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1

Efficiency of different forest types in carbon storage depends on their internal structure

100%

Gheorghe I. F. , Biris I. A. , Valcu C.-M.

Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae

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2010

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tom 79

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nr 4

EN

Forest vegetation is a key factor in the maintenance of global carbon cycle balance under the present climate change conditions. Forest ecosystems are both buffers against extreme climatic events accompanying climate change and carbon sinks diminishing the environmental impact of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. We investigated the influence of stand structure and site characteristics on the productivity and carbon storage capacity of temperate forest types. Predictors of species productivity were parameters such as stand density, age, height, average diameter and wood density. Morus alba (L.) was more productive than average both in terms of annual volume increment and annual biomass gain, while Quercus sessiliflora (Matt.) Lieb. and Quercus frainetto (Ten.) were significantly less productive than average. Differences in stand productivity were explained by stand density, age, height, altitude, type of regeneration and species composition. Statistically significant differences were measured between the productivity of stands dominated by different woody species, with low productive stands dominated by slow growing species with high wood density like Quercus or Fagus, and highly productive stands rich in fast growing species with low wood density like Populus or Salix. Stands with different plant communities in the underlying herbaceous layer also tended to have different levels of productivity.

2

Diversity of spruce ectomycorrhizal morphotypes in four mature forest stands in Poland

84%

Karlinski L. , Kieliszewska-Rokicka B.

Dendrobiology

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2004

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tom 51

25-35

EN

Ectomycorrhizal communities structure of Norway spruce (Picea abies L. (Karst.) was studied in four mature forest stands: Brenna, Salmopol, Zwierzyniec and Mirachowo. Morphological classification was used to distinguish the major mycorrhizal types associated with spruce in different forest types. Three of the foreststands were located within the natural geographical range of Norway spruce (Brenna, Salmopol, Zwierzyniec) and one (Mirachowo) was located in so-called “spruce-less zone”. The sites differed in terms of environmental pollution. The mountain sites (Brenna, Salmopol) were characterized by relatively high levels of air pollution. The upland forest stand (Zwierzyniec), located in the southeastern part of Poland, was affected by a moderate pollution. The lowland stand in northern Poland (Mirachowo) was free from direct impact of anthropogenic pollution. The level of mycorrhizal colonization was 100% at all the study sites. Thirty-seven mycorrhizal morphotypes were distinguished in total. The number of ectomycorrhizal morphotypes varied between sites from 12 in Salmopol to 28 in Zwierzyniec. From one to three dominant morphotypes were found at the study site. Site-specific morhotypes were also observed. The frequency of mycorrhizal morphotypes differed between the forest stands.

3

Habitat preferences of the Collared Flycatcher, Ficedula albicollis (Temm.) in mountains of continental Croatia

84%

Kralj J. , Ćiković D. , Dumbović V. , Dolenec Z. , Tutis V.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2009

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tom Vol. 57, nr 3

537-545

EN

Habitat selection of Collared Flycatcher, Ficedula albicollis (Temm.) was studied at three mountains of Continental Croatia covered with oak-hornbeam, beech and coniferous forests. Standard point count technique was used (n = 163). Collared Flycatcher territories were found at 59 points, 17 of them identified as the best territories, with two or more pairs present. Habitat at each counting point was described by the circular plot method. Each counting point was further characterized by the forest type. Differences between the proportions of available and used forest types were tested with [x^2] goodness-offit test. Standardized selection index (B) and 95% confidence limits with Bonferroni correction were calculated. PCA was used to identify the principal sources of variation in the habitat structure. In our study, both forest types and structural characteristics of habitat had effect on the habitat choice of the Collared Flycatcher. The Collared Flycatcher preferred oak and beech forests and strictly avoided pure coniferous stands. The best territories are mostly situated in the pure beech and mixed beech forests. PCA on habitat characteristics produced five components which accounted for 84.3% of the variation in the habitat structure. PC1 and PC3 indicated the presence of coniferous trees while PC2 and PC4 indicated the forest age. The PCA revealed significant relationship between Collared Flycatcher presence and several structural characteristics of habitat: total tree density, densities of small and large trees, shrub density and average tree basal area. The best territories were situated in the forest patches with low number of large trees. Tree density is an important factor for habitat selection in younger forests, but in stands older than 100 years, other factors play more important role in the habitat selection. The Collared Flycatcher avoided forests with dense shrub layer.

4

Changes in density and territory size of the Tawny Owl Strix aluco along an altitude gradient: the effect of forest types and wood cover

84%

Salvati L. , Ranazzi L.

Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia

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2002

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tom 45

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nr 2

EN

The authors correlated the percentage cover of forested areas with Tawny Owl Strix aluco density and territory size measured in deciduous woodlands along the elevation gradient in central Italy. They calculated the amount of wooded areas per owl territory on the basis of four forest types (urban woods, sclerophyllous woods, mesophilous woods, and montane beech woods). Breeding density differed 3-fold among forest types and suggests that wood quality has a direct effect in determining spatial patterns. The amount of wooded areas per territory is fairly stable in all forest types, and indicates a mean requirement of ca. 10 ha per territory. The smallest territories were in ca. 5 ha sized. Minimum habitat requirement may depend locally on wood quality. Management strategies based on the forest type should be undertaken to protect the local high-density populations of this owl.

5

The effect of environmental conditions on surface water quality in the Zimnik and Czyrna catchments of the Beskid Śląski

67%

Malek S. , Krakowian K.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2009

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nr 13a

6

Habitat preferences of the Collared Flycatcher, Ficedula albicollis [Temm.] in mountains of continental Croatia

67%

Kralj J. , Cikovic D. , Dumbovic V. , Dolenec Z. , Tutis V.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2009

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tom 57

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nr 3

537-545

EN

Habitat selection of Collared Flycatcher, Ficedula albicollis (Temm.) was studied at three mountains of Continental Croatia covered with oak-hornbeam, beech and coniferous forests. Standard point count technique was used (n = 163). Collared Flycatcher territories were found at 59 points, 17 of them identified as the best territories, with two or more pairs present. Habitat at each counting point was described by the circular plot method. Each counting point was further characterized by the forest type. Differences between the proportions of available and used forest types were tested with χ² goodness-of-fit test. Standardized selection index (B) and 95% confidence limits with Bonferroni correction were calculated. PCA was used to identify the principal sources of variation in the habitat structure. In our study, both forest types and structural characteristics of habitat had effect on the habitat choice of the Collared Flycatcher. The Collared Flycatcher preferred oak and beech forests and strictly avoided pure coniferous stands. The best territories are mostly situated in the pure beech and mixed beech forests. PCA on habitat characteristics produced five components which accounted for 84.3% of the variation in the habitat structure. PC1 and PC3 indicated the presence of coniferous trees while PC2 and PC4 indicated the forest age. The PCA revealed significant relationship between Collared Flycatcher presence and several structural characteristics of habitat: total tree density, densities of small and large trees, shrub density and average tree basal area. The best territories were situated in the forest patches with low number of large trees. Tree density is an important factor for habitat selection in younger forests, but in stands older than 100 years, other factors play more important role in the habitat selection. The Collared Flycatcher avoided forests with dense shrub layer.

7

Current state of Picea abies stands in the Ukrainian Carpathians

67%

Guz M.

Dendrobiology

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2009

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tom 61 Supplement

EN

The paper provides a detailed characterisation of Norway spruce stands in the Ukrainian Carpathians. The majority of natural spruce stands in Ukraine occur in Polesie, while artificial regeneration is spread all over the country. The most densely forested part of Ukraine is the Carpathian region with 41.1% of forest-covered area (2.1 million ha). Spruce-dominated stands occupy about 700 thousand hectares (30%) of the forested area of the state forest fund in the Ukrainian Carpathians, and another 10% of the mixed forests contain 10 to 30% of spruce. Besides pure spruce stands, there are beech-spruce, beech-fir-spruce, and cedar-spruce stands. The most productive stands (750-900m3 stem wood per ha) grow in the middle and lower parts of slopes at 1100-1200 m a.s.l. which have favourable soil and climate conditions. Since the second half of the 20th century, spruce stands in the substantial part of the Ukrainian Carpathians have declined under the influence of complex anthropogenic and natural factors. Although the present condition of most spruce forests in this region remains satisfactory, the degradation processes and the ban imposed in 2006 on planting spruce on non-spruce forest sites (in state forests) may decrease their area in the longer term.

8

The effect of environmental conditions on surface water quality in the Zimnik and Czyrna catchments of the Beskid Śląski

67%

Małek S. , Krakowian K.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2009

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tom no. 13a

205-223

EN

The study was carried out in the year 2004 in the Zimnik and Czyrna catchments situated on opposite slopes of Skrzyczne in the Beskid Śląski Mts. Water samples collected from streams during three sampling sessions were analysed. The first session was carried out during snowmelt (April/May), the second during intensive rainfall in the vegetation season (June) and the third - during low water level (October). A data set consisting of conductivity, water pH, concentrations of major anions (Cl-, NO3-, SO42-) and cations (NH4+, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+) was produced and waters were then classified according to Polish standards (years 2002 and 2004). Chemical composition of stream waters depended on physical and geological properties of drainage areas and on seasonal changes of water level in the catchment. Water class depended also on precipitation and on forest type. It was found that water from most sampling points in streams was unfit for drinking - 66 out of collected 89 samples were beyond the first A1 category and the main reason for that was too low pH and high concentrations of NH4+ and NO3-. During intensive rainfall in the vegetation season higher washing out of cations was observed from beech and multispecies forest stands than from spruce stands, which partly neutralized water pH and in consequence improved water quality. This phenomenon should be considered while afforesting streams neighborhoods where water is or will be used as a source of drinking water.

PL

Badania zostały przeprowadzone w 2004 roku w zlewniach Zimnika i Czyrnej leżących na przeciwległych stokach Skrzycznego w Beskidzie Śląskim. Analizie poddano wody pobrane z potoków podczas trzech sesji pomiarowych. Pierwsza odbyła się podczas roztopów śniegu (kwiecień/maj), druga sesja w trakcie intensywnych opadów deszczu w okresie wegetacji (czerwiec), trzecia przy niskim stanie wód (październik). Analizowano odczyn i przewodność elektrolityczną, oraz stężenie anionów (Cl-, NO3-, SO42-) i kationów (NH4+, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+). Wyniki poddano klasyfikacji wód pitnych wg polskich norm (z 2002 i 2004 r.). Skład chemiczny wód powierzchniowych zależy od fizycznych i geologicznych właściwości utworów budujących zlewnie. Przynależność wód do klasy zależy również od wystąpienia i rodzaju opadów atmosferycznych oraz składu gatunkowego. Stwierdzono niezdatność dużej części badanych wód do picia - 66 z 89 pobranych prób znajdowało się poza klasa A1, głównie ze względu na niski ich odczyn oraz wysokie stężenie NH4+ i NO3-. W drzewostanach bukowych i wielogatunkowych zaobserwowano znacząco większe niż w świerkowych wymywanie kationów podczas intensywnych opadów deszczu, co w pewnym stopniu neutralizowało odczyn wód a tym samym podnosiło jakość wód. Ten fakt powinien być brany pod uwagę przy zalesianiu terenów źródliskowych i sąsiadujących z potokami w obszarach, gdzie wody te wykorzystywane są lub będą w przyszłości, jako dodatkowe ujęcia wód pitnych.