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EN
The music of the important Czech composer, who would have turned ninety on 22 January 2019 when we commemorated the anniversary of his birth, constitutes one of the most important enhancements of the Czech artistic environment in the world of culture of the latter half of the twentieth century. Petr Eben earned recognition, and his organ music has even been compared with the legacy of Olivier Messiaen. The composer understood the organ as the instrument to which his fate was bound. By the age of ten, he already held the position of organist at Saint Vitus’s Church in Český Krumlov. He would seat himself at the big threemanual instrument in the early evening, locked inside the church, leaving time and the world behind during his lengthy improvisations. “I think it was then and there that my whole personality took shape.” Perhaps every organist was playing Eben’s works in my student days. After the composer’s death in 2007, however, interest in his music declined somewhat, but I still keep returning to his compositions with growing frequency, especially to certain of his works. At the same time, I am aware of how in my thinking, and I definitely am not alone in having this experience, as time goes by there is a maturing not only of my image of the works themselves but also of the possible, desirable, and in a sense perhaps even modern manner of their interpretation, especially with respect to the choice of ideal instruments. Musicians often base the success of their performances on the depth and intensity of experience, and especially on spontaneous, momentary inspiration on stage. Only a few are so grounded in reason that they always think through how they will perform a work down to the last detail in advance and never deviate from that line in the least when playing. In the long run, however, a combination of these two approaches tends to be most successful, so that besides spontaneity, there is a constant consideration of relationships between formal and tectonic structures and harmonic and thematic contexts, leading to a clarification of details and a continually improving and more precise rendition of the whole, and this then begins to be reflected in the formation of a kind of tradition of the performing of the works. That tradition ultimately does not tend to be the result of the activity of a single performer, but instead it arises from a long series of performances of the works in question by various interpreters. A performer should master all of the basic parameters of a work and its interpretation. A melody must always remain a melody, and a phrase must always be a phrase. The relationships between individual sections must be clear and comprehensible to an audience member sitting and listening far away from the organ in the nave of the church or in the last row of the concert hall. The ear must be capable of perceiving every single note of each moving sequence of fast tones. The vertical structure must be equally comprehensible, so every chord needs to be played so that it can be deciphered even from a great distance. At the same time, however, Eben’s music must retain its overall character. As the composer said: “In my music, there is far more drama than meditation.” Today, learning and performing any of Petr Eben’s greatest works is a real challenge for organists. In some cases, I encounter interpretations that appear to have come into being without continuity and that do not proceed along the lines that have been tried and proven, but at the same time, it seems to me that they go to the heart of the matter and that they respect the composer’s deepest intentions and motivations. From my perspective, this may be the thing that shows most clearly that Petr Eben’s organ music definitely will not disappear into the ash heap of history.
EN
Vladimír Šlajch’s organ at Svatá Hora in Příbram draws to a close an important stage of his life. Having had equal success building other organs, the most important and largest of which is in the German town Bruchsal, this instrument represents a unique achievement. These days we usually encounter organs that conform to the wishes of organists and organ experts that every new instrument be built primarily with the convenience of the performer in mind. The organ at the Basilica of Our Lady of Svatá Hora is different. Instead, it embodies a synthesis of original solutions and tried-and-true traditions. Vladimír Šlajch built it as a sort of tribute to the organ builders who once worked in Bohemia. The decorating of the prospect pipes makes reference to Abraham Starck from Loket, Ondřej Kokštejn from Příbram, and the organ builder Bedřich Semrád from the Central Povltaví Region. The tracker action for the manuals and registration is mechanical. Because of this tracker action constructed strictly in accordance with Baroque models, the organ makes an audible clicking sound when played, and in addition, because of differing distances for individual connections, the clicking is not equally loud for each note. The clicking bothers many organists, but the organ builder insists that the design is justified, using centuries of organ building tradition as his argument. In my opinion, playing the great Svatá Hora organ successfully depends upon approaching it with a great deal of humility and upon the ability to adapt oneself to the instrument, along with having a deep understanding of the features specific to the organ. It is true that the level of disruptive clacking noise reveals the organist’s particular style of playing, but it is also true that the attempt to make less noise forces each of us not only to depress, but also to release the keys as carefully as possible, and with this kind of tracker action, moving one’s fingers in this way naturally also influences the sound of legato passages and the smoothness of the phrasing. While the attempt to play without making noise is entirely futile, especially when using quieter registration, it has an absolutely fundamental influence over the quality of the melodic lines within the context of the polyphony, and that influence is clearly for the better. From the layout of the instrument, we clearly see the wealth of sonic possibilities at our disposal. The many colours of the registers can be combined into an almost inexhaustible quantity of shadings. While the organ is intended for playing older music, mainly of the Renaissance, Baroque, and Classical eras, neither Romantic nor contemporary compositions are out of the question. One must simply consider which ones to choose and which ones would be less appropriate, because although the tuning is set at a' = 440 Hz at 18 degrees Celsius, the temperament is slightly unequal, reminiscent of Valotti tuning. The spatial layout of the individual divisions of the Svatá Hora is quite unusual, but it still respects longstanding tradition. The manuals have a chromatic range from C to f'''. The Great division (manual II) takes up the two most spacious parts of the organ case. It is divided into a C and C sharp side. A smaller division called the Positiv, placed in front above the organist’s head, is connected to a third manual. The first manual plays the Unterwerk or Choir division, which is divided into bass and discant. Each register of the Unterwerk is activated separately for the bass and discant on the left and right sides of the console. The organ builder placed the Unterwerk right behind the console in the pedestal of the organ. Like the Great division, the Pedal is divided into a C and C sharp side, and each takes one of the adjacent loft areas on the sides. On the other hand, a three-rank pedal Cornet plays from the Crown Positiv or Kronwerk located at the top just under the vault. Representing a peculiar feature are the two sets of chimes (Zimbelstern), which are located on the pedal cases on opposite sides. A noteworthy property of the organ at Svatá Hora is its sonic versatility, perhaps even universality to a certain extent. If you listen to it, you soon get the impression that you are hearing a Czech or south-German Baroque sound, then it suddenly seems that you have found yourself listening to a Silberman organ in nearby Saxony, until finally you notice a passage that seems to come from the Baltic, with sounds of the ideal organ of Bach’s forerunners of the north-German school. Then the combination of the Principal on the Great manual and the Bifara stop tuned to create vibrato makes us wonder, might we perhaps be in Italy? And at the same time, although the organ is in a Catholic church, the instrument seems to the organist to be in perfect accord with the music of Johann Sebastian Bach. The acoustics and reverberation here are exceedingly suited to the spirit of Bach’s Protestantism. The Svatá Hora organ is indispensable for the successful interpretation of Bach’s music within the context of this region. Notwithstanding all of their beauty, the Baroque organs of Bohemia have a small range of tones, with a lack of the needed keys, pedals, and registers, while the later organs are oriented towards the Romantic musical style, and even newer organs usually suffer from insufficient artistic quality caused mainly by mass production methods. By contrast, the new Svatá Hora organ is of great artistic worth; it even fits the basilica perfectly from a visual perspective. Once the organ was finished, we could hardly imagine that not long beforehand the instrument had not yet been installed. These days, an organ is very rarely so perfectly matched to the place for which it is intended.
3
Content available Druhý život Philipa Rotha: nástin interpretace
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EN
The present study deals with the interpretation of Philip Roth’s most experimental novel The Counterlife, considered by many critics as the best text of Roth’s postmodern period. The novel is an exploration of various attempts to start a new — different life, and each of its five chapters presents a new way, thus denying the preceding chapter. There are several key themes in the novel: the exploration and defence of the writer’s own poetics, and, above all, reflections on Jewish identity, its roots, and by what it is formed.
EN
Ladislav Klíma was the controversial Czech author and thinker at the turn of the twentieth century. The study deals with a coexistence Klíma’s fiction texts and his philosophical works. In three fictions of Ladislav Klima are analyzed philosophical concepts, these concepts are compared with parallels from his philosophical works and interpretations by other authors. In this paper is used Klíma’s his first fantasy tale “Osud” (1893), further story “Sus triumfans” (1906–1908), and fantasy novel Slavná Nemesis (1906–1908, finished 1926). The main aim of this contribution is to demonstrate that the content of works of fiction corresponds to the key philosophical concepts Ladislav Klima.
EN
The object of the analysis is the so-called Szczecin episode in its many variants. The episode plays a significant role in interpreting the novel Too Loud a Solitude, the Czech version of which is a source text for a number of foreign translations. As such, the episode creates space for specific translation operations that are possible in some languages (e.g. Polish and German), while impossible in other.
CS
Štětínská epizoda se nachází ve všech variantách Hrabalova textu, který se nejčastěji nazývá Příliš hlučná samota. V některých z nich se liší v drobnostech, pouze ve verzi nazvané Kluby poezie čtenář nachází možnou, ve smyslu literárních možných světů, motivaci hrdinovy cesty do Štětína, která se v reálném světě ukazuje jako ne úplně pravdivá. Epizoda se dostavuje v alkoholickém opojení a jedná se v ní to, že hrdina díla šlápl do psích výkalů, což mělo za následek podstatný zlom v jeho životě. Hrdina tvrdí, že po dvaceti letech se mu na bleším trhu ve Štětíně podařilo najít znečištěnou ponožku, jakož i zneuctěný sandál. To vše činí překladatelům tohoto díla po polštiny a němčiny možnost uskutečnit takové operace překladatelské, resp. translatologické, které se nikdy nevyskytnou v překladech do jinných cizích jazyků.
6
Content available remote Jazyková metoda jako východisko při interpretaci norem trestního práva
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EN
The article deals with linguistic interpretation in the interpretation of criminal law norms. Linguistic interpretation is understood in a broader sense, i.e. as a method of interpretation that uses not only purely linguistic means, but also knowledge of logic and the organization of legal norms (systematics stricto sensu). The text presents the individual components that serve to determine the correct linguistic meaning, logical structure or classification in the external system of law. The primary role of linguistic interpretation is to determine the unambiguous meaning of the term used, in particular by selecting a legal definition in a criminal law provision, or a definition from a non-criminal law provision, or a definition modified by a criminal law provision. The possibility of determining the meaning of a term by narrowing the scope of the term in common language through constant (criminal) case law is controversial. In cases where a term is not clearly defined by the linguistic method, and its scope remains disputed, or the value on which the (criminal) law is based would be undermined, the decision on the correctness of the interpretation is left to other methods of interpretation. Even then, however, the role of linguistic interpretation as a framework for interpretation remains indispensable. This is particularly important in criminal law, where the shaping of the content of the norms of this branch of law, in the form of teleological reduction or analogy (in malam partem), is significantly limited or completely excluded.
CS
Předkládaný článek se zabývá jazykovým výkladem při interpretaci norem trestního práva. Jazykový výklad je nahlížen v širším slova smyslu, tedy jako způsob interpretace, který využívá nejen prostředků čistě jazykových, ale i znalosti logiky a uspořádání norem práva (systematiky stricto sensu). V textu jsou prezentovány jednotlivé komponenty, které slouží ke správnému určení jazykového významu, logické struktury nebo zařazení ve vnějším systému práva. Primární role jazykového výkladu spočívá ve stanovení jednoznačného významu použitého výrazu, zejména výběrem legální definice v trestněprávním předpisu nebo definice z netrestního právního předpisu, případně definice trestněprávním předpisem modifikované. Polemicky je vyjádřena možnost stanovit význam výrazu zúžením rozsahu pojmu v obecném jazyce prostřednictvím konstantní (trestněprávní) judikatury. V případech, kdy není jazykovou metodou pojem jednoznačně definován a jeho rozsah zůstává sporný, nebo by výkladem byla narušena hodnota, na níž (trestní) právo spočívá, ponechává se rozhodnutí o správnosti interpretace na jiných výkladových metodách. I tehdy však zůstává nezastupitelná role jazykového výkladu jako rámce interpretace. To je zvlášť významné v trestním právu, kde dotváření obsahu norem tohoto odvětví práva, formou teleologické redukce nebo analogií (in malam partem), je výrazně omezeno, respektive zcela vyloučeno.
EN
This article deals with the concept of interpretative doubt. The existence of such a doubt is a condition for the application of the rule of lenity, the rule used in public law. The article shows that the concept of doubt can be, and in the case law actually is, approached differently. This variedness makes the rule of lenity manipulatable. The article consists of six parts. The first one introduces the rule. The second and the third analyze it from two theoretical aspects: (i) whose doubt counts, and (ii) at what point of the interpretative process the doubt is evaluated. The first aspect can be approached either by an internal perspective, which means that interpreter’s internal doubt is decisive, or by an external perspective, focusing on the doubt of the addressee of the interpreted law. As to the second aspect, the rule can be applied at three different points in the interpretative process: at the beginning, in the middle or at the end. Because the aim of interpretation is to eliminate unclarity, the placement of the rule in different phases of interpretation results in a different scope of the rule of lenity. The fourth part of the article shows inconsistent approach to both aspects in the case law of Czech high courts. The fifth part proposes solution to the problem.Doubt should be approached by an external view. Also, the rule should apply at the point, where the process of elimination of doubt by interpretation has become unpredictable for the addressee of the law. The sixth and final part summarizes the entire article.
CS
Článek se zabývá konceptem pochybnosti o výkladu právního předpisu. Existence pochybnosti je podmínkou pro aplikaci výkladového pravidla v pochybnostech ve prospěch jednotlivce, užívaného ve veřejném právu. Článek ukazuje, že koncept pochybnosti může být, a v soudní praxi skutečně je, pojímán různě. Různorodost pojetí činí pravidlo manipulovatelné. Článek má šest částí. Úvodní část interpretační pravidlo představuje. Část druhá a třetí ho analyzuje ze dvou teoretických aspektů: (i) čí pochybnost je relevantní a (ii) v jaké fázi interpretačního procesu se pochybnost hodnotí. K prvnímu aspektu lze přistupovat buďto vnitřním pohledem, při kterém rozhodují vnitřní pochybnosti interpreta, anebo vnějším pohledem, při kterém jsou rozhodné pochybnosti adresátů práva. Co do druhého aspektu, lze pravidlo v procesu interpretace zařadit na tři různá místa: na jeho začátek, do jeho středu, anebo na jeho konec. Jelikož interpretace má za cíl odstraňování nejasností, zařazení pravidla v pochybnosti ve prospěch v různých fázích interpretace má za následek rozdílný dosah tohoto pravidla. Čtvrtá část článku na judikatuře českých vrcholných soudů ukazuje nejednotný přístup k řešení obou aspektů pochybnosti v praxi. Pátá část navrhuje východisko z nejednotnosti. Pochybnosti by měly být vnímány vnějším pohledem a pravidlo má nastoupit v situaci, kdy se proces odstraňování pochybností stává pro adresáta nepředvídatelný. Závěrečná šestá část celý článek shrnuje.
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Content available remote Ve jménu přátelství: Jan Mukařovský o Vladislavu Vančurovi
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EN
This study describes the origin and development of the friendship between the literary scholar Jan Mukařovský (1891–1975) and the writer Vladislav Vančura (1891–1942). Mukařovský’s interpretations of Vančura’s literary works are the main focus of the study. Both Mukařovský’s published works and texts that were never published (e.g. university lectures) are analysed. On the basis of archival research, the author of the study proves that Mukařovský analysed Vančura’s work much earlier than he published his first-ever work on Vančura in 1934. In the course of the 1940s to 1960s, Mukařovský published many texts on Vančura in which he remembered Vančura as a friend, poet, Communist and anti-fascist activist.
EN
The article starts from an interpretation of the famous review of James Joyce’s Ulysses by Carl Gustav Jung called “Ulysses: A Monologue”. It focuses mainly on the comparison of the semiological assumptions of the two authors. Although both are aware of the principle of openness and fluidity of the text, it is evident, that their hypotheses, submitted to justify this view, do not have the same efficiency. The article can be also read as an attempt to articulate the so called „serial method“, i. e. the Deleuzian critique of the concept of representation from the Logic of Sense. From this point of view, the article could be considered a contribution to the poststructuralist discussion of the concept of sense.
10
Content available remote Právo a literatura : brněnská spojení
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EN
Law and Literature movement belongs among today’s critical legal-philosophical movements. This movement springs out from idea that law can be treated as a language, including its literary form. Therefore, it understands the law as a cultural artifact that can be subjected to the same or comparable research as any other literary text. At present, this approach mainly operates with methods that can help general legal methodology and specific methodology the interpretation of legal texts. The article “Law and Literature: Brno connection” focuses on the description of the movement, with an emphasis on the current trends in the field (which have its origin and context, which can not be overlooked), especially taking into account the direction of “Law as Literature” and taking into account the possibility of adapting this direction to the Czech legal environment. The article focuses on the possibilities of using literary interpretation in law (context analysis, including overinterpretation, audience analysis, narratology) and the potential effects of literature on law (persuasion, cultivation). Deeper interest in this issue is evident at the Faculty of Law of Masaryk University so this research institute cannot be passed over. The article therefore represents the findings realized at Brno Faculty as the most prominent workplace in this field and shows the existing research findings in this segment of law examination.
CS
Law and Literature (Právo a literatura) řadíme mezi současná kritická právněfilosofická hnutí. Vychází z představy práva jako jazyka, který může mít i literární podobu, a chápe proto právo jako kulturní artefakt, který může být podroben stejnému či srovnatelnému zkoumání jako jakýkoli jiný literární text. V současnosti tento přístup operuje zejména s metodami, které mohou napomoci právní metodologii obecně, nebo přímo napomoci metodám interpretace právních textů. Článek se proto soustředí na popis hnutí s důrazem na současné trendy v této oblasti (které však mají svůj původ a svůj kontext, což nelze pominout), zejména s přihlédnutím k směru „Právo jako literatura“ a s přihlédnutím na možnosti adaptace tohoto směru na české právní prostředí. Soustředí se proto na možnosti využití literární interpretace v právu (analýza kontextu, včetně nadinterpretace, analýza publika, naratologie) a vůbec potenciální vlivy literatury na právo(přesvědčování, kultivace). Hlubší zájem o tuto problematiku je patrný na Právnické fakultě Masarykovy univerzity. Článek proto představuje dosavadní zjištění učiněné na brněnské fakultě jako pracovišti s nejvýraznějším postupem v této oblasti a ukazuje dosavadní badatelská zjištění v tomto segmentu zkoumání práva.
EN
The paper presents the concept of symbolical interactionism, its theoretical background, adjoining methodologic tools, and its relation to the issue of theatricality of public events. The symbolic interactionism, a sociology-based concept stating a symbolical nature of empirical knowledge, influenced a great number of strands of thinking both in social sciences and humanities. At the same time, the concept gained recognition also in Theatre and Performance Studies for its ability to grasp the symbolic nature of human interaction, its processuality, and temporal-spatial aspect. First part of the study is devoted to the philosophy of pragmatism and George Herbert Mead's social psychology that deeply influenced Blumer's definition of the symbolic interactionism. The second part comprises the basic theoretical and methodologic background of symbolic interactionism demonstrated on the example of filed research carried out by the authors, citizen meeting with Czech President in Brno in 2013.
CS
Studie představuje teorii a metodologii symbolického interakcionismu a její vztah k výzkumu teatrality veřejných událostí. Sociologický směr symbolický interakcionismus ovlivnil celou řadu metodologických přístupů, největší vliv měl logicky v sociálně-vědních oborech, které pracují se symbolickou povahou empirie. Zároveň se ale tento směr uplatnil i v uměnovědných oborech, a to díky schopnosti interpretovat symbolickou povahu jednání, jeho procesuálnost a časoprostorový charakter. Symbolický interakcionismus tak, jak ho definoval H. Blumer, byl zásadně ovlivněn filozofií pragmatismu a sociální psychologií G. H. Meada, proto je jim věnována první část studie. V druhé části textu jsou představena základní teoretická a metodologická východiska symbolického interakcionismus, která jsou demonstrována na příkladu veřejné události (setkání občanů s prezidentem ČR v Brně v roce 2013), které se autoři studie účastnili v rámci terénního výzkumu.
EN
This study focuses on the last novel by Milan Kundera La fête de l’insignifiance (The Festival of Insignificance), which came out in Italian quite unexpectedly in 2013, two years after the „definitive“ completion of the author’s work in the prestige La Pléiade series. In this novel Milan Kundera moves resolutely beyond the horizon of his previous poetics, carrying on from his usual motifs, but not in order to repeat them, but quite the reverse, in order to redefine and re-encode them. This novel forms a kind of counterpoint to his previous work. This study focuses on the way the author reconceives his creative output in his last work: whether on the topic of mothers and their previous despotic relations with their sons, a reassessment of eroticism, the newly conceived role of laughter and an era defined as the age following the twilight of the joke, radicalized internal focalization, which no longer plays the role of a kind of semantic anchor and the like. As The Festival of Insignificance holds up a unique mirror to his previous work, we can follow him in the light of motifs from previous novels and prose works such as I, Mournful God, The Farewell Waltz, Jacques and his Master, The Book of Laughter and Forgetting and Life is Elsewhere. Of course, what is also essential here is the newly defined literature as a space in which authors attempt to resist the watchful surveillance of nature (materialized and metaphysically anchored in the novel as the blind eye of the belly button). Kundera’s last novel is thus also treated as a discomforting interpretational challenge that can be answered with an integrative interpretational gesture that attempts to achieve refraction into various lines of meaning, where Milan Kundera’s last novel is dealt with as the vanishing point of his entire work.
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Content available remote Ústavní soud a reprezentace lidu : abduktivní interference
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EN
The will of the people expressed in elections legitimates the work of parliament, but the content of the laws does not necessarily match the will of the people since the parliament is not a perfect representation of the people. This gap can be filled by the law-applying authority, which can gain information about the people from its authority’s own sources and add it into the law in the process of interpretation. This article argues that this is exactly what the Constitutional Court does. It enriches the laws by new information, and thus not only completes the law, but co-creates it. The sources of information to which the Court has access are of a dual nature. Firstly, the source are parties to the proceedings who express their personal preferences (related to their own lives). The adoption of laws in Parliament is mainly based on external preferences (about the lives of other people) or on a conglomerate of both. Personal preferences thus could be exogenous information brought to the legal order by the Court. Another source are judges of the Constitutional Court, who brings know-how. However, the know-how itself is not always enough. Sometimes the judge has to eventually work with other exogenous elements such as moral judgments, expectations or political ideologies to decide the case.
CS
Vůlí lidu vyjádřenou ve volbách je poskytnout parlamentu legitimitu k jeho činnosti, ovšem obsah zákonů už vůlí lidu být nemusí. Parlament není dokonalou reprezentací lidu, proto ani výsledky jeho činnosti – zákony – se s vůlí lidu neshodují. Tato mezera může být vyplněna v rámci interpretace, kdy orgán aplikující právo z vlastních zdrojů získá další informace o lidu a prostřednictvím výkladu o ně zákony doplní. Článek navrhuje hypotézu, že právě to dělá Ústavní soud, že obohacuje zákony o nové informace, a tedy nikoliv jen dotváří právo, ale spoluutváří ho. Zdroje informací, k nimž má soud přístup, jsou dvojího druhu. Zaprvé jde o účastníky řízení vyjadřující své osobní preference (týkající se jejich vlastního života). Přijímání zákonů v parlamentu se totiž odehrává především na základě preferencí vnějších (preferencí jednotlivce o životě jiných lidí), anebo na konglomerátu osobních a vnějších. Osobní preference zjištěné soudem jsou tak exogenním vnosem do práva. Dalším zdrojem je samotný soudce Ústavního soudu, který přináší know-how. Nicméně samotné know-how mu alespoň v některých případech postačovat nebude, proto musí pracovat i s dalšími exogenními prvky, jako jsou morální úsudky, předsudky, očekávání a politické ideologie.
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Content available remote Tázání a sebereflexe: dramatická tvorba Vítězslava Gardavského
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EN
This study deals with the dramatic work of the writer and philosopher Vítězslav Gardavský (1923–1978), whose birth centenary will be commemorated in 2023. After its characterization of the author’s dramatic debut, I, Jacob (1968), the study focuses in particular on the little-known play The Legend of Francis and Clara, which was written in 1970, but the planned premiere in 1973 was banned. The author of the study concludes that both of Gardavsky’s plays exhibit features of book drama, essay and philosophical disputation. Their original dramatic form explores the possibilities of philosophical and religious messages, but the philosophical values dominate the theatrical potential of the dramatic text.
CS
V roce 2002 se v České republice objevil zajímavý fenomén — neznámá dívka Petra Hůlová vydala knihu, která se stala největším literárním pozdvižením posledních let. Spisovatelčin debut Paměť mojí babičce získal cenu Magnesia Litera v kategorii Objev roku a zvítězil v anketě „Lidových novin” jako Kniha roku. Próza Umělohmotný třípokoj získala Cenu Jiřího Ortena. Hůlová získala v roce 2008 Cenu Josefa Škvoreckého za román Stanice Tajga. Spisovatelka je v každé knize jiná, což však neznamená, že by její tvorba neměla svůj osobitý styl. Dnes je zřejmě nejoceňovanější mladou autorkou. Upozornila na sebe jazykem, jenž je směsicí obecne češtiny a překvapivých přirovnání, ale ojedinělá je i fabulační odvahou. Kniha, která nás zajímá — Umělohmotný třípokoj — je čtvrtým románem mladé prozaičky. Polská překladatelka Julia Różewicz byla oceněna jako „Nová tvář” literárního měsíčníku „Literatura na Świecie” („Světová literatura”) za překlad této knihy Petry Hůlové (polsky Plastikowe M3, czyli czeska pornografia). Cílem této práce je analýza specifického autorského jazyka, který česká spisovatelka v knize vytvořila, a jeho následná konfrontace s jazykem, který pro jeho „českou mutaci“ zvolila překladatelka Julia Różewicz.
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In 2002 in the Czech Republic a very interesting phenomenon occured — an unknown young woman named Petra Hůlová published a book, which caused the biggest literary stir of recent years. The writer’s debut Paměť mojí babičce received the Magnesia Litera Award in the Objev roku (Discovery of the Year) category and won the Lidove noviny’s poll as Kniha roku (Book of the Year). The prose of Umělohmotný třípokoj won the Jiry Orten Award. In 2008, Hulova was awarded with the Josef Škvorecký Award for the novel Stanice Tajga. In every book the writer seems different, which does not mean that she has no individual style. She is undoubtedly the most award‑winning young author today. She captured readers’ attention with the language used, which is a mixture of colloquial Czech and surprising similes. Quite unique is also the bravery of her storytelling. The book we are interested in, Umělohmotný třípokoj, is the fourth novel by the young writer. The Polish translator Julia Różewicz was awarded for the “New face” category of the literary magazine Literatura na Świecie for her translation of the Petra Hulova’s book (in Polish: Plastikowe M3, czyli czeska pornografia, Afera 2013). The goal of this study is to analyze the Czech author’s specific language and to later confront it with the language chosen for its “Czech mutation” by the translator, Julia Różewicz.
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Content available remote Dva druhy strategií - dva druhy napětí
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The paper "Two types of narrative strategies – two types of suspense" presents several general points concerning the structure of theatre performance examined by means of narratology and reception theory. The author explores strategies that enable a theatre director to attract spectators and engage them in an active participation in the performance. Analysis of two types of suspense is presented: that of a plot suspense (i.e. spectator is attracted by the plot), and an interpretative suspense (i.e. spectator is attracted by the necessity of negotiating the meanings by oneself); the two types of suspense are defined and demonstrated using examples of concrete directorial strategies. The theoretical study is followed by a practical demonstration of the given methodology in the analysis of Ladislav Smoček's production of Hráči (The Gamblers), based on the eponymous play by Nikolai Gogol, at the Činoherní klub Theatre (1982).
EN
In the following study, we perceive the literary text as a pretext for a decomposition analysis, while the new text modified by us (posttext) sheds an interpretive light on the examined verbal object in the ontological and axiological sense. Decomposition helps to analyze the way of construction and being of the original verbal artefact, as well as to highlight the functions it performs. In the first part we show the values of the poem Let (Flight) from the collection Pokosená hlina (Mowed Clay, 1999) by the contemporary Slovak writer Jozef Leikert on grounds of word-order decomposition strategies. In the second part we analyse the finished ”recomposition”, or rather a verbal adaptation of a canonized poetic text of Czech literature (a poem by Ondřej Koupil called Květen, 2020) and its interpretive possibilities with respect to the pretext, i.e. the poem Máj (May, 1836) by Karel Hynek Mácha.
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V následující studii vnímáme literární text jako pretext k dekompoziční analýze, přičemž nový, resp. námi upravený text (posttext) vrhá interpretační světlo na zkoumaný slovesný objekt ve smyslu ontologickém i axiologickém. Dekompozice pomáhá jednak analyzovat způsob výstavby a bytí původního slovesného artefaktu, rovněž zvýrazňuje funkce, které plní. V první části ukazujeme hodnoty básně Let ze sbírky Pokosená hlina (1999) současného slovenského spisovatele Jozefa Leikerta na pozadí slovosledných dekompozičních strategií, v druhé části pak analyzujeme už hotovou „rekompozici”, resp. slovesnou adaptaci kanonizovaného básnického textu české literatury (poéma Ondřeje Koupila nazvaná Květen, 2020) a její interpretační možnosti vzhledem k pretextu, tedy k poémě Máj (1836) Karla Hynka Máchy.
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Following study is shaped as analytic notes, which describes a various types of „essences” of fiction and search to better un der stand how we can study some literary work as „medium” or „agency”, e.g. newspaper messages with functions in for ma tion, persuasive and entertaining: it is concerned about textes with any imitative function. One and the same fic ti tious event which was depicted with the help of discursus, persuasive declamation, e.g. report on clashes between protesters and policemen during unrest, can be created in two ways. However, one and the same literary work can be un derstood in two in ter pre ta tions as well, without cutting a semantic pos si bi li ties of literary text. We bring two different views of Jan Neruda´s poem Dědova mísa (Grandfa ther´s Bowl) and we are convinced that nowadays it offers two horizonts of per cep tion, con tro ver sial ideas. At the close of this paper we ask questions about so called image stereotypes, misunderstanding and our stereotyped „thresholds of interpre ta tion” (not only of „fiction”).
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Studie má formu analytických poznámek a v první části popisuje různé „esenciality” literární tvorby. Zamýšlí se nad jejich interpretací v souvislosti s mediálním, tedy komunikačně informativním, přesvědčovacím a zábavným „rozměrem” literární tvorby, zvláště literárních textů s mimetickou funkcí. Jednu a tutéž fiktivní událost, popsanou diskurzivním jazykem a napodobující možnou situaci, např. mediálně atraktivní zprávu o údajně hromadných protestech, lze „tvořit” minimálně dvěma způsoby. I jedno a totéž literární dílo je možné vnímat ne jedním, ale několika protikladnými způsoby, aniž by to znamenalo zásadní ochuzení textu. Autor přináší dva výklady známé básně Jana Nerudy Dědova mísa, o níž je přesvědčen, že nabízí dvě různé perspektivy pro interpretaci. Na závěr klade otázky týkající se tzv. stereotypů a stereotypů našeho vnímání nejen literárních děl.
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Content available remote Mexican inhabitant names (demonyms) as a lingua-cultural entity
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The present article focuses on the system of demonyms of the administrative division of Mexico. The research tasks of the article consist in systematizing the morphological devices, revealing the cultural layers of demonyms, the parameters of their variation, and cognitive and affective role regarding the self-identification of the Mexican people. The authors discuss subcultural components, as well as the algorithms of formation of the unofficial demonyms, reconstruct the motivation of culturally bound demonyms. The conducted analysis has allowed presenting the system of Mexican demonyms as a multi-dimensional, nationally specific entity, which at the same time belongs to a unique functional Spanish-speaking continuum.
CS
Článek se zaměřuje na systém demonym v administrativních jednotkách v Mexiku. Výzkumné úkoly se soustřeďují na systematizaci morfologických prostředků, odkrývání kulturních vrstev demonym, parametrů jejich proměnlivosti a jejich kognitivní a emocionální role pro sebeidentifikaci mexických obyvatel. Autorky rozebírají subkulturní komponenty a způsoby tvoření neoficiálních demonym. Rekonstruují také motivaci vzniku kulturně vázaných demonym. Provedená analýza umožnila ukázat systém mexických demonym jako multidimenzionální, národně speficikou entitu, která zároveň tvoří součást jedinečného španělskojazyčného kontinua.
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The article focuses on one of Kafka’s short proses of the second half of 1920 — “Home-Coming”. This short parabolic story was created approximately two years after Kafka’s literary pause in the newly established Czechoslovak Republic. The present analysis is based on hypothesis, that Kafka “only” takes up and subverts a traditional mythological theme — in this instance the biblical story of the prodigal son. In this article the text is confronted with contemporary events, the specific situation of the German Jews in Prague and especially episodes of Kafka’s life in order so as to reach for identity the causes and motives of his origin.
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