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PL
Omówiono krótko historię rozwoju betonu. Podano dane charakteryzujące beton obecnie stosowany, a także przewidywane zmiany w tym zakresie.
EN
The development history of concrete is presented shortly. Technical data characteristic for to-day concretes and expectances of their improvement in the nearest future are suggested.
7
Content available Historia tracheotomii
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EN
The present notion - tracheotomy, originates from the Latin words trachea – windpipe, which comes from the combination of Latin “tracheia” and Greek “arteria” indicating an uneven road, and “tome” – cut. Procedures of pharyngotomy have a long-lasting history. First similar operations were found on the ancient Egyptian clay tablets dating back to 3600 BC. Mentions of pharyngotomy operations were found in the papyrus called Ebers’s Papyrus dating back to about 1550 BC, which can obviously be treated as an encyclopaedia of the medical knowledge that the ancient Egyptians possessed. Guidelines for the person performing pharyngotomy were described in Rig Veda – the holy scriptures of Hindi medicine, about 2000 BC. Asclepiads of Prussia in Bithynia (124–156 BC), a Greek physician practising in Rome, is commonly considered the father of pharyngotomy. In the 1st century BC he documented an operation similar to pharyngotomy. Procedures similar to pharyngotomy were conducted by Claudius Galenus of Pergamon (about 130–200 AD) who was treating gladiators at the beginning of his medical career. A precise description of the technique in pharyngotomy performed by the method adopted from Antilla (3rd century AD) was presented by Paulos Aeginata (625–690 AD), whereas in modern times the first surgical pharyngotomy was performed by Antonio Brasavola (1490–1554) in 1546. In those times pharyngotomy operations were applied as life saving procedures and were associated with a desperate fight for life. The best example is given by Sanctorio Santorius (1561–1636) who pierced the trachea lumen with a trocar. All the experiences connected with the pharyngotomy technique were collected by Lorenz Heister (1683–1758) and published in his work “Surgery” in 1716. Until the end of 18th century the work finally established views about performing pharyngotomy operations. In 1856 Eugeniusz Bonchut conducted the first pharyngotomy in a child with passing an intubation tube into the trachea lumen. The operation was performed according to theoretical assumptions by Armando Trausseau (1801–1867), whose contributions to emergency pharyngotomy methods are enormous. Finally, at the beginning of the 20th century Chevalier Jackson (1865–1958) set principles for surgical techniques in pharyngotomy that still remain in force. The return to Sanctorius’s method and also adaptation of Selinger’s method (1953) of cannulation of blood vessels turned out to be fundamental for the further development of transdermal pharyngotomy. The first set for multistage, dilatation pharyngotomy was provided by P. Ciaglia et al. in 1985. A one-stage pharyngotomy by special forceps was described by W. M. Griggs et al. in 1990. A technique of transdermal pharyngotomy from inside the trachea was presented in 1995 by A. Fantoni with his group. Modern methods of transdermal pharyngotomy are good complementary techniques for classical methods of pharyngotomy in both emergency and chronic cases.
PL
Podkreślono duże znaczenie historii i dziedzictwa w twórczym działaniu inżynierów budownictwa.
EN
Paper underlines the great importance of history and heritage for the mature shape of the necessary creativeness of civil engineers - a proffesional virtue very essential for the sustainable development process of the present world. Aspects of cultural landscape and of its particular elements in construction were considered. A better understanding of those matters in Poland has been found still desirable.
9
Content available remote Rys historii mostów warszawskich na Wiśle (dok. z nr 5/2003)
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PL
Niszczone w czasie wojen i katastrof mosty warszawskie były odbudowywane. Budowano również dużo nowych obiektów mostowych.
PL
Przedstawiono 75-letnią historię Biblioteki, która rozpoczęła swoją działalność w 1929 roku i kontynuowała ją do września 1939 roku, a następnie wznowiła ją w 1946 roku. Druga część artykułu poświęcona historii i działalności Ośrodka Informacji Naukowej.
EN
The 75 year history of the Library is presented. It opened in 1929 but had to suspend its activity in September 1939 due to the Second World War and then resumed in 1946. The second part of the paper is devoted to the history and activity of the Centre of Scientific Information.
11
Content available Historia otorynolaryngologii
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PL
Profesor Teodor Heiman w przedmowie „Krótkiego rysu historyi otjatryi” wydanej w 1912 roku, pisał: „Kto jednakże chce poznać dokładnie medycynę, lub jakiś dział jej, kto zawodu swego nie chce traktować jak zwyczajne rzemiosło, ten nie może obejść się bez znajomości tego, co zrobiono w przeszłości, bez zapoznania się z przebiegiem rozwoju nauki, przynajmniej w zarysach ogólnych”. Autorzy, kierując się tym przesłaniem, starają się pokazać, jakie są możliwości zapoznania się z historią otorynolaryngologii.
12
Content available remote 40 lat minęło...
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PL
W 2006 ROKU będziemy obchodzili 70. rocznicę I. Zjazdu Ogrzewników Polskich, który odbył się w Warszawie w dniach 5 do 9 września 1936 roku, dokładnie 3 lata przed wybuchem II wojny światowej. W okresie powojennym Zjazdy Ogrzewników Polskich odbywały się w miarę regularnie, co 4 do 6 lat. Organizatorem był Oddział Warszawski Polskiego Zrzeszenia Inżynierów i Techników Sanitarnych, a miejscem — tak jak w przypadku I Zjazdu - Warszawa. Po drugiej wojnie światowej odbyło się 11 Zjazdów Ogrzewników Polskich.
18
Content available Historia tracheotomii
100%
PL
The present notion - tracheotomy, originates from the Latin words trachea – windpipe, which comes from the combination of Latin “tracheia” and Greek “arteria” indicating an uneven road, and “tome” – cut. Procedures of pharyngotomy have a long-lasting history. First similar operations were found on the ancient Egyptian clay tablets dating back to 3600 BC. Mentions of pharyngotomy operations were found in the papyrus called Ebers’s Papyrus dating back to about 1550 BC, which can obviously be treated as an encyclopaedia of the medical knowledge that the ancient Egyptians possessed. Guidelines for the person performing pharyngotomy were described in Rig Veda – the holy scriptures of Hindi medicine, about 2000 BC. Asclepiads of Prussia in Bithynia (124–156 BC), a Greek physician practising in Rome, is commonly considered the father of pharyngotomy. In the 1st century BC he documented an operation similar to pharyngotomy. Procedures similar to pharyngotomy were conducted by Claudius Galenus of Pergamon (about 130–200 AD) who was treating gladiators at the beginning of his medical career. A precise description of the technique in pharyngotomy performed by the method adopted from Antilla (3rd century AD) was presented by Paulos Aeginata (625–690 AD), whereas in modern times the first surgical pharyngotomy was performed by Antonio Brasavola (1490–1554) in 1546. In those times pharyngotomy operations were applied as life saving procedures and were associated with a desperate fight for life. The best example is given by Sanctorio Santorius (1561–1636) who pierced the trachea lumen with a trocar. All the experiences connected with the pharyngotomy technique were collected by Lorenz Heister (1683–1758) and published in his work “Surgery” in 1716. Until the end of 18th century the work finally established views about performing pharyngotomy operations. In 1856 Eugeniusz Bonchut conducted the first pharyngotomy in a child with passing an intubation tube into the trachea lumen. The operation was performed according to theoretical assumptions by Armando Trausseau (1801–1867), whose contributions to emergency pharyngotomy methods are enormous. Finally, at the beginning of the 20th century Chevalier Jackson (1865–1958) set principles for surgical techniques in pharyngotomy that still remain in force. The return to Sanctorius’s method and also adaptation of Selinger’s method (1953) of cannulation of blood vessels turned out to be fundamental for the further development of transdermal pharyngotomy. The first set for multistage, dilatation pharyngotomy was provided by P. Ciaglia et al. in 1985. A one-stage pharyngotomy by special forceps was described by W. M. Griggs et al. in 1990. A technique of transdermal pharyngotomy from inside the trachea was presented in 1995 by A. Fantoni with his group. Modern methods of transdermal pharyngotomy are good complementary techniques for classical methods of pharyngotomy in both emergency and chronic cases.
PL
W roku 1904 powstała niemiecka Królewska Wyższa Szkota Techniczna Gdańsk. Została ona przekształcona w roku 1921 w Wyższą Szkołę Techniczną Wolnego Miasta Gdańsk, w roku 1939 - w Wyższą Szkołę Techniczną Gdańsk i w roku 1941 - w Wyższą Szkołę Rzeszy Niemieckiej. Z moralnych i materialnych ruin tych szkół niemieckich powstała w roku 1945 polska Politechnika Gdańska. Przybliżono techniczne i pozatechniczne tło i warunki działania wszystkich wymienionych szkół.
EN
In 1904, the German Königliche Technische Hochschule zu Danzing has been established. Due to the historic circumstances it was transformed: in 1921 - into the Technische Hochschule der Freien Stadt Danzig, in 1939 - into the Technische Hochschule Danzig, and in 1941 - into the Reichshochschule Danzig. Out of the moral and material ruins of those German schools, in 1945 the Polish Politechnika Gdańska was born. The paper bring up the technical and non-technical background and boundary conditions of all those schools performances which proved to be important for the actual, outstanding educational and scientific position of the Politechnika Gdańska - The Gdańsk Uiversity of Technology.
20
Content available remote Saperzy Cezara
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PL
Autor przedstawia swoje poglądy na temat konstrukcji mostu zbudowanego przez wojska rzymskie przez Ren.
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