Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Co a k čemu je logika?

100%

KOlman V.

Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)

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2011

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tom 59

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nr 2

165-186

EN

In this article I deal with the general question of logical truth or, rather, with the question of what it means when we say that a sentence or a judgement is true for logical reasons. I tackle this question against the background of the most important milestones in the development of logic understood in the broadest sense that is, the projects (1) of Eleatic and Platonic dialectic; (2) Aristotle’s syllogistic approach; (3) Kant’s transcendental logic; and (4) the modern logic of Frege. In relation to the latter I indicate two kinds of influence which formed it, namely (a) the mathematical influence stemming from the problems surrounding the reformed calculus, and (b) the philosophical influence consisting in the rejection of Kant’s definition of mathematics as sciences depending on constructions in space and time. The overall result of the paper will be a critical view of the very idea of formal logic, i.e. of the canon of judgement which is applied quite generally, regardless of the given field, so influentially articulated by, for example, Descartes and Brouwer.

2

W trosce o kulturę logiczną w badaniach filozoficznych i teologicznych

71%

Śleziński K.

Zagadnienia Filozoficzne w Nauce

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2019

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nr 66

326-330

EN

Book review: Polska filozofia chrześcijańska XX wieku. Stanisław Kamiński, Kazimierz Marek Wolsza [Polish Christian Philosophy: Stanisław Kamiński and Kazimierz Marek Wolsza] (red.). Kraków: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Akademii Ignatianum w Krakowie, 2019, ss. 232.

PL

Recenzja monografii wieloautorskiej: Polska filozofia chrześcijańska XX wieku. Stanisław Kamiński, Kazimierz Marek Wolsza (red.). Kraków: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Akademii Ignatianum w Krakowie, 2019, ss. 232.

3

Teorie privace a možnosti její rekonstrukce v moderní logice

63%

Šebela K.

Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)

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2011

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tom 59

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nr 5

707-715

EN

Privation as a specific way of negating is not mentioned in contemporary logic. In contrast, in ancient and medieval logic the theory of privation was quite systematically developed. The reason for this is no doubt the connection between privation theory and certain philosophical theories and problems, such as Aristotle’s theory of matter and form in which privation plays an important role, or the still-influential theory of evil as the privation of the good. The article discusses various forms of privation theory in the history of philosophy and logic, especially in Aristotle and William of Ockham, and then attempts to reconstruct these thoughts in terms of modern logic and semantics, along with the delineation and evaluation of possible challenges for future research. Further, I attempt to find ways of representing these different kinds of privation by means of modern logic and semantics. To this end I work primarily with the conception of John N. Martin, and his use of so-called scalar predicates, but also with the V. Svoboda’s interesting concept of the requisiteness of property. In conclusion I mention some unresolved questions which are connected to the theory of privation.

4

Logical Analysis of the Concept of Beauty

51%

Bertato F. M. , San Martin G.

Edukacja Filozoficzna

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2020

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nr 70

121-141

EN

Since antiquity, defining the concept of beauty has been a struggle for philosophers. Many raised questions related to the objectivity/subjectivity of beauty, which then became fundamental to the understanding of issues in philosophical aesthetics. In this context, our paper provides a logical analysis of the concept of beauty, which includes both universalistic and relativistic perspectives. Based on a methodology inspired by Józef Maria Bocheński’s logical analyses of the concepts of authority and free society, we intend to present some unexpected results derived from popular beliefs and to propose solutions concerning this issue.

5

A Theory of Propositions

51%

Smith N. J. J.

Logic and Logical Philosophy

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2016

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tom 25

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nr 1

83-125

EN

In this paper I present a new theory of propositions, according to which propositions are abstract mathematical objects: well-formed formulas together with models. I distinguish the theory from a number of existing views and explain some of its advantages - chief amongst which are the following. On this view, propositions are unified and intrinsically truth-bearing. They are mind- and language-independent and they are governed by logic. The theory of propositions is ontologically innocent. It makes room for an appropriate interface with formal semantics and it does not enforce an overly fine or overly coarse level of granularity.

6

Peregrinova inferencialistická koncepcia jazyka a logiky (2. časť)

51%

Koreň L.

Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)

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2017

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tom 65

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nr 3

421-436

EN

In the monography Inferentialism: Why Rules Matter (Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan 2014) Jaroslav Peregrin argues that inferential rules constitute the semantic structure of language. In this study I review and assess the inferentialist conception of logic that Peregrin elaborated in the second part of the book.

7

A first order, four-valued, weakly paraconsistent logic and its relation with rough sets semantics

51%

Tsoukias A.

Foundations of Computing and Decision Sciences

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2002

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tom Vol. 27, No. 2

77-96

EN

A first order four-valued logic, called DOT, is presented in the paper as an extension of Belnap's logic using a weak negation and establishing an appropriate semantic for the predicate calculus. The logic uses a simple algebraic structure, that is the smallest non trivial interlaced bilattice on the four truth values, thus resulting in a boolean algebra on the set of truth values. The logic is a language for reasoning under uncertainty, enabling to capture hesitation due either to inconsistent or incomplete information, while keeping a clear distinction between these epistemic states. The logic was originally developed for preference modelling purposes (for which a brief account is given in the paper). The paper demonstrates and discusses the equivalence between the semantics of this logic and of rough sets semantics. On this basis, this papers presents the possibility of inducing rules from examples, that can be integrated in systems whose inference is expressed in the above logic. Such an approach enhances the potentialities of the use of rough sets in classification, reasoning and decision support.

8

The Complexity of Model-Checking Tail-Recursive Higher-Order Fixpoint Logic

51%

Bruse F. , Lange M. , Lozes E.

Fundamenta Informaticae

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2021

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tom Vol. 178, nr 1/2

1--30

EN

Higher-Order Fixpoint Logic (HFL) is a modal specification language whose expressive power reaches far beyond that of Monadic Second-Order Logic, achieved through an incorporation of a typed λ -calculus into the modal μ -calculus. Its model checking problem on finite transition systems is decidable, albeit of high complexity, namely k -EXPTIME-complete for formulas that use functions of type order at most k > 0. In this paper we present a fragment with a presumably easier model checking problem. We show that so-called tail-recursive formulas of type order k can be model checked in (k − 1)-EXPSPACE, and also give matching lower bounds. This yields generic results for the complexity of bisimulation-invariant non-regular properties, as these can typically be defined in HFL.

9

Didactics of logic in ken schools and the conception of logicin the "Encyclopédie ou dictionnaire universel raisonné"

51%

Janeczek S.

Studia Philosophiae Christianae

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2020

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tom 56

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nr S1

41-62

EN

The paper describes the conception of logic in Polish didactics authored by the Commission of National Education (KEN), an important educational institution of the European Enlightenment. Since the documents of the Commission refer to a vision of science presented by such influential works then as the Encyclopédie ou dictionnaire universel raisonné [Great French Encyclopedia], the paper compares the requirements from the Commission’s programmer with the encyclopaedic entries that entail logical problems broadly understood. It turns out that the Commission, following the Encyclopédie, not only recommended a list of textbooks of logic but also shared its eclectic vision of logic. Although it is characteristic of modernity to take a relative approach to the importance of traditional logic, transformed into science on method, or literally an outline of epistemology, understood according to É. Condillac as a specific form of metaphysics, nevertheless some elements of logic were eclectically made valid. This logic, from the times of I. Kant, has been defined as formal logic. Practical logical skills were preferred to the knowledge of logical theories. At the same time attention was paid to the meaning of natural logical skills, and drills in logical reasoningwhen studying languages and mathematics. Despite preferences for the analytical method they also noticed the importance of synthetic method. It seems also that although the documents of the Commission do not say anything about the teaching of syllogistic issues, in didactic practice inspired by the Encyclopédie in the schools controlled by the Commission, the room was made to teach these problems. Condillac’s book was preferred in the schools controlled by the Commission, nevertheless, it was not, as in the case of other textbooks, a must on the reading list, an obligatory reading matter, therefore it was not published in Poland. The conception of logic presented by the Commission as modelled on the Encyclopédie managed to avoid the one-sidedness of Condillac’s approach, the approach that in fact eliminated the teaching of logic.

10

Andrzej Grzegorczyk: Logic and Philosophy

51%

Krajewski S. , Woleński J.

Fundamenta Informaticae

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2007

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tom Vol. 81, nr 1-3

1-17

11

Single–word self–referential sentences

51%

Laudański L. M.

Didactics of Mathematics

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2013

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nr 10(14)

57-64

EN

The paper discusses the well-known logic paradox formulated by Grelling. It belongs to the class of paradoxes known as Russell's paradoxes. Analysing Grelling‟s paradox, the author arrives at the conclusion showing its apparent nature, in other words resolving the problem.

12

Język, logika a rozumowanie – teoria reguł czy modele umysłowe?

51%

Białek M. , Szkoła Wyższa Psychologii Społecznej w Warszawie

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Psychologica

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2008

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tom 12

EN

In present research there was shown the issue of connection between reasoning and logical competence. The point of view of rules theory and mental models theory concerning discussed range of problems was presented and subsequently the prediction of rules theory was verified. The results of the survey conducted on 70 people: 37 students of philosophy and 33 students of other courses at University of Lodz let us reject rules theory as a predictive to the proceedings of reasoning process and induce to accept an alternative theory explaining the proceedings of the discussed process. The adduced research proved that the level of logical competence does not differentiate the surveyed with respect to the level of reasoning’s correctness and it does not influence the constancy of selection of the reasoning’s patterns.

13

An Introduction to the Special Issue on Logic, Cognition and Argumentation

51%

Urbański M. , van Lambalgen M. , Koszowy M.

Logic and Logical Philosophy

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2018

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tom 27

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nr 4 Special Issue on Logic, Cognition, Argumentation. Guest Editors: Mariusz Urbański, Michiel van Lambalgen and Marcin Koszowy

417-419

EN

In recent years we have witnessed a cognitive or ‘practical’ turn in logic [Gabbay and Woods, 2005; Urbański, 2011]. The most fundamental claim of its proponents is that logic has much to say about actual reasoning and argumentation. This cognitively-orientated logic. It acquires a new task of “systematically keeping track of changing representations of information” [van Benthem, 2008, p. 73], and, due to all the achievements of the mathematisation of logic, is fully up to this task. It also contests the claim that distinction between a descriptive and a normative account of the analysis of reasoning is disjoint and exhaustive [Gabbay and Woods, 2003, p. 37].

14

Paraconsistency and Sette’s calculus P1

51%

Ciuciura J.

Logic and Logical Philosophy

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2015

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tom 24

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nr 2

265–273

EN

In 1973, Sette presented a calculus, called P1, which is recognized as one of the most remarkable paraconsistent systems. The aim of this paper is to propose a new axiomatization of P1. The axiom schemata are chosen to show that P1 behaves in a paraconsistent way only at the atomic level, i.e. the rule: α, ~α / β holds in P1 only if α is not a propositional variable.

15

Theology Under Siege: Reflections of a Troubled Philosopher and a Believer

51%

Grygiel W. P.

Theological Research. A Journal of Systematic Theology

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2016

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tom 4

7-33

EN

The transposition of the theological expression into the framework of epistemology suggested by the contemporary philosophy of science is a long-desired project. The presented article offers an overview of the different epistemological and methodological issues that arise when this expression is carried out in the common sense paradigm. It turns that once the necessary change into the mode of knowledge acquisition of contemporary science is made, one can significantly improve theology’s both methodological and conceptual foundations. In particular, this concerns the use of abstract concepts to better penetrate the intricacies of the Divine nature as well as the non-classical logics to improve theology’s inferential basis. The resulting question of the contextuality of theology, namely, its dependence on the conceptual framework and the picture of the world, is also surveyed. Consequently, theology can be perceived as a lexically open project. In conclusion it is argued that while the contemporary theology should retain its common sense exposition for the pastoral and catechetical purposes that allows for the efficient transmission of faith through intuitive knowledge, the state-of-the-art theological research must reach out to to abstract conceptual frameworks to assure the depth of its penetrative insight.

16

Report from the philosophical workshop organized by The Lvov–Warsaw School Research Center and Kazimierz Twardowski Philosophical Society of Lviv

51%

Grądzka E.

Zagadnienia Filozoficzne w Nauce

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2021

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nr 71

131-152

EN

Between 11–14 February 2021 the first international Philosophical Workshop organized by The Lvov–Warsaw School Research Center (LWSRC) and Kazimierz Twardowski Philosophical Society of Lviv (KTPSL) took place in the on–line version due to the ongoing COVID–19 pandemic. The working languages of the event were Polish, Ukrainian and English. The coordinators’ goal was to refer to the tradition of seminar of Kazimierz Twardowski, who was not only a distinguished philosopher but also a great educator, to stimulate interest and support for the young generation of researchers into the heritage of the Lvov–Warsaw School (LWS). It is claimed that due to Twardowski’s unprecedented didactical engagement he managed to upbring dozens of Professors like Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz, Stefan Baley, Leopold Blaustein, Tadeusz Czeżowski, Izydora Dąmbska, Tadeusz Kotarbiński, tanisław Leśniewski, Jan Łukasiewicz, Władysław Witwicki.

17

Retoryka: od Richarda E. Volkmanna do czasów najnowszych (rozwój dyscypliny)

51%

Lichański J. Z.

Kształcenie Językowe

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2013

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tom 11 (21)

75 - 91

EN

The aim of the article is to describe the development of the study of rhetoric — “the theory of the text and the science of reasoning on uncertain premises” — from the time of Richard E. Volkmann’s Die Rhetorik der Griechen und Römer in systematischer Übersicht dargestellt, Leipzig 1885 [repr. Olms, Hildesheim 1963, 1987; repr. [elibron] 2005; repr BiblioBazaar 2010] to this day. The author seeks to recognize trends in the study of rhetoric, starting with the tradition of classical philology including word processing, as well as their interpretation, the formation of such trends as rhetorical criticism, nouvelle rhetorique of Chaim Perelman, Kenneth Burke’s school or comparative and contrastive approach. A separate place takes here an attempt at a synthesis by Heinrich Lausberg, Thomas Sloane, Walter Jost and Wandy Olmsted and the authors from the circle of the Historisches Woerterbuch der Rhetorik.The problem in today’s research on rhetoric, on the one hand, the emergence of it in various research fields, such as architecture, sociology, psychology, political science, on the other hand — increases difficulties in determining the scope of rhetoric on the one hand, and such learning, communication, and linguistics on the other. We should also note that rhetoric today is commonly confused with oratory, style, and even considered a science of only historical values, as a variety of historical poetics.However, it should be stressed that rhetoric, in different ways in different countries, has always been and still is present as the foundation of the school, academic education as well as in various courses such as improving writing skills and public speaking. At the same time, programs such as WAC (Writing Across the Curriculum) or WID (Writing in the Disciplines) realize that rhetoric is the condition sine qua non of their existence. At the end the author puts forward the thesis that trial, story, any field of knowledge can usually be still an open book, to which each new generation adds, at least, weighty contributions, which is not especially new. However, we are not always aware of the fact that new discoveries can affect our perception and understanding of not only learning the subject, but also its place within other disciplines. Sometimes — the consequences that bring with it a change in the current perception of specific knowledge. As regards the terms of rhetoric — the matter may have quite serious consequences — not only for this study. Finally, one of the most prominent scholars of today, Wayne C. Booth, is presented and part of his latest book entitled, The Need for Rhetorical Studies Today. In the conclusion the author argues that rhetoric, as Richard E. Volkmann wanted is analogous to logic, and, as suggested by Michael Billig, it is “the traditional study and practice of argumentation, provides an entry to an understanding of thinking.”

18

The Logic and Semantics of Modal Propositions in Juan Caramuel

51%

Dvořák P.

Acta Comeniana (International review of Comenius studies and early modern intellectual history)

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2005

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tom 19

105-115

DE

Der Artikel stellt die logische Modalitätenlehre von Juan Caramuel von Lobkowitz vor. Zu den Standartmodalbegriffen Notwendigkeit, Möglichkeit, Unmöglichkeit und Kontingenz fügt Caramuel noch den Modus Freiheit hinzu. Die Kontingenz fasst er in einer Polemik mit einigen Zeitgenossen als „möglich, vielleicht aber auch nicht“ auf. Der Autor des Artikels untersucht außerdem die Frage nach der Berechtigung, den Modus der Freiheit zu den logischen Grundmodalitäten zu zählen, und gelangt hierbei zu einer negativen Antwort. Caramuels Auff assung der Modalitäten ist auch dadurch interessant, dass er außer den logischen Modalitäten auch einige Beziehungen zwischen ausgewählten epistemischen und deontologischen Modalitäten untersucht.

19

Multi-valued Verification of Strategic Ability

51%

Jamroga W. , Konikowska B. , Kurpiewski D. , Penczek W.

Fundamenta Informaticae

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2020

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tom Vol. 175, nr 1-4

207--251

EN

Some multi-agent scenarios call for the possibility of evaluating specifications in a richer domain of truth values. Examples include runtime monitoring of a temporal property over a growing prefix of an infinite path, inconsistency analysis in distributed databases, and verification methods that use incomplete anytime algorithms, such as bounded model checking. In this paper, we present multi-valued alternating-time temporal logic (mv-ATL→∗ ), an expressive logic to specify strategic abilities in multi-agent systems. It is well known that, for branching-time logics, a general method for model-independent translation from multi-valued to two-valued model checking exists. We show that the method cannot be directly extended to mv-ATL → ∗. We also propose two ways of overcoming the problem. Firstly, we identify constraints on formulas for which the model-independent translation can be suitably adapted. Secondly, we present a model-dependent reduction that can be applied to all formulas of mv-ATL→∗ . We show that, in all cases, the complexity of verification increases only linearly when new truth values are added to the evaluation domain. We also consider several examples that show possible applications of mv-ATL→∗ and motivate its use for model checking multi-agent systems.

20

Applications of Algebra in Logic and Computer Science – the Past and the Future

51%

Grygiel J.

Bulletin of the Section of Logic

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2018

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tom 47

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nr 1

EN

We present the history of the conference Applications of Algebra in Logic and Computer Science, whose twenty-third edition will be held in March, 2019. At the end we outline some plans for the future.