Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Some aspects of validation of the fuel consumption measurement method

100%

Taubert S. , Majerczyk A.

Journal of KONES

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2013

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tom Vol. 20, No. 4

457--464

EN

Currently produced diesel engines of different manufacturers, used for the same applications, have comparable specific fuel consumption. Therefore, the laboratories measuring fuel consumption, especially in comparative tests, require the use of more accurate methods of measurement. The Environmental Protection Centre of Motor Transport Institute has recently implemented the fuel consumption measurement method using KMA Mobile flow meter produced by AVL company. This device allows to carry out measurements by both volumetric and mass method, thanks to builtin device for measuring the fuel density. Due to some customers requirements the laboratory began with preparations for obtaining accreditation of the Polish Centre of Accreditation for the procedure of measuring fuel consumption by volumetric and mass method. One of the requirements of the Polish Centre for Accreditation is carrying out the validation of the new method. It can be done by comparing the results obtained with new method with the results of the method already validated. The validated method is described in the regulation. This is the carbon balance method described in UN-ECE Regulations No. 101. The calculation of fuel consumption according to this method is based on a measurement of pollutants emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (THC). This paper describes the fuel consumptions measuring procedure using two methods: mass method using a AVL KMA Mobile flow meter and carbon balance method using the AVL AMA i60 analyzers. To verify measurement results additionally there was fuel consumption measured with using a scale, as a difference of the external fuel tank mass change, from which the vehicle was fuelled during the tests

2

The methods and way of utilization telematics into decrease operational costs with analyses of present situation and capacity of good transport and oil trend prices

100%

Greguš J.

Eksploatacja i Niezawodność

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2006

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tom nr 4

87-88

EN

The Telematics and Inteligent Transport Systems are very inportant in transport system. Transport Policy put accent on Inteligent Transport System which are integral part of transport within Europe and into whole areas. The mainly function of these described methods is reach by active and coordinate activity accelerated utilization of transport telematics into road haulage. Utilization of telematics it is one of ways how to ensure mobility of vehicles and humankind.

3

Impact of outer diameter and energy efficiency class of tyre on fuel consumption of a passenger car at constant velocity

80%

Gołębiewski W.

Journal of KONES

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2015

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tom Vol. 22, No. 2

71--78

EN

This paper presents the simulation analysis determining the effect of wheel outer diameter and energy efficiency class of tire on fuel consumption of a passenger car. Calculations were made assuming the wheel movement on a dry, smooth road surface under set driving conditions. Tests objects were three tyre types of the following sizes: 155/80R13, 165/65R14 and 185/55R14 (provided by the manufacturer of a FIAT Panda vehicle). For testing, a simulation model was used allowing for tyre construction parameters (outer diameter and energy efficiency class). Different values of rolling resistance coefficient were adopted (in accordance with energy efficiency classes) and the values of basic resistance to motion (therefore the sums of rolling resistance and air resistance) were determined for vehicle speeds equal to 15 km/h, 32 km/h, 35 km/h and 50 km/h (being the components of UDC speed profile) and for 70 km/h, 100 km/h and 120 km/h (being the components of EUDC speed profile). Based on the parameters describing a vehicle, motion conditions and tyre sizes, the values of engine rotational speed and load torque were determined. For these parameters, the values of mileage fuel consumption were read. Based on the conducted analysis, it was concluded that fuel consumption for a set vehicle speed was little affected by wheel outer diameter but significantly affected by tyre energy efficiency class. The increase of wheel outer diameter (in accordance with manufacturer’s information) induced a small decrease in fuel consumption. The use of high-energy efficiency class (A), in relation to lowest efficiency class (G), allowed the fuel economy even to a dozen or so percent.

4

Applications of NRTC Cycle to Determine a Different Fuel Consumption and Harmful Emissions Caused by Changes of Engine's Technical Conditions

80%

Hromádko J. , Hönig V. , Miler P.

Eksploatacja i Niezawodność

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2008

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tom nr 4

63-65

EN

The main topic of the paper is to determine different fuel consumption and harmful emissions caused by engine's changes of technical conditions. The change of technical condition of combustion engine at any working point of engine proves different change of fuel consumption and production of harmful emissions. Therefore it is necessary to compare two technical conditions to determine the same engine load. For this purpose the special simulation programme of engine load in Non-Road Transient Cycle (NRTC) was created.

5

Draft calculation of fuel consumption and emission of CO, HC and NOX by a engine car in operational conditions

80%

Ubysz A.

Journal of KONES

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2009

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tom Vol. 16, No. 2

464-472

EN

The study presents a draft calculation of fuel consumption and emission of CO2, CO, HC and NOx by a engine car used in real traffic conditions. In this project, the author was inspired by the results of his own studies and those of selected domestic and foreign research centres. The (static) engine performance maps including Brake Specific Fuel Consumption maps, ge (CO2), and maps of speciftc emission of CO, HC and NOX,, serve as the basis for this study. Underlying such an approach are the disparate courses offuel consumption and emission levels in the driving and non-driving modes of the engine. For the study purposes, an adeąuate testing programme should be implemented, using a variable driving cycle [1]. A departure from the homologation cycles applied to this end allows covering, on an engine performance map, the area of engine operation being of interest to us with measuring points. For calculations in operational conditions, the maps of changes of Delta ge, Delta CO2, Delta CO, Delta HC and Delta NOX for nonstationary operating conditions of the engine will be a complement to static engine performance maps. The author has already developed partial maps for the first two parameters. The development of the others requires the implementation of a costly research scheme in cooperation with a leading domestic research centre.

6

IMOR survey vessel diesel-electric system advantages

80%

Hac B. , Ossowski K.

Journal of KONES

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2007

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tom Vol. 14, No. 4

113-118

EN

(How diesel-electric system improves reliability, operational flexibility and economy of the survey vessel IMOR) IMOR was built for Maritime Institute of Gdansk as a multi -purpose shallow water survey and ROV support twin-hull vessel. It is configured and capable of performing a range of tasks, such as: hydrographic and geophysical operations, bottom and pipeline inspection, etc. Its small size, small draught, relatively high power and great flexibility of possible applications makes it ideal for work on shallow waters and offshore projects starting onshore. It is equipped with diesel-electric propulsion system that consists of: 3 generator sets, 2 dual azipod aft active rudders - propellers, 2 dual waterjet bow thrusters. These units are powered by electric motors controlled by helmsman stand and DP system. First year of service has proven the project success. In contrast to conventional construction, both fuel consumption and pollution discharges have been reduced substantially. Additionally, manoeuvring and maintenance of the vessel has been improved. A great advantage of such system is the use of sufficient number of auxiliary diesel engines; consequently operation of all engines at a time is avoided. During idle operation or reduced speed of the vessel, it is sufficient to connect only one or two auxiliary generators which, in return, will be operated at an optimum capacity and efficiency. On demand, high speed and operation of all vessel auxiliary generators can be achieved in a few seconds. This flexibility enables substantial energy-savings and exploitation cost advantages. Other benefits may be summarized as follows: high survivability, reduction of noise and vibration, improved operational flexibility and reliability, increased flexibility and adaptability for different kind of survey works, increased space available, reduced manning and logistics.

7

Some aspect of theory of cumulated fuel consumption

80%

Sitnik L. J.

Journal of KONES

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2010

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tom Vol. 17, No. 4

447-453

EN

A theory of cumulated fuel consumption in process ofvehicle operation is described. The method of creation the mathematical model and procedure of determination of model variables is shown. The mainfeatures of cumulated fuel consumption are painted attention. li is shown that the theory of cumulated fuel consumption can be use to description of the fuel consumption from beginning the exploitation of vehicles and also for the situation when the vehicle are in exploitation from any time and further fuel consumption are unknown. An example of utilisation of elaborated theory for assessment of operation of passenger car is also presented. It has been shown that applying the theory of cumulated fuel consumption, the course of such consumption can be accurately described also in this case. This proposal can be formulated in spite of making some simplifications. This is because the unknown value of the accumulated fuel before start the time of observation operation will be determined using the average (from the average) fuel consumption. This simplification greatly facilitates the flow of the calculations and it seems does not offend errors in the calculations. Method of determining the average is discussed in the article. It appears that such treatment may be justified by the fact that the mistake is, in principle, systematic error. Very high coefficients of mathematical model to fit the measured data are very interesting. Such regularity was observed during researches in buses transport [l], intercity buses, and the fleets of various vehicles (the results of researches are not yet published).The introduction of the theory of cumulated fuel consumption as one of the important parameters to assess the operation of the vehicle or vehicles may also be useful in exploitation researches. At present times the researches in which the vehicles are already in service and the engine control mops are tuned (chip tuning), are made. A good performance of these changes is often observed on chassis dyno but that is not properly sanctioned in natural exploitation. Experimentation with such issue is underway and will be the subject of future analysis (and publications).

8

Study of the impact of lubricant type on selected operational parameters of a chainsaw used in beech timber cutting

80%

Stawicki T. , Sędłak P.

Drewno : prace naukowe, doniesienia, komunikaty

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2016

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tom vol. 59, nr 196

163--171

EN

The focus of the study was to determine the influence of the lubricant used for greasing the cutting subsystem of a petrol chainsaw on selected operational characteristics. Three lubricating oils were studied, two of which were commercially available, while the other was a suitably modified rapeseed oil, prepared specifically for the study. It was shown that the application of selected lubricating components in the cutting subsystem of the chainsaw resulted in significant differences in the consumption of both the fuel and the lubricating agent.

9

Ocena różnic w określaniu zużycia paliwa samochodu na podstawie charakterystyki uniwersalnej i dynamicznej

80%

Romaniszyn K. M.

Silniki Spalinowe

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2004

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tom R. 43, nr 2

48-54

PL

W publikacji opisano metodykę tworzenia charakterystyk zużycia paliwa w warunkach dynamicznych w oparciu o pomiary modalne w testach jezdnych NEDC i FTP-75 i uzyskaną charakterystykę zużycia paliwa dla konkretnego samochodu. Przedstawiono wyniki obliczeń zużycia paliwa uzyskane w oparciu o charakterystykę dynamiczną dla ustalonych warunków jazdy i w oparciu o charakterystykę uniwersalną silnika zamontowanego w konkretnym samochodzie. Porównano uzyskane wyniki i oceniono występujące różnice.

EN

This paper briefly describes a methodology of developing characteristics of fuel consumption in dynamic conditions on the basis of modal measurements in road tests NEDC and FTP-75, and based on determined characteristic of fuel consumption measurement for a real car engine. The results of fuel consumption calculations determined on the basis of the dynamic characteristic for set driving conditions, and on the basis of the universal characteristic for a real car have been presented. The results calculated have been compared and existing differences evaluated.

10

Theoretical Evaluation of Relationships Between Tyre Energy Efficiency Class and Fuel Consumption of a Passenger Car According to NEDC

80%

Gołębiewski W. , Stoeck T.

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nr 1

11

Projektowy wskaźnik efektywności energetycznej EEDI jako narzędzie do oceny efektywności na przykładzie statku do przewozu kontenerów

80%

Szczepanek M. , Żmudzki S.

Technical Issues

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2016

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tom nr 4

96--103

EN

The International Maritime Organisation (IMO), in particular, dedicated to the prevention to marine pollution by ships, adopted in 2007 the provisions implementing the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI). The EEDI was implemented as an amendment to the MARPOL Annex VI. The index specifies the technical standards and norms imposed on shipyards, which shall be intended to improve the energy efficiency of certain categories of new ships and vessels, consequently leading to the reduction of CO2 emission by around 25-35 percent till 2030. The paper presents the operational factors affecting fuel consumption and energy efficiency indexes of a ship, the algorithm of verification and certification of the EDDI along with exemplary calculations for a container ship.

12

An analysis of the use of cruise control in a passenger car

80%

Andrzejewski M. , Merkisz J. , Nowak M. , Ziółkowski A. , Daszkiewicz P.

Archiwum Motoryzacji

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2020

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tom Vol. 89, nr 3

37--49

EN

Most vehicles are powered by internal combustion engines. Due to the nature of their operation they emit, among others, carbon dioxide which contributes to the greenhouse effect. CO2 production is strictly correlated with fuel consumption. The article presents the results of road tests of a passenger car with a spark-ignition engine meeting the Euro 6 emission norm. The test vehicle was equipped with a classic exhaust gas aftertreatment system – a three-way catalytic converter. The aim of the study was to verify the impact of the cruise control use on the vehicle fuel consumption. The measurements were based on Portable Emission Measurement System type mobile equipment for exhaust emission tests. The tests were carried out in real driving conditions travelling on an express way. Test drives took place on a route with variable topographic profile. Three test drives with different speeds were carried out, but the aim was to obtain an average speed of 130 km/h.

13

Theory of cumulative fuel consumption by LPG powered cars

80%

Sitnik L. J.

Journal of KONES

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2015

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tom Vol. 22, No. 4

275--280

EN

Theory of cumulative fuel consumption is shown for the first time in [1] and [2]. The theory of cumulative fuel consumption has been presented also in this work. The example of LPG car research results have shown the way of getting to mathematical model of cumulative fuel consumption and the intensity of cumulative fuel consumption. In this case, the studies were carried out 16 cars whose engines were powered by LPG. The vehicles are operated in a small fleet of vehicles, which run in city traffic. Data on outcomes of exploitation and operation fuel consumption is acquired from the accounting documents of the company. Very good results prediction mathematical model of operational data are obtained. The high value of prescience quotients (in this case R-sq > 9.999) are similar to the values that were obtained in various other cases. Conversance of mathematical model of cumulative fuel consumption allows carrying out comprehensive analysis of this significant exploitative parameter. The presented theory must not only be regarded as a theory of cumulative fuel consumption but also can be seen more broadly as a theory of cumulative energy consumption. Research is being conducted on the application of the theory to evaluate energy consumption by hybrid vehicles. The results can be very interesting.

14

Identification Of Models For Multicriterial Optimization Of Sailing Vessel Driving Systems

80%

Tarełko W. , Rudzki K.

Journal of Polish CIMAC

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2007

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tom Vol. 2, no 1

447-455

EN

This paper deals with models of driving system of sailing vessels developed by applying methods of regression analysis and artificial neural networks. In particularly, a general form, identification process, and comparison of these models are presented.

15

Fuel Weight Determination of Ultralight and Very Light Helicopters at the Preliminary Design Stage

80%

Dudnik V. , Karabut V.

Transactions on Aerospace Research

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2022

|

tom Nr 3 (268)

48--55

EN

In recent years, a large number of one- to two-seat-type helicopters have appeared, raising the possibility to determine the dependencies inherent in these classes. Such dependencies are extremely necessary at the preliminary design stage, in particular, for determining the fuel mass. The relative mass of fuel depends on the required range and flight time of the helicopter, as well as on the characteristics of the engine and the required power of the helicopter. Based on statistical data, the article presents an approximate relation of the hourly fuel consumption of engines that small helicopters are equipped with. The additional amount of fuel required to complete missions has also been determined. General dependency of the fuel weight that can be used at the preliminary design stage is presented according to the analysis results.

16

Parameters influencing energy properties of the car driving in urban cycles

80%

Siłka W.

Archives of Transport

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1998

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tom Vol. 10, iss.3-4

25-37

EN

In a city temporal variation of vehicle speed includes several moduli, separated by standstill phases. Each modulus includes the basic motion phases in the following order: acceleration, constant velocity, braking. In the paper the influence of temporal variation of vehicle speed, typical for urban conditions, on energy parameters of the car, expressed in energy and fuel consumption, has been discussed. The derived equations were used for determination of the graphs for the analysed relationships for an exemplary car and the given cycle parameters. It has been shown that under urban conditions the energy parameters are strongly influenced by a number of moduli and the average acceleration. Moreover, strong influence of the total time of motor operation at idle running on fuel consumption has been shown.

PL

W ruchu miejskim profil prędkości, odwzorowany przebiegiem czasowym prędkości, składa się z szeregu modułów oddzielonych postojami. Każdy z modułów zawiera podstawowe fazy ruchu uszeregowane w kolejności: rozpędzanie, stała prędkość, hamowanie. W opracowaniu rozpatrzono wpływ profilu prędkości, typowego dla miejskich warunków ruchu, na parametry energetyczne samochodu wyrażone energochłonnością przebiegową i przebiegowym zużyciem paliwa. Na podstawie wyprowadzonych równań sporządzono wykresy badanych zależności dla przykładowego samochodu i określonych parametrów cyklu. Wykazano, że w jeździe miejskiej parametry energetyczne samochodu zależą głównie od liczby modułów i średniego przyspieszenia cyklu. Ponadto uwidoczniono znaczący wpływ na przebiegowe zużycie paliwa łącznego czasu pracy cyklu silnika na biegu jałowym.

17

Estimation of energy effectiveness of vehicle using cruise operating data

80%

Kropiwnicki J.

Journal of KONES

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2008

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tom Vol. 15, No. 2

239-246

EN

New method of estimation of energy effectiveness of vehicle has been presented in this work. The opinion on the energy effectiveness of automobile vehicle has measurable meaning both for indyvidual users, and also for of transport firms and communication firms. The complex analysis of results can contribute to the lowering of the expenditure of the energy (fuel) and the emission of toxic complexes in engine exhaust. The opinion on the energy effectiveness of car vehicle enables: the delimitation of a optimum control of car powerplant system, the detection of defects in car powerplant system, the choice of the optimum road route, the choice ofproper exploitation materials, the choice of the best powerplant unit (of applied design solutions). Its results will be representative for whole range of propulsion system operation. The whole range of propulsion system operation will be included using long-time recording of the car's basic operating parameters. This method can also be used for comparison of energy effectiveness of different cars in the same operating conditions. For example: when somebody wants to buy a car, he can compare different vehicles with regard to the amount of fuel consumed in car operating conditions specific for him as a driver.

PL

W pracy zaproponowana została nowa metoda oceny dobroci energetycznej pojazdu samochodowego, którego wyniki będą reprezentatywne dla pełnego zakresu warunków ruchu spotykanych przez użytkowników pojazdów. Ocena dobroci energetycznej pojazdu samochodowego ma wymierne znaczenie zarówno dla idnywidualnych użytkowników, jak również dla firm transportowych i komunikacyjnych. Kompleksowa analiza wyników może się przyczynić do obniżenia zużycia energii (paliwa) oraz emisji związków toksycznych w spalinach. Ocena dobroci energetycznej pojadów samochodowych umożliwia: wyznaczenie optymalnego sterowania układem napędowym, wykrycie usterek w układzie napędowym, wybór optymalnej drogi przejazdu, dobór właściwych materiałów eksploatacyjnych, wybór najlepszej jednostki napędowej (zastosowanych rozwiązań konstrukcyjnych). Pełen zakres eksploatacji badanego pojazdu zostanie uwzględniony dzięki długoterminowej rejestracji parametrów pracy silnika i pojazdu w czasie jego codziennej eksploatacji. Metoda ta może również posłużyć do przeprowadzenia porównania efektywności energetycznej różnych pojazdów dla tych samych, szczególnych warunków eksploatacji. Przykładowo, ktoś decydując się na zakup samochodu może przeprowadzić porównanie różnych egzemplarzy ze względu na ilość zużywanego paliwa przy sposobie eksploatacji właściwym dla niego jako kierowcy.

18

Zużycie paliwa europejskich samochodów osobowych

80%

Mysłowski J.

Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe

|

2014

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tom R. 15, nr 6

195-198

PL

W artykule opisano problematykę fałszowania przez producentów wartości zużycia paliwa przez silniki samochodów osobowych. Na podstawie badań symulacyjnych charakterystyk uniwersalnych silników samochodów osobowych wykazano na ile podawane dane odnośnie do zużycia paliwa są niezgodne z podawanymi przez producenta.

19

Determination of general efficiency of spark ignition engine with stratified charge with direct fuel injection

80%

Sendyka B. , Cygnar M.

Journal of KONES

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2005

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tom Vol. 12, No. 1-2

323-328

EN

Designers of gasoline engines are faced with higher and higher requirements as regards ecological problems and increase in engine efficiency at a simultaneous decrease in fuel consumption. Satisfaction of these requirements is possible due to recognition of the phenomena occurring inside the engine cylinder, choice of suitable optimal parameters of the fuel injection process, and determination of geometrical shapes of the combustion chamber and piston head. The paper presents analysis of increasing in general efficiency of a GDI (Gasoline Direct Injection) engine in dependence on the quality of the stratified mixture and range of loading. For determination of total efficiency of a Gasoline Direct Injection engine test bed investigations were carried out with the aim to determinate the speed and load characteristics of the investigated engine on these basis the total efficiency of a GDI engine can be determined.

20

Methods of reduction of fuel consumption as means for CO2 emitted by seagoing ships minimising

80%

Giernalczyk M. , Górski Z.

Journal of KONES

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2013

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tom Vol. 20, No. 4

85--91

EN

The subject of paper is to focus the problem of carbon dioxide emission from seagoing ships. The paper presents analysis of possibilities of fuel consumption minimizing and this way reduction of carbon dioxide emission from seagoing ships. However, The VI Amendment to MARPOL Convention concerning prevention against air pollution by seagoing ships did not take into consideration carbon dioxide emission, the importance of this problem was perceived by international organizations among others by IMO. As a result corrections in VI Amendment to MARPOL Convention were introduced thus forcing reduction of CO2 emission by seagoing ships. Among means reducing emission of carbon dioxide into atmosphere the following are mentioned: construction modifications of new built ships i.e. reduction of ship speed, optimization of main engine and propeller selection, optimization of ship hull shape, application of resistance reducing hull coatings, use of alternative (ecological) fuels and utilization of propulsion plant waste heat. In turn, for ships already in operation methods for fuel consumption and carbon dioxide reduction can be individual for each ship full monitoring of main engine operational parameters and measurement of waste heat utilization rate. According to opinion of paper authors, the minimizing of carbon dioxide reduction can be mainly achieved by utilisation of exhaust gases heat for electric power production in steam turbo alternators running in one- or two stage steam pressure systems. The analysis executed in the paper of one- and two stage steam system advantages shows that one stage steam system is more economically profitable in practice application.