The paper entitled Das Thema als Metapher des Denkens (Theme as Metaphor of the Thought) aims at offering an overview of the main categories of themes, as presented in the book Sprache und Denken. Eine romanistische Perspektive (Language and Thinking. A Romanistic Perspective) by Professor Michael Metzeltin. Ph.D. Metzeltins’ views on the speech act, the cognitive processes and the wording of different themes are compared against various theses formulated by the Romanian linguist Ioan Oprea.
2
Dostęp do pełnego tekstu na zewnętrznej witrynie WWW
The article raises the issue of rhetoric means used in Polish parliamentary campaigns, exemplified by the 2007 campaign. However only an extract of such electoral activities was taken into consideration, namely the televised debates between the party leaders. The basis of the analysis consists of three debates broadcasted in Polish Television between: Donald Tusk and Jarosław Kaczyński (12th October 2007), Donald Tusk and Aleksander Kwaśniewski (15th October 2007), Jarosław Kaczyński and Aleksander Kwaśniewski (7th October 2007). The author focused on the language operations carried out in order to depreciate the opponent in the context of the situation created by media debate. The most common acts of depreciation – both overt and concealable in many ways – their action mechanisms, as well as the defence methods against them were analyzled in the article.
3
Dostęp do pełnego tekstu na zewnętrznej witrynie WWW
The following contribution deals with the relation between language and its users. English is used as an example. It shows the close connection of a language use and (political) culture of a given society in the concrete historical context. It also covers the dislike of so-called original speakers for those ones who use their native tongue as a second language in different environments. The reason for that aversion of native speakers is the understandable effort to keep their own culture identity which is expressed by their own language.
In her discussion of the romance by Elżbieta Drużbacka, the author identifies the stylistic preferences of this 18th-century poet: her phraseology, lexicon and syntax. The language of the piece reveals two prominent influences: the overall literary tradition of the period and, equally significant, the colloquial speech of the time and its collocations. Equally noteworthy is the poet’s rich vocabulary which attains its heights in sentences that resort to enumerations, a device relatively common in the general sentence structure of the piece.
5
Dostęp do pełnego tekstu na zewnętrznej witrynie WWW
The aim of this article is to briefly discuss several motifs connected with language in Rousseau’s writing about upbringing. The most important of these are Rousseau’s insights into language acquisition which, in many ways, correspond with the discoveries of contemporary psycho-linguistics. We shall also consider the principle of linguistic parsimony as a basic rule of upbringing. This rule has serious consequences not for all areas of upbringing but also for Rousseau’s conception of the relation between the human mind and ideas. After examining several concrete examples which Rousseau uses to demonstrate the necessity of this rule, we point to one basic exception to this general principle – this is the function of language in the curbing of sexual fantasies in the maturing human being.
6
Dostęp do pełnego tekstu na zewnętrznej witrynie WWW
Beyond methods and models, concepts and hypotheses, comparative literature deals not only with concordia discors, but also with coincidentia oppositorum. What shall be termed here the CD EFFECT (The Concordia Discors Effect) is almost everywhere discernible. Texts and images, graphs and maps, diagrams, atlases, dictionaries, encyclopedias - are the “triumph” of balance and harmony. All these corpora are the result of an “infinite” succession of macro-linguistic operations, of micro-literary mechanisms, of protocols of cultural macro-trends, of Euro-Atlantic and Asian mentality macro-fluxes. It is a hypothesis the present study submits to the test of Popper’s refutability.
The paper presents arguments for treating language as a tool for cognition and communications. It articulates an opposite view to the one which considers language as an independent module shaping cognition and thinking. According to the conception of the socially – based cognition the mind is a controller of the adaptive behavior, and communication is a strategic action to which language is subjected. The model of the linguistic categories arranges words according to the level of their abstraction; and a number of research results presented in the paper indicate that there is a relationship between the level of abstraction of the words used and the inference related to events, emotions and memory. Recognizing language as a tool for cognition and communication leads to the acceptance of the necessity to widen the language awareness. This kind of thinking is supported by the presented results of research on the relationship between linguistic categories and the stereotypes, communication of the interpersonal distance and the process of asking questions and giving answers.
The article is an attempt to introduce relationships between hermeneutics, pedagogy and psychoanalysis. The essential issue under consideration is the interpretation of topological figures as a particular tool allowing to perceive hermeneutics from the subject’s clinic perspective. The key importance for pedagogy here is the indication that both hermeneutics and psychoanalysis have a cognitive value recognising the subject in categories which exceed the traditional subject narratives, formulated from the perspective of the hermeneutic circle.
The author analysed watchwords and slogans praising Stalin and simultaneously creating the image of the dictator. Their universal use led to the situation in which every individual, influenced by propaganda, behaved as if his/ her reactions were results of his/her own decisions. Building up the myth of Stalin was based on intentional and systematic shaping perception, as well as on manipulation of thoughts and behaviour of the society. Interferences in proper names were supposed to stabilize this myth. The author directed his attention to the image of the dictator popularized by literature and the press. Concluding the author suggests the following statements: a) the myth of Stalin was transitional, b) this myth has not died down, c) one should associate the myth of Stalin with the mythomania, rather than with mythology.
Listening to sermons is getting more and more difficult for a contemporary man. This may be due to the growing discrepancy between language used and understood by listeners and the language of preachers. The language of sermons and homilies is the literary one in its normative-anddidactic form. The official teaching of the Church shows that a considerable importance is attributed to the verbal sphere of preaching. The language of preaching should be correct, esthetic and contemporary. Also, it should be adequate, which is congruent with the reality it describes. In the preaching of the Word of God the content is the most important. The form of the utterance should serve the content.
Probably every laryngologist in his career will face off an issue of foreign body removal. It can be problematic especially that foreign body cause the trauma of surrounding tissues or may translocate unpredictably. A space of the middle and lower throat is the most common location. Occasionally it can be located in less obviously place, which force the laryngologist to prevent more viligant diagnostic. A foreign body pounded within soft tissue of the oral cavity is the example. A case report of a metallic foreign body inherent in the tongue for more than six weeks before the final treatment is presented.
The article is concerned with the adaptation narratives of Estonians, who arrived in Australia after World War II. The adaptation stories reveal that people who arrived at different times had to adapt to all possible settings, make relevant changes in themselves, their beliefs and physical space. Presumably, adaptation depends on the migration policy of the country, presence of personal support network, personal choices, personality traits and people’s learning capacity. Excerpts from longer chains of narratives have been chosen to characterise arrival and modes of adaptation into the new environment; also, language use and single controversial customs have been highlighted.
Julian Tuwim belongs to the pantheon of the greatest Polish writes of the 20th century. His Polish-Jewish descent, his attitude towards the Polish language, towards Jews in Poland, his political activities as an emigrant as well as his controversial involvement with the communist Poland still fuel many critical discussions. Polish language and culture were for him much more important than the categories of nation or state. However, whereas for Polish nationalists and antisemites Tuwim remained “only” a Jew, Jewish nationalists considered him a traitor. It was in exile that his attitude towards his Jewish countrymen began to change, especially after he learnt about the horror of the Holocaust in occupied Poland. Thus, he began writing his famous, dramatic manifesto, We, the Polish Jews. After World War II , Tuwim came back to Poland, hoping to continue his prewar career as a celebrated poet. His manifold contributions to the development of the Polish language and literature, within the country and abroad, cannot be questioned, and the dilemmas concerning his cultural and ethnic identity only make him a more interesting writer.
15
Dostęp do pełnego tekstu na zewnętrznej witrynie WWW
Inferentialism, as presented by Robert Brandom, is first and foremost a view of the nature of meaning: it is the view that meaning is fundamentally the role which an expression acquires by becoming governed by the rules of our language games. (Hence it is a certain kind of “use theory of meaning” familiar from post-Wittgensteinian discussions; according to inferentialism, however, meaning is not given by actual use, but rather by the rules of correct use.) In this text we attempt to draw very general consequences from this approach (consequences that go beyond what is to be found in the work of R. Brandom). We claim that meaning is generally a certain form of “entanglement” in a certain kind of human practice that is built up from the much more primitive building blocks of human abilities that enable us to adopt normative attitudes and, in general, to accept rules. And it is just these human abilities which have shifted us humans onto the evolutionary trajectory on which we are now proceeding and on which we are quickly leaving behind other kinds of animals. It is precisely this ability which has led to our becoming the only animal species which has supplemented standard biological evolution with a kind of evolution that we might call cultural, and which is incomparably faster and more effective.
The paper briefly discusses the process of meaning verbalization by children understood as the exponent of meaning shaping. The author, basing upon the consecutive stages of the development of child’s speech presented by Leon Kaczmarek, demonstrates the specific features to be found in each of the stages. The theoretical discussion was completed with a number of examples taken from the author’s own research activity. Additionally, the salience of culture conditioning in the process of gaining of one’s language competence was focused upon.
17
Dostęp do pełnego tekstu na zewnętrznej witrynie WWW
The subject of essay Roland Barthes’s longing for Neutrality is explanation of the idea of Le Neutre which is one of the latest Roland Barthes’s seminars. This idea is neutrality as a strategy to refute dualistic schemes which defines our culture. Moreover, this essay discusses the relation between Barthes’s theory and Course in general linguistics of Ferdinand de Saussure which was from the beginning the main source of inspiration for author of Mythologies. Finally, it juxtaposes neutrality and literature, as the latter is the privileged domain of the former.
We współczesnej refleksji filmoznawczej skierowanej na kwestie globalizacji, transkulturowości i transnarodowości kina przewija się problem kina wielojęzycznego. Język, jakim posługują się bohaterowie filmu, ma swą funkcję nie tylko jako znacznik narodowej prznależności dzieła i nośnik znaczeń popychających fabułę do przodu. Jest też elementem tożsamości postaci, ich przynależności społecznej i kulturowej, z całym bagażem znaczeń symbolicznych. Chris Wahl postrzega kino wielojęzyczne ("polyglot cinema") jako szczególny gatunek filmowy wraz z takimi podgatunkami, jak: the "episode film", "globalisation film", "immigrant film", "colonial film" i "existential film". Przypisuje temu gatunkowi szczególne znaczenie, ponieważ odnosi się on do dosłownego i metaforycznego znaczenia granic w obecnym świecie i komunikacji międzyludzkiej. Odwołując się do tych rozważań, autorka dokonuje analizy między innymi takich filmów, jak "Pogarda" ("Le Mépris", 1963) Jean-Luca Godarda, "Między słowami" ("Lost in Translation", 2003) Sofii Coppoli, "Babel" (2006) Alejandro Gonzáleza Iñárritu czy "Kukułka" ("The Cuckoo", 2002) Aleksandra Rogożkina, próbując wskazać istotne funkcje artystyczne tego rodzaju „pomieszania języków”.
EN
In contemporary reflection on film directed towards the question of globalization, transculturalism and transnationalism of cinema, there exists the theme of polyglot cinema. The language used by film characters is important not only as a marker of ethnic identity and the carrier of meaning that pushes the story along. It is also an element of the character’s identity, social and cultural belonging, with the entire baggage of symbolic meaning. Chris Wahl considers polyglot cinema to be a very specific film genre that belongs together with subgenres such as the episode film, globalization film, immigrant film, colonial film and existential film. He attaches a special meaning to this genre because it refers to both literary and metaphoric meanings of borders and limits in the contemporary world and human communication. Rutkowska refers to these concepts in her analysis of films such as 'Contempt' ('Le Mépris', 1963) by Jean-Luc Godard, Sofia Coppola’s 'Lost in Translation' (2003), Alejandro González Iñárritu’s 'Babel' (2006) or 'The Cuckoo' (2002) by Alek sandr Rogozhkin. In her analysis Rutkowska aims to identify important artistic functions of this kind of 'confusion of tongues'.
The main aim of this article is an attempt to show a new scientific/scholarly discipline that is the study of image. The study is spreading in the area of the social sciences and it is connected with hope for further, scientific undertakings that will refresh and depict a slightly different view to the perception and interpretation of sense in the image. The author emphasises that all the sources referring to pictorial turn, should be sought at the philosophical basis of the image theory as well as the language conceptions. At the same time they set a trend for further scientific investigations. It is essential to show an anthropology of the image that follows the way of the image getting absorbed in the analysis of the media as well as the symbols, including the symbols created by the particular culture on the grounds of the sense made by the human existence.
20
Dostęp do pełnego tekstu na zewnętrznej witrynie WWW
In pure generalized grammars were studied, in particular, the problem of reducing a pure generalized grammar to a pure grammar. These results are transferred to the so called pregrammars in the present paper. The obtained results may be applied not only to pure generalized grammars but also to other structures.
JavaScript jest wyłączony w Twojej przeglądarce internetowej. Włącz go, a następnie odśwież stronę, aby móc w pełni z niej korzystać.