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EN
The article presents atherosclerotic and inflammatory changes in brain vessels and perivascular tissue leading to ischemic and hypoxic changes which, in consequence, produce strokes and brain hemorrhages. The aim of the study was to examine the morphology of the brain vessels of seven elderly animals from 7-21 years of age (three monkeys, a likaon, wolf and two pigs). The brain vessels of the investigated animals demonstrated atherosclerotic changes such as: fibroid changes and amyloidal angiopathy (CAA) in the cortical and leptomeningeal vessels of the three monkeys, likaon and wolf brain. Fibroid arteritis was present in the meningeal arteries of the two sows. These atherosclerotic and inflammatory processes in the CNS vessels led to strokes and hemorrhages. Subarachnoid (Cebus apella) and intraventricular (Lemur mongoz) hemorrhages were noted in two of the monkey’s brains and fibrinotic arteritis produced massive mesencephalon hemorrhaging in the two 7-year old sows. The advanced stages of infarct necrosis were characterized by a predominance of vacuolated macrophages with proliferating mesodermal and glial components. Small post infarct and post hemorrhages lesions in nervous tissue produced scarring, with astrocytes, whereas large foci liquefied and formed cysts, marked by the presence of macrophages with hemosyderin in their margins. No atheromatosis changes were observed in the brain vessels.
EN
Conditions common to foals in the neonatal period that may result in a requirement for blood and plasma transfusion or augmentation of oxygen carrying capacity have been discussed. Methods of recognition and management of massive blood loss, isoerythrolysis in a foal were described. Administering colostrum, plasma or other products because of the failure of passive transfer has been presented. The use of hyperimmune plasma in first days of life as an effective method for protection against acquired Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in foals is reviewed. Detailed information about the range of blood and derivative products, oxygen carrying substances, indications and methods of administration, monitoring the patient in the field and hospital condition are given. Prevention, recognition and treatment of possible post-transfusion reactions are described.
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