych bakterii oraz możliwościom zredukowania ogólnej liczby bakterii w surowym mleku poprzez zastosowanie baktofugacji lub mikrofiltracji. Wśród czynników wpływających na stabilność produktów mlecznych o długim terminie przydatności do spożycia zwrócono uwagę na ciepłooporne enzymy, a w przypadku mlecznych produktów suszonych na czynniki ograniczające procesy utleniania.
EN
In this paper the main factors affecting the quality and shelf life of short, intermediate and long life dairy products were presented. Pasteurized milk and cream, yoghurt and cottage cheese belong to the first group of these products. Butter and spreads represent the second group. In the third group, dried milk products, sterile concentrated milk, sterilised UHT processed milk and cream as well as ripening cheeses were described. While dealing with the stability of pasteurised milk and cream a lot of attention was being paid to post-heat treatment contamination, present of heat-resistant microorganisms and methods of reduction the total number of bacteria in raw milk by using bactofugation or microfilt-ration. Among the factors which influenced the stability of long life dairy products, heat resistant enzymes were described and in the group of dried milk products the factors which reduced the oxidation processes were also introduced.
PL
W pracy zaprezentowano podstawowe czynniki mające wpływ na trwałość mleka i produktów mlecznych. Scharakteryzowano podstawowe składniki mleka i reakcje mające istotne znaczenie dla kształtowania ich właściwości i stabilności. Omówiono źródła zanieczyszczenia mikrobiologicznego mleka i rodzaje bakterii psychrotrofowych oraz ciepłoopornych występujących w mleku. Przedstawiono ważniejsze enzymy pochodzenia bakteryjnego oraz enzymy natywne i wpływ ich aktywności na jakość i trwałość mleka oraz produktów mlecznych.
EN
The main factors affecting the shelf life of milk and milk products were presented in this paper. Chemical composition and principal reactions which can influence the functional properties and stability of main milk ingredients were characterised. The sources of microbiological contamination of milk and type of psychrotrophic bacteria and heat resistant bacteria occurring in milk were described. The influence of main extracellular and native enzymes activity on the quality and shelf life of milk and milk products were also introduced.
EN
The causality Granger test was used to assess the causal links between the prices of milk in selected European Union countries. The Granger test is based on the vector autoregression models - VAR. The conducted research allowed to identify causal relationships between the prices of milk in the following countries: Poland, Germany, France, the Czech Republic, Slovakia.
PL
Modele VAR są przydatnym narzędziem do badania związków przyczynowych między zmiennymi ekonomicznymi. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki analizy zależności między zmianami cen mleka w wybranych krajach UE a cenami mleka w Polsce. Z badań wynika, że cena mleka w Polsce zależy od ceny tego produktu we Francji, Niemczech, Czechach i Słowacji, zaś ceny mleka na Słowacji zależą od cen mleka w Polsce. Stwierdzono, iż identyfikacja związków przyczynowo-skutkowych za pomocą testu Grangera, pozwala skutecznie prognozować krótko- i średnioterminowe ceny mleka.
EN
Milk was a very significant food product in the Mediterranean. The present study is not devoted to milk as such, but to therapeutic galactology, galaktologia iatrike (γαλακτολογία ἰατρική), a version of which is extant in De medicina penned by a Roman encyclopaedist called Celsus. The author places milk and milk-derived products among therapeutic substances, indicates the methods of processing such substances, and also provides the readers with details on dietary and pharmacological characteristics of dairy foods as well as indicating their place in a number of cures. It is necessary to pay attention to the fact that the characterizations of milk and dairy products with regard to their dietary properties and application as pharmakon (φάρμκον) are not an exclusive feature of De medicina, but they are regularly mentioned not only in medical works, such as De diaeta I–IV, teachings of Dioscorides, extant fragments penned by Rufus of Ephesus, Galen, Oribasius, Aetius of Amida and Paul of Aegina, but also in Historia naturalis by Pliny. This is a clear sign that milk was considered to be significant from the medical point of view and was as such very interesting both for the medical profession and for general public. Therefore De medicina appears as a typical work, and details contained in it are simply a testimony of the evolution of the doctrine that was already present in De Diaeta I–IV and later developed by the most prominent physicians.
EN
The aim of this work is to detect and estimate the level of selected heavy metals (copper and lead) in milk and milk products in Chittagong City Corporation Areas of Bangladesh. The most important milk and milk products that are likely to be an important contributor to heavy metal exposure was selected. Total 30 samples of milk and milk products were analyzed among these 20 raw milk samples was collected from 20 dairy farms around industrial area in Chittagong City and 10 milk product samples were collected from market in Chittagong City. Detection and estimation of the level of copper and lead were carried out by using “Analytikjena Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, model: ZEEnit700P, Germany”. It was found that, most of all milk samples contain copper and lead copper and lead. The content of copper in most of all raw milk and milk products were in the range from 0.02 mg/kg to 0.25 mg/kg. The highest level of copper was found 0.244 mg/kg in milk products. The concentration of lead in milk and milk products were in the range from 0.007 mg/kg to 0.02 mg/kg. The highest concentration of lead was found 0.019 mg/kg in raw milk. These values were compared with standard allowable limit and also with the corresponding values of different countries available in literature.
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