Historia nauki końca XIX wieku spoglądała na rozwój fizyki przez pryzmat pozytywizmu. Jednym z powszechnie przyjmowanych poglądów było traktowanie czasu między osiągnięciami naukowymi Greków a Renesansem, jako "ciemnych wieków". Z początkiem XX stulecia francuski fizyk, matematyk, filozof a nade wszystko historyk nauki, Piotr Duhem, dzięki systematycznym studiom nad myślą poprzedzającą Leonarda da Vinci potrafił wykazać, jak bardzo Średniowiecze przyczyniło się do oczyszczenia przedpola intelektualnego dla powstania nowożytnej nauki. Postawił nawet tezę, że to właśnie XIII wiek trzeba uważać za początek nauk, zwłaszcza dzięki osiągnięciom szkoły paryskiej. Prace Duhema zostały bardzo chłodno przyjęte przez ówczesnych historyków nauki, zwłaszcza tych, którzy byli skupieni wokół czasopisma Isis oraz idei jej głównego redaktora George'a Sartona. Posunięto się nawet do przemilczania prac Duhema, i blokowania przez 40 lat po jego śmierci wydawania pięciu tomów jego opus magnum - Le systeme du monde. Dopiero kontynuatorzy studiów nad Średniowieczem pokazali jak cenny był wkład prac Duhema i potwierdzili jego ideę ciągłości wiedzy.
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The history of science at the end of XIX century looked at the development of physics through the prism of positivism. One of the more commonly held ideas at the time was the treatment of the years between Greek and Renaissance science as a period of "the dark ages". At the beginning of XX century Pierre Duhem - the French physicist, mathematician, philosopher and above all historian of science, thanks to his systematic studies on the nature of thought preceding Leonardo da Vinci, demonstrated the extent to which the Middle Ages had helped clear the intellectual field for the subsequent development of modern science. He even dared to say, that it was these achievements, especially of the Paris school, which allow us to state that the birth of modern science was in XIII century. Duhem's work however, met with a cool reception by most of his contemporary historians of science, especially those gathered around the journal Isis and those supporting the ideas of its chief editor, the "father" of the history of science, George Sarton. They not only ignored the results of Duhem's work but also managed to block the publication of his five volume opus magnum - Le systeme du monde for forty years after his death. It took modern medievalist scholars interested in the continuation of the history of the development of science to acknowledge how valuable his works were and to find confirmation of his ideas concerning the unbroken continuity of the development of science.
Prezentowany tekst zwiera krótkie streszczenie na temat Międzynarodowej Konferencji poświęconej naukom ścisłym i matematyce w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej na przełomie XIX i XX wieku, która odbyła się w Krakowie, w siedzibie PAU, w dniach od 11 do 14 czerwca 1015 r.
Biography and scientific achievements of Professor Andrzej Nadolski, archaeologist, expert on historical weapons and medievalist are well known. However, few people know that both his professional and non-professional interests have already been formed before the World War II when he was just a young boy. He grew up in a family of noble descent and insurrectionary traditions. One of the most important person for Andrzej Nadolski was his father, the military doctor in the rank of colonel who was a true role model due to his patriotic believes, deep knowledge and love of nature. Since he was young, Andrzej Nadolski knew how to use firearms. He travelled on horseback and practiced fencing. He knew the base of military tactics as well. Moreover, he was interested in history and nature. Until his death, the great passion of professor Andrzej Nadolski was entomology, to which he very often devoted his free time. He could also play the piano, he wrote a small forms of poetry and drew funny and satirical drawings. Many of his works have survived in the home archive. He had a very broad and diverse knowledge. As a university lecturer, he was an excellent promoter and populariser of science. He was a classic example of a naturalist-humanist – an attitude typical of researchers in the first half of the twentieth century.
Historia powstania Wyższej Szkoły Technicznej we Wrocławiu oraz Politechniki Wrocławskiej. Charakterystyka działań naukowych Wydziału Budownictwa Lądowego i Wodnego, Instytutu Inżynierii Lądowej, Katedry Dróg i Lotnisk oraz Zakładu Infrastruktury Transportu Szynowego.
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Genesis of establishment of the Technical High School in Wrocław and Wrocław Technical University. Characteristics of scientific researches of the Faculty of Civil and Water Engineering, Institute of Civil Engineering, Department of Roads and Airfields as well as the Unit of Rail Transport Infrastructure.
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Recenzja książki: Tadeusz Sierotowicz, O położeniu plam słonecznych. Literatura, dialektyka, retoryka, filozofia i astronomia w Istoria e dimostrazioni intorno alle macchie solari Galileusza wraz z tłumaczeniem dzieła, OBI - Biblos, Tarnów 2013, ss. 622.
This paper deals with the past, the present and the future of Polish studies of arms and armour. As one of students of Professor Andrzej Nadolski, I perfectly remember the birth of the research centre in Łódź in the 1960s. It specialised in studies of weaponry, armament and military costume and in this field it was the most interesting research centre in Poland at that time. In those days, our research mainly focused on the Middle Ages. At the same time, in our activities we referred to the term of “arms and uniforms,” which was used by historians of army and military affairs in the interwar period. Present-day Polish studies of arms and armour, done by historians, archaeologists and art historians, are a significant element of the totality of processes of learning about the peculiarity of our history. Studies of arms and armour are now carried out not only in main academic centres, but also in several museums and in local environments. This field of research requires considerable knowledge and firm specialisation; on the other hand, sometimes it goes into areas with poor cognitive perspectives. In this paper I discuss two such cases. In the first one, the failure resulted from a simple lack of knowledge and historical reflection. In the other one, the fiasco of research results was determined by a preponderance of an idée fixe over calm reflection and over a need for source criticism with its necessary skills. Today, the group of researchers who define themselves as students of arms and armour are aware that the origin of this field as academic study is related to Professor Andrzej Nadolski, who died twenty years ago. The knowledge of this, however, must be continuously maintained.
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In the article is presented the conception of the history of science in the interpretation of Bogdan Suchodolski. Having described the conception of the history of science created by George Sarton (1884-1956), whose thought was influenced by positivistic philosophy of August Comte, the idea of the history of science of Johan Nordstöm (1891-1967), who was inspired by the system of Wilhelm Dilthey, and the materialistic conception of the history of science, which was represented, among others, by John Desmond Eternal (1901-1971), the author is making an attempt at revealing to what extent Bogdan Suchodolski was inspired by the above-mentioned visions of the history of science. Having defined the history of science as the history of scientific activity of people and their consciousness formed by the activity, Bogdan Suchodolski applied in the field of his own conception of the history of science the ideas that were put forward by German thinkers and philosophers, and were connected with a way of understanding culture as the constant development of national awareness, which can be exemplified with different dimensions of culture. Undoubtedly, identifying the history of Polish science with constitutive element of the history of national culture and paying attention to the conceptions tending not only to explaining, but also understanding phenomena, B, Suchodolski was influenced by Alfred Vierkandt's and Wilhelm Dilthey's thought. The present article includes several reflections on the conception of the history of science, which was created by B. Suchodolski. Among others, we can find here detailed information on how B, Suchodolski understood: the history of science, its subject, aim and methodology; its status in modern social consciousness and as the history of truth relations between history of science and theory of science and scientific policy, history of science and the problem of unity and diversity of scientific thinking, history of science and ideas, history of culture and technology, and sources of scientific progress.
The theme of the publication refers to the author’s memories associated with Professor Andrzej Nadolski for his investigation into the Battle of Tannenberg (Grunwald, 1410). With reference to his personal memories and surviving correspondence, the author wishes to give a picture of the inspiring relationship with the famous arms specialist, archaeologist and historian. This began towards the end of the 1970’s and lasted until the death of Nadolski in 1993. The connecting element of this friendly and scientific relationship was the problematic nature of the Battle of Tannenberg from which a strong fascination emerged resulting in the publication of several books and essays by Nadolski and the author.
This is the first part of the book entitled History of Science and Technology in Gdańsk, edited in 2014 for the 110th anniversary of the Gdańsk University of Technology (Politechnika Gdańska). It begins with a concise history of the local education with emphasis laid on schooling in the field of technology. It is followed by the history of the University of Technology founded in 1904 as German Hochschule but always having many Polish students. In 1945 it was transformed into a Polish university. The next sections are devoted to the prominent scientists of the old Gdańsk and their worldwide important achievements, not always sufficiently popularized. Many of them were members of foreign academies and scientific societies including the Royal Society of London. Then, the scientific societies of the past Gdańsk are presented, including but not limited to the Experimental Physics Society (later Naturforschende Gesellschaft), one of the first such institutions in the world. Last but not least, scientists of the beginning of the 20th century are presented as well as the pioneers of science in Gdańsk after World War II, who had to rebuild the destroyed infrastructure and create the scientific life in Gdańsk from scratch.
Najbardziej prestiżowe nagrody dotyczą takich klasycznych dziedzin jak chemia, fizyka oraz fizjologia i medycyna. Przełomowe odkrycia dokonują się często na granicach między dyscyplinami naukowymi, a tradycyjne granice są coraz bardziej zacierane. Na początku XX wieku kilka przełomowych odkryć miało miejsce na styku fizyki i chemii, a obecnie obserwujemy taką tendencję w zakresie medycyny i chemii. A co przyniesie przyszłość?
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