Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Úvahy o Mathesiově pojetí vědy, jazyka a gramatiky

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Daneš F.

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nr 2

83-97

EN

The then-non-standard conviction of V. Mathesius – that science is an ongoing process of constructing truth and that human cognition represents a simplified reduction or epistemological stylization of experience – now appears to be in accordance with major present-day philosophical approaches. Mathesius’s viewpoint followed primarily from his pronounced activist nature and self-reliant way of thinking, partly influenced by the ideas of E. Sapir, A. Marty, and analytical philosophy. In this study, the philosophical ambience of the Prague Linguistic Circle at that time is also examined. Mathesius understood language as communicative competence, implying communication skills in addition to the system of means. Given that he viewed the utterance (the processes of its encoding and decoding) as alegitimate object of linguistic study, he appears to be a predecessor to modern text linguistics. This study reconsiders Mathesius’s functional grammar project, inspects the development of the ideas behind it more closely and states its psycholinguistic basis.

2

Aktualizace rozvržení zdrojů Českého národního korpusu s ohledem na revizi vyváženosti jeho struktury

100%

Králík J.

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nr 2

133-142

EN

In order to develop balanced corpora, the term “expectations” of the future potential user of corpora has been introduced (Králík, 2001). Based on several statistical studies of such expectations, the textual structure of SYN2000, which is the synchronic part of the Czech National Corpus (CNC) has been proposed and realized. The present article discusses two new studies of expectations (Aktér 2001 and ČJ 2001) and suggests important implications for future work on CNC. Table 1 and Table 2 reveal the stability of expectations in the categories of fiction [krásná literatura] and newspapers and magazines [noviny + časopisy]. Although the daily contact between respondents and administrative texts is stable (see Table 3), the distribution of these texts is closely bound to other non-fiction topics, which is why no special attention to administrative texts is proposed. The expectations concerning newspapers and magazines are stable (Table 5), but changed radically during 1996–2001 (first and last searches, Table 6). Within the same period, an obvious rise in interest in fiction has been noted (Table 6). The reasons for this can be attributed to natural societal development. Thus, a strong reduction in newspaper texts and strong increase in the use of fictional texts is proposed (Table 7 + Table 8).

3

Obecná pragmatika a pragmatika češtiny

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Hirschová M.

Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)

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2004

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tom 65

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nr 1

3-15

EN

This article deals with different approaches towards linguistic pragmatics, in particular with the difference between the general concept of pragmatics and the pragmatics of a particular language. In recent decades, the scope and content of linguistic pragmatics has been accounted for in various ways, from very broad to rather restricted. In this article, the notion of pragmatic perspective in language analysis and description is adopted as a suitable concept, i.e. pragmatics is not understood as a separate component (level) of a language system even though the links between semantics and pragmatics are indisputable. The notion of pragmatic perspective in linguistic analysis stresses the fact that each element of a natural language has its pragmatic dimension. Most importantly, this concept entails that the field of pragmatics should deal not only with signs in the classical sense, i.e. from this viewpoint, Morris’s canonical definition of pragmatics is abandoned. Furthermore, some examples of pragmatic description of language-specific phenomena are discussed, in particular the pragmatic interpretation of the Czech conjunction a (and) and of the means of personal and social deixis in Czech.

4

Argentinská španělština: mezi indiánskými jazyky a italštinou

100%

Zajícová L.

Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)

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2004

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tom 65

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nr 3

202-218

EN

The article opens with a brief overview of past and present research activities in the field of Argentine Spanish, and of the most important publications in recent years. Then it summarizes the most important characteristics of Argentine Spanish in its phonetic, morphosyntactic and lexical levels. Based on a comparison of several important peculiarities, like the pronunciation of the /y-/ at the beginning of a syllable, the /-s/ at the end of a syllable and the phenomenon voseo, which affects pronouns and verb morphology, the article points out the main differences between the regional varieties of Argentine Spanish. Finally, the article gives a brief description of Argentine dialect zones, pointing out the historical, social and linguistic causes of the variation of Argentine Spanish.

5

Řeč hudby a řeč o hudbě

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Daneš F.

Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)

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2005

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tom 66

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nr 1

3-18

EN

This essay discusses several topics concerning the relations between language (linguistics) and music (musicology). The first section deals with the problems of the semiotic interpretation of music (instrumental and absolute) and finds that the difficulties in arriving at clear-cut solutions to them follow from the problematic and unclear status of the signatum of musical works. In the following section, the question of “musical content” is discussed on the basis of two classically opposing standpoints: aesthetic autonomy and aesthetic heteronomy. A further issue examined is the existential mode of musical works (with emphasis on their interpretive essence) and the position of “text” in musical discourse. A small set of established Italian and Czech terms indicating the manner of execution are examined and their semantic vagueness and heterogeneity stated. The final section briefly comments on the various manners and genres of talking and writing about music. In particular, several texts from sleeve notes are critically examined and the usefulness as well as the problematic musicological status and mixed linguo-stylistic qualities of various concert guides, program booklets, etc. are examined.

6

Řečový akt, řečové jednání a komunikační funkce výpovědi

100%

Hirschová M.

Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)

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2004

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tom 65

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nr 3

163-173

EN

The article deals with the meaning and mutual relations of the terms speech act, speech action (Sprachhandlung) and communicative function of an utterance. The author’s goal is to determine whether they can be considered synonymous. While the term speech act is synonymous with ‘illocutionary act’, the conceptual meaning of the other two terms differs. Though it is difficult to draw a sharp line between a speech act and a speech action/behavior, time span and demarcation (boundaries) are differentiating criteria. The most important distinguishing criterion is the concept of language (speech) behavior, which can be viewed not as a singular event (act), but rather as a complex event consisting of mutually mixed acts or as a continuum (sequence) of sub-acts resulting in one macro-act. A speech act is a static unit, received and comprehended as a result of dynamic speech action (activity), seen as a process without sharp boundaries. A speech act can be a constituent of a speech action, but not vice-versa. Any given language utterance operates on several levels of communication simultaneously, and each of these operations can be seen as a communicative function. When describing a communicative function, it is necessary to distinguish which respective level of communication is being analyzed.

7

K článku Od školské spisovnosti ke standardní češtině: reakce na výzvu k diskusi

100%

Kořenský J.

Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)

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2005

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tom 66

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nr 4

270-277

EN

The author agrees with the need to discuss the problems surrounding the functional stratification of contemporary Czech expressed in the article by F. Čermák, P. Sgall and P. Vybíral (2005). He requests that this discussion take place with maximum effort made to achieve theoretical precision, within a framework of possibilities without a priori ideologizing and in a truly dialogic manner. In this sense, the author provides several suggestions. Above all it is necessary for the differences of opinion originating from varying interpretations of Czech national history to be mutually elucidated, but it is especially necessary to clarify the mutual relationship between the differing methodological points of departure from a purely linguistic perspective. If we are to substitute the previously existing traditional conceptual schemes based on the term ‘literary language’ with a scheme centered around the term ‘standard’, it is necessary to do so in a thorough, consistent and structured manner.

8

Pět inspirací fonetiky

100%

Duběda T.

Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)

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2004

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tom 65

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nr 3

194-201

EN

In the course of its evolution, phonetics has utilized both internal and external sources of inspiration. In examining different historical epochs, we discover a multitude of influences which have shaped this discipline, situated at the intersection of linguistics, physics and biology. Scholars of ancient India worked out a surprisingly accurate articulatory classification of Sanskrit sounds, centuries before the same level of progress was achieved in Europe. Their motivation was mainly the need to codify the spoken form of Sanskrit, which was declaimed aloud during religious ceremonies. In ancient Greece, phonetics was viewed through a prism of poetics, metrics and rhetoric, with sounds described by virtue of their perceptual or even aesthetic qualities. Wolfgang von Kempelen, an 18th century polyhistor and charlatan, is considered (and correctly so) to be the pioneer of speech synthesis: he constructed a speaking machine not only in order to triumph over nature, but also to verify his hypotheses concerning the production and acoustic nature of speech sounds. Later, the 19th century saw the introduction of the historical-comparative paradigm, which gave birth to a large number of diachronic observations, throwing light upon phonetic processes of various kinds. The Prague Linguistic School, designated by the epithet ‘functional’, introduced a novel view of phonetic phenomena, based on constraints of both the language system and its use in the speech community.

9

Využití statistických metod při popisu neverbálních kolokací

100%

Blatná R.

Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)

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2004

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tom 65

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nr 1

24-52

EN

This article investigates the statistic function mutual information (MI-score) as applied to various types of lexical combinations, such as multi-word proper names, multi-word terms, idioms and systemic and textual collocations. As a basis for comparison, combinations of the following parts of speech were considered: group A – noun+noun, group B – adjective+adjective, group C – adverb+adverb, group D – adjective+adverb, group E – adjective+adverb, group F – preposition+noun and group G – noun+preposition. MI-scores with values of 15–23 highlight different types of lexical collocations: proper names in group A, terms in group B, idioms in group C, terms in group D and terms in group E. MI-scores with values of 7.0–7.1 relate mostly to systemic or textual collocations. Prepositional collocations are evaluated in the range of the MI-scores 17.5–7.0. The most typical collocations are systemic-textual collocations for group F and multi-word proper names for group G.

10

Modely řečové produkce v současné psycholingvistice

100%

Bordag D.

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nr 3

180-193

EN

The purpose of this article is to introduce three psycholinguistic models of speech production: the Levelt Model, the Interactive Activation Model of G. Dell and the Independent Network Model of A. Caramazza. The architecture of the models and the processes they assume are described and compared. The models differ both in the data on which their authors base their claims, and also in some crucial assumptions like succession of activation of the three basic networks of speech production (semantic, grammatical and phonological), the mechanisms of selection of the individual units within these networks and the presence or absence of feedback between them, etc.

11

Existenciální věty v historické perspektivě: osudy indoevropského *es-

100%

Savický N. P.

Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)

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2005

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tom 66

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nr 4

261-269

EN

In many languages, existential sentences form a separate type, not only in a semantic sense, but also in their formal aspect (surrounded by a belt of transitional phenomena). In Indo-European, the verb *es- expressed the meaning of existence and was opposed to zero copula. As this verb attained the function of copula (e.g. in West European languages), in many cases the need for new means of earmarking the existential meaning appeared. This led to the formation of constructions of the type there is, il y a, es gibt, hay; this process supported the tendency opposing the prevailing direction of movement towards unification of syntactic structures. Delbrück, for example, expressed doubts as to where the real subject was in the sentence es ist ein Gott. These facts arouse a special interest from the standpoint of a theory which seeks the dialectical unity of analogising and anomalistic tendencies in the development of languages.

12

Strukturalismus - fenomenologie - avantgarda

100%

Mathauser Z.

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nr 3

163-175

EN

Czech literary theory and historiography face a task similar to that of Holenstein’s uncovering of the link between Jakobson’s linguistics and Husserl’s phenomenology. Ties between the structuralism of Prague School literary theory and Husserl’s phenomenology can be detected in the work of Jan Mukařovský. They are suggested by the notions of reduction and essentiality; by transparency as well as by the opacity of the avant-garde poetry which accompanied Russian formalism and Czech structuralism; by the apsychologism that is common to phenomenology, structuralism and the avant-garde. The question as to whether the principal phenomenological value, i.e. transcendental subject, was reflected in avant-garde poetry can be answered only on the basis of a demanding and non-traditional analysis of its utmost achievements. On the other hand, the cult of things in avant-garde poetry is highly conspicuous: within it is a glimpse of one of many meanings of the “things themselves” persistent in the phenomenology of Husserl and Heidegger.

13

Mezinárodní kongres lingvistů v Praze

100%

Daneš F.

Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)

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2004

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tom 65

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nr 1

53-60

EN

The XVII International Congress of Linguists took place on July 24–29, 2003 in Prague. It was organized by three Czech academic institutions under the auspices of the Comité International Permanent des Linguistes. The program and agenda of the Congress were divided into four sections: (1) plenary sessions with papers by invited speakers, (2) thematic sessions, each introduced by a state-of-the-art paper, (3) workshop sessions, (4) poster sessions. A book containing all abstracts received (463 pp.) was made available to all participants. The Congress was attended by about five hundred participating linguists from nearly 50 countries and from all continents, and its course and outcome were evaluated positively by both representatives of the CIPL and the individual participants.

14

Two-Sided Strictly Locally Testable Languages

63%

Holzer M. , Kutrib M. , Otto F.

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tom Vol. 180, nr 1-2

29--51

EN

A two-sided extension of strictly locally testable languages is presented. In order to determine membership within a two-sided strictly locally testable language, the input must be scanned from both ends simultaneously, whereby it is synchronously checked that the factors read are correlated with respect to a given binary relation. The class of two-sided strictly locally testable languages is shown to be a proper subclass of the even linear languages that is incomparable to the regular languages with respect to inclusion. Furthermore, closure properties of the class of two-sided strictly locally testable languages and decision problems are studied. Finally, it is shown that two-sided strictly k-testable languages are learnable in the limit from positive data.

15

On Languages of P Automata

63%

Csuhaj-Varjú E. , Vaszil G.

Fundamenta Informaticae

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2020

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tom Vol. 171, nr 1-4

133--149

EN

P automata are accepting computing devices combining features of classical automata and membrane systems. In this paper we introduce P n-stack-automata, a restricted class of P automata that mimics the behaviour of n-stack automata. We show that for n = 1 these constructs describe the context-free language class and for n = 3 the class of quasi-realtime languages.

16

Polimorfizm języka naturalnego a twierdzenia Kurta Gödla

63%

Gomułka Ł.

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2015

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nr 3(12)

25-33

EN

The aim of this paper is to outline Stanisław Lem’s (1921-2006) original views on Kurt Gödl’s theorems. The project consists of five concise paragraphs in which such issues are discussed: the introduction with an explanation of selected terms: a natural language, polymorphism. The author of the article presents a short outline of certain mathematical problems, that is the problems of arithmetics and the history of trying to prove its absolute non-contradiction. The author also includes Gödl’s theorems into the greatest achievements of the scientific thought of 20th century (limitation theorems). After that, epistemological questions of Kurt Gödl’s theorems are introduced together with their original interpretation according to Stanisław Lem. The author of the paper emphasizes that this prominent philosopher and writer introduces cultural-linguistic interpretation of Gödl’s discoveries, thus suggesting that a natural language overcomes ‘Gödl-made abyss’ thanks to its characteristic polymorphism.

17

Критерии демократизации языка

51%

Лабащук М.

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nr VIII

139-146

EN

In the present paper aspects of lexical meaning of the term ‘democratization of language’ are analyzed - positive and negative peculiarity of the meaning of that term. The methodological problem of ontology of language is discussed with the special attention to forms of individual and social language as well as the category of censorship (from the perspective of necessity of differentiation between the aspects of censorship: individual and social).

18

Belief in the causative power of words as a manifestation of magical thinking in late childhood

51%

Bieńkowska A.

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nr 4

226-234

EN

The purpose of the research was to present one of the manifestations of magical thinking in late childhood, i.e. belief in the causative power of words, and relations between this phenomenon and language. One hundred and three primary school students (43 girls and 60 boys), grades 4 to 6, aged 10 to 13 were studied. A significant relation was found between belief in the direct effect of words on reality, and correct comprehension and number of phraseological units concerning the causative power of words.

19

Jazyk moderní reklamy ve formování kultury

51%

Piskorova I.

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nr 1(11)

267-278

EN

Culture is relatively integrated unit involving human behavior and its creations. This behavior is governed by a particular community and we can say that culture is the accumulated experience, whih its forms of the principles, rules and social norms influencing and regulating their mutual coexistence. What is the impact of advertising this cohabitation and what is the effectiveness of ads for sex? They are interested in promotions of women more than men?

20

Staré a cizí : zranitelnost a intersekcionalita ve zdravotní péči

51%

Hrešanová E. , Glajchová A.

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nr 2

75-101

EN

This paper seeks to understand what constitutes vulnerability among healthcare users in relations and social interactions with their healthcare providers. While many authors see vulnerability as an intersection of more or less permanent categories, such as gender, sexuality, social class, or ethnicity/race etc., we point to much more subtle and situational forces at play. In particular, we argue that vulnerability results from patients’ situational or contextual in/capability or un/willingness to communicate. We apply an interactional theory, namely a group-centred and relational approach (Choo, Ferree 2010; Giritli-Nygren, Olofsson 2014; McCall 2005) that focuses on particular marginalised groups and studies their relations to dominant groups. We build on ethnographic research with two different groups: (1) elderly patients in a long-term care unit; (2) foreign-born women who received care during their pregnancy and childbirth in Czech healthcare facilities and maternity wards. Our research includes participant observation in hospital settings and ethnographic in-depth and semi-structured interviews with healthcare users as well as providers.