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PL
Refleksje na temat niewyrażalnego, niewysłowionego. Autor dzieli „niewysłowione” na sekcje: niewypowiedziane – to czego nie da się powiedzieć; nieopisane – to czego nie da się opisać, i te dwie kategorie można zawrzeć w słowie „niewyrażalne”, którego granice nie są takie same dla wszystkich. Istnieje niewyrażalne uniwersalne, które jest poza czasem, ale istnieje też niewysłowione właściwe tylko naszej epoce.
EN
Reflections about the inexpressible and ineffable. The author divides the “ineffable” into sections: the unutterable – something that cannot be said, and the indescribable – something that cannot be described, two categories than can be contained in the word: ”inexpressible”, whose boundaries are not identical for all. There exists a universal “inexpressible”, which remains outside the two categories and time, but there also exists an “inexpressible” characteristic only for our epoch.
EN
The article discusses paratexts of Polish translations of Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, which make up large translation series of respectively 14 and 7 texts. The corpus of the article includes almost all Polish translations of the two novels. The analysis has revealed features characteristic of the paratextual framework of the novels. The most striking one is a nonchalant approach to authorial paratexts, especially to its most significant type such as the preface. While the preface is absent from the majority of the editions of Mark Twain’s Przygody Tomka Sawyera (11 out of 18), none of the Polish renderings of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn analyzed includes Twain’s Notice and Explanatory. As for translators’ and editors’ paratexts, they are generally rare and modest; a rich paratextual framework is characteristic of the editions for pupils in the series of „well-prepared reading” (Lektura dobrze opracowana). Most of these paratexts, however, can raise objections due to their quality and pedagogical and didactic usefulness. Summing up, the paratextual framework of the analyzed translations shows that the two novels are in the Polish context addressed almost exclusively to young readers while critical editions are absent. This taps into the reception of Mark Twain in Poland as well as publishing, editorial and marketing practices related to children’s literature, in particular to the obligatory reading from the primary school canon.
PL
Przedmiotem analizy jest miłość romantyczna jako szczególne doświadczenie młodego bohatera literatury okresu romantyzmu. Autorka przeciwstawia się rozpowszechnionemu w badaniach historycznoliterackich ujmowaniu miłości romantycznej jako li tylko literackiej konwencji czy stylizacji albo pozy bohatera romantycznego, a więc jako wymysłu literackiego pozbawionego wartości poznawczych. Wykazuje, że łącząc warsztat badacza literatury z warsztatem psychoanalitycznym można dostrzec w miłości romantycznej wyraz pewnych istotnych, a nawet prekursorskich odkryć psychologicznych. Analizy autorki wykrywają w doświadczeniu miłości romantycznej określone reminiscencje wczesnodziecięcej przeszłości emocjonalnej bohatera związanej z osobą matki, przeszłości, która u każdego człowieka, mimo że zazwyczaj znika z pamięci świadomej, zachowuje się w pamięci nieświadomej i wpływa na całe dalsze życie.
EN
This analysis focuses on Romantic love conceived as a particular experience of the young protagonist in literature from the era of Romanticism. The author opposes the interpretation of Romantic love – widely disseminated in studies on the history of literature – as a mere literary convention, stylisation or pose of the Romantic protagonist, i.e. a literary concept devoid of cognitive values. In doing so she demonstrates that while combining the workshop of the researcher dealing with literature and the psychoanalytical workshop it is possible to perceive Romantic love as an expression of certain essential and even precursory psychological discoveries. The author’s analyses discover in experiencing Romantic love distinct reminiscences of the protagonist’s emotional past going back to early childhood and connected with the mother figure; this is a past that in the case of each person is retained in unconscious memory and impacts a whole life despite the fact that it usually vanishes from conscious memory.
EN
The aim of my paper is to analyse the cognitive and ethical aspects of selected literary and film depictions of disabilities. Based on theoretical and methodological assumptions of sociology of literature and critical discourse analysis, I set out to demonstrate how selected literary and film works depict situations and problems related to social inclusion of people with disabilities. I focus on two questions: 1) How do artistic creations build able people’s knowledge of the social situation and position of people with disabilities? 2) What ethical problems can such depictions involve?
PL
The aim of my paper is to analyze cognitive and ethical aspects of selected literary and film depictions of disabilities. Based on theoretical and methodological assumptions of sociology of literature and critical discourse analysis I set out to demonstrate how selected literary and film works depict situations and problems with social inclusion of people with disabilities. I concentrate on two questions: 1) How do artistic creations build non-disabled people's knowledge of the social situation and position of people with disabilities? 2) What ethical problems can such depictions involve?
PL
Artykuł, będący komentarzem do wyboru z dziennika wojennego Józefa Czapskiego, jest próbą odczytania diarystyki Józefa Czapskiego jako projektu egzystencjalnego. Lekturę i zapisywanie dziennika interpretuje jako codzienną praktykę duchową, jako narzędzia budowania siebie, a także formę Jaspersowskiego „rozjaśnienia egzystencji”.
EN
This article – a commentary on a selection from the wartime diary of Józef Czapski – is an attempt at deciphering Czapski’s diary writing as an existential project. Reading and keeping a diary is interpreted as a daily spiritual practice, a tool applied for self-construction, as well as a form of Jaspers’ “illumination of existence”.
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Content available Jewish Literature in German Clothing…?
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EN
As in the case of Franz Kafka and other authors like Franz Werfel, Joseph Roth, Arthur Schnitzler or Leo Perutz, it is necessary to take seemingly secondary or even hidden allusions to Jewishness very seriously. Only then it is possible to achieve a better, deeper and even completely new understanding of their works. Following on from H. G. Gadamer we must acknowledge that Jewish authors like their readers understand their texts in a fundamentally different way than Christians, due to their own horizon of understanding.
EN
In the article the relationship of Borges’ poetics and theology is analysed. To this end, the authors selected three stories which address a large timeline ranging from the Middle Ages to the present day. To address them properly, the necessary references to the historical context are made. Fundamentally, this analysis shows that to Jorge Luis Borges God transcends any system.
EN
Stanisław Vincenz’s monumental work Na wysokiej połoninie [On the High Mountain Pastures] can be analysed in the context of civilisational transformations that took place at the turn of the 20th century in highland regions. Carpathian highlanders, including the Hutsuls, for centuries had cultivated traditions going way back in time, to the Hellenic herding culture (values like subordination to the laws of nature and God, freedom, highland time, autumn knowledge, dialogue, unique understanding of space). The development of capitalism and influence of urban culture brought with them a possibility of coming into contact on a large scale with a worldview representing a different way of looking at issues fundamental to the individuals and entire community. Thus Vincenz’ tetralogy is set at the frontier of epochs, cultures and mentalities (views of the world, impressions of the world). The present article aims at interpreting Vincenz’ work in the context of a category that is extremely popular in the humanities, namely frontier or borderland as well as Kenneth White’s category of geopoetics, which is attracting more and more “followers”.
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EN
For many centuries Pinsk was one of the most important Orthodox centers on Polesie; also in years 1919-1939. In that period, in city lived 11% of Russians (73% of Jews, 16% other nationalities). Russian cultural and literary life was organized by local NGO’s like Russian Benevolent Society or Russian Youth Society. Also, in Pinsk functionated literary club and Russian library. Every year, many activities and cultural events were organized, f.e. Day of Russian Culture, Pushkin Day, Student’s Day. Although the literary environment was small, in Pinsk lived many famous poets and writers, like Wasilij Korotyszewski, Stanisław Mackiewicz. Also the Pinsk cultural life was supported from Warsaw by Dimitri Majkow.
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EN
The figure of Ivan Franko is a unique phenomenon in Ukrainian literature and culture due to the diversity of his interests, erudition and rich literary, academic and journalistic legacy. His impressive output comprises six thousand publications, including poetry (ten volumes published in the years 1876-1914), prose (nine novels and more than one hundred prosaic forms: short stories, novellas and fables), drama, philosophical and folklore writings as well as critical works concerning literature and history. This vast bibliography encompasses over one thousand texts in Polish (ten poems and forty prosaic texts). The present paper constitutes a review and analysis of the Polish language translations of Franko’s texts, which include self-translations published during his lifetime as well as translations made by other authors.
EN
In this article, focusing herself on the selected publicist texts by Franciszek Bahuszewicz, the authoress drew her attention to the role and significance of the descriptions of nature, its landscapes and the surrounding reality. The motifs and issues connected with nature and included in the correspondence helped to emphasize varied experiences in a particular period of time, in a concrete geographical sphere.
EN
Arthurian legend is one most powerful and influential story of the Middle Ages. None other tale of the medieval times has retained such an immense popularity throughout the centuries. Despite the importance of King Arthur himself, there is yet another member of the Round Table whose exploits inspired the English audience even more than the fabled ruler’s. The popularity of Sir Gawain seems to be a uniquely English phenomenon. Often disregarded or even despised in the French tales, Sir Gawain retained almost infallible admiration and interest on the British Isles, inspiring such great masterpieces as Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Especially the late Middle Ages witnessed a most remarkable discrepancy in the literary portrayal of King Arthur’s nephew. This paper strives to present the dual evolution of the character of Sir Gawain in the medieval literature, on the basis of a comparative analysis of various Arthurian texts both exclusively English as well as those based on or inspired by French sources.
13
Content available Bruno Schulz i muzyka. Exordium
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EN
The aim of the article is to answer the question whether there are any connections between Bruno Schulz’s prose and the art of sounds, and how music is present in his prose. It is also the first recognition of this issue in his work, compiling the previous fragmentary opinions of scholars of Schulz’s work on this subject.
14
Content available Świat poezji Ełły Krylowej
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EN
Ella Krylova belongs to the generation of Russian poets whose creative path started almost simultaneously with the birth of new Russia. Today she is the author of over ten poetry collections, she regularly publishes her poems on the Internet, she is well-known abroad. She is searching for her own form of expression, adequate to the thought which can be ironic or philosophical, but always present in the words. Her oversensitive lyrical ego, listening carefully to the world problems, fights with adversities with the help of irony. The world of her poetry is deeply humane, it is the world of universal values and spiritual rebirth of man.
EN
The article focuses on the influence which shockers - rebels and scandalizers - wield on the fate of the world. It unveils some universal receptivity mechanisms corresponding to activities taken by radicals, whose uncompromising attitude and views were of epoch-making importance in the development of culture. I compare my reflections first of all with the field of verbal art, which does not mean however that they are not proved correct in some other domains. Knowledge of those mechanisms allows one to precisely predict phases of every new rebellion, essential from the standpoint of both the thought revolution, and importance of a rebel for breaking dogmas and creating new values, principles and ideals. At the same time, the knowledge proves that every opposition to culture has its sources, course and end, with the last one usually initiating another duel of an unyielding individual against norms imposed on him/her not only by some abstract thousand-year-old tradition, but also by some definite people shaping the contemporary morality, i.e. politicians, lawyers and clergymen.
EN
The article is about a new trend in the United States which brings literary characters into Internet existence as a rightful member of online community. The border between fiction and non-fiction worlds becomes devaluated. There is no difference between narration and authenticity. The basics of every project are vlogs which are composed into Web series. The projects employ cross-media platform storytelling technology especially in social media, which is known as transmedia. Nowadays, Web series – imitations of literary characters vlogs – show that YouTube commentators and Twitter or Facebook users are truly valuable, because they are essential elements in making the projects come into being. Projects are minded to interaction – fans dictate what to produce and how the story will develop. It is innovative because with this attitude the costs of production can be cut. Questions, which the author asked in her piece of work, are: what kind of tools transmedia has used in The Lizzie Bennet Diaries and how the situation of the project presents after nearly one year from ending the project. Other aspects touching the advantage of such projects and issues are: who are the receivers of the show and if the creators did influence young people to read the original story. Finally the marketing and financial aspects are also mentioned.
EN
The article is an attempt to present the divisions in Gabriela Zapolska’s Sezonowa miłość [Seasonal Love] focusing on two areas: the world presented and references to reality. The world presented is divided into space (opposition between city, nature and culture) and the protagonists. References to reality focus on the topography of both Zakopane and the Tatras.
EN
The emergence of what British writer Warren Ellis calls a "burst culture" may help speed along print's decline, that is unless several factors regarding the medium are analyzed, most specifically compression and form. Contrasted with the digital medium, it is important for print to evolve by not mirroring what works in digital publishing - most specifically, creating more compressed experiences - but by creating experiences that cannot be replicated in other mediums, digital or otherwise. Efforts like House of Leaves and other works of literature are creating unique experiences in print that are helping to break the literary traditions that have kept the medium stagnant for decades.
PL
The paper deals with the portrayal of bureaucracy in Gehen, ging, gegangen (2015) by Jenny Erpenbeck, a novel that explores the European migrant cri-sis through the eyes of Richard, a recently retired professor of classics, who begins to interview refugees in Berlin. Erpenbeck’s work is a compendium of refugees’ stories, a novel about displaced persons in kafkaesque bureaucratic situations. The author describes two worlds, which ostensibly have nothing to do with each other : that of the widowed classical philologist and the young men from Guinea, Ghana, Sierra Leone, Mali. Their lives and mindscapes are fundamentally different from one anothers. While Richard occupies himself more and more intensely with the refugees by giving help and German les-sons, the reader becomes increasingly familiar with a much bigger problem relating to the fact that these young men are not allowed to work or travel: the German bureaucracy and the legislation of the European Union have damned them to idleness. Without any real prospects, they simply hang around together, sometimes with more and sometimes with less patience.
EN
The aim of this articole is to discover traces of humanitas in late antique and mediaval literature. Starting from the classic meaning of this notion, the paper finds three meaningful episodes: the controversy between Ambrosius and Symmachus about the Altar of Victory, the Dialogue of a Philosopher with a Jew and a Christian by Peter Abelard and the spread of the Life of Balaam and Josaphat. Through these examples, the article builds a new idea of humanitas, free from historical restricion, a blend of literary passion, acceptance of diversity and multiculturalism.
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