Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Empatia w służbie ludzkości

100%

Cygan M. B.

Zagadnienia Filozoficzne w Nauce

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2019

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nr 67

269-281

PL

Book review: Frans de Waal, Wiek empatii. Jak natura uczy nas życzliwości, tłum. Ł. Lamża, Copernicus Center Press, Kraków 2019, ss. 380.

2

Are all reports on diatoms older than cretaceous not credible ?

89%

Siemińska J.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2003

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tom Vol. 32, No. 3

19-27

EN

A review of approximately 30 published reports on fossil diatoms older than Cretaceous is presented. Together with the Proterozoic diatom remnants found in Poland thirty years ago, the latest unquestionable finds of Cambrian diatoms (Vologdin 1962, Allison and Hilgest 1986, Gapeev 1992, 1995) and the recent report of the partial diatom provenance of siliceous grains in Late Devonian shales (Schieber et al. 2000) make these discoveries reliable.

3

Modular Neural Networks in Assembler Encoding

89%

Praczyk T.

Computational Methods in Science and Technology

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2008

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tom Vol. 14, nr 1

27-38

EN

Assembler Encoding represents Artificial Neural Network in a form of a simple program called Assembler Encoding Program. The task of the program is to create the so-called Network Definition Matrix which maintains all the information necessary to construct a neural network. To generate Assembler Encoding Programs and in consequence neural networks evolutionary techniques are used. The paper addresses the problem of creating modular neural networks in Assembler Encoding. The paper discusses different methods used in Assembler Encoding for this purpose. The methods are described and analyzed in terms of their effectiveness and frequency of use in Assembler Encoding Programs.

4

Anaximandros z Mílétu a evoluce

89%

Kočandrle R.

Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)

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2010

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tom 58

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nr 4

605-622

EN

In his work On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, Charles Darwin talks generally of his classical forerunners, although his only direct reference is to Aristotle. The passage cited by Darwin is, however, in reality a quotation from Empedocles. Although evolutionary thinking in the ancient world is most commonly connected with the said Empedocles, and with Lucretius, one may also point to Anaximander of Miletus. Doxography has preserved several remarks which may portray Anaximander as the precursor of evolutionary thought. Despite the incompleteness of these remarks, it is clear that in Anaximander’s writing there was an account of zoogony and anthropogony. One may suppose that the origin of life was treated by Anaximander as the last phase in the origin of the whole world. This latter was the direct result of the drying of the primal wetness by the sun’s heat. That he connected the drying of the wetness and the origin of life is, however, not supported by direct evidence. The point of departure for the origin of life was most probably water in conjunction with the earth. In the water there lived the first living beings, wrapped in spiny bark which burst open as soon as they came on to dry land. The bark here may be meant as part of a concrete analogy with a cosmogony, and it is indirect evidence that, for Anaximander, there was a direct parallel betwen the description of the world and of living organisms. About living beings we have no other documentary information. We cannot tell, therefore, whether there was, in Anaximander’s system, just one primal species from which all the others developed, or a plurality of primal species which constituted exemplars of species existing at present. Nor is it possible to show whether Anaximander took into account the adaption of species to their new environment, and whether indeed he thought the influence of environment had any effect on their development. Anaximander also presented a pioneering conception of anthropogony. Because of the long-term helplessness of man, he associated human origin with fish, or at least with beings similar to fish. Within these creatures, man originally developed to maturity. Influential on Anaximander’s thinking here is the original environment of water which man could not directly inhabit. On account of the problematic nature of the extant texts we are not in a position to adequately delineate Anaximander’s conception of zoogony and anthropogony. Most probably, however, Anaximander only explained the origin of the first living beings rather than their development into their present form. There are, to be sure, no extant remarks to the effect that Anaximander thought that there was a development of higher species out of lower, or that he took into account adaption to environmental conditions. The attribution of evolutionary thought to Anaximander is not therefore fully warranted. It is probably not justified either.

5

Evolving co-adapted subcomponents in assembler encoding

71%

Praczyk T.

International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science

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2007

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tom 17

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nr 4

549-563

EN

The paper presents a new Artificial Neural Network (ANN) encoding method called Assembler Encoding (AE). It assumes that the ANN is encoded in the form of a program (Assembler Encoding Program, AEP) of a linear organization and of a structure similar to the structure of a simple assembler program. The task of the AEP is to create a Connectivity Matrix (CM) which can be transformed into the ANN of any architecture. To create AEPs, and in consequence ANNs, genetic algorithms (GAs) are used. In addition to the outline of AE, the paper also presents a new AEP encoding method, i.e., the method used to represent the AEP in the form of a chromosome or a set of chromosomes. The proposed method assumes the evolution of individual components of AEPs, i.e., operations and data, in separate populations. To test the method, experiments in two areas were carried out, i.e., in optimization and in a predator-prey problem. In the first case, the task of AE was to create matrices which constituted a solution to the optimization problem. In the second case, AE was responsible for constructing neural controllers used to control artificial predators whose task was to capture a fast-moving prey.

6

Features of the fossil record of evolution

71%

Dzik J.

Acta Palaeontologica Polonica

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1991

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tom 36

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nr 2

EN

Neither allopatric speciations nor extinctions of lineages are directly observable in the fossil record. This significantly reduces the value of inferred durations of taxa as a basis for studies on patterns of evolution. The ranges of taxa detected in rock strata are inevitably shorter than the real durations of lineages. Rates of evolution estimated by counting reported ranges of taxa therefore appear higher than they really were. Biometric studies of gradually evolving lineages indicate that the durations of ‘species’ (morphologies) were actually many times longer. Therefore, the ancestor-descendant relationships along monospecific lineages remain the most important subjects of study in evolutionary paleontology. A way, in which an ancestor-descendant hypothesis can be falsified, is presented.

PL

Testowalność rekonstrukcji przebiegu ewolucji jest jednym z najważniejszych zagadnień paleontologii ewolucyjnej. Wiąże się bezpośrednio z fundamentalnym problemem, czy drzewo rodowe spełnia wymagania stawiane teoriom naukowym. Jego rozstrzygnięcie wymaga precyzyjnego i jednoznacznego sformułowania zasad tworzenia hipotez o powiązaniach ewolucyjnych. Nie wystarcza konstruowanie ich przy użyciu obciążonych subiektywizmem pojęć taksonu i pokrewieństwa krwi. Obiektywnie wyróżnialne są natomiast zespoły skamieniałości w obrębie prób paleontologicznych wykazujące ciągły i jednomodalny rozkład zmienności morfologicznej (odpowiadające neontologicznym fenonom Mayra), które obejmują na tyle krótki odcinek czasu geologicznego, że przemiany ewolucyjne nie deformują w nich rozkładu zmienności. Hipotezy o stosunku pokrewieństwa przodek-potomek dotyczące co najmniej dwu takich jednostek o różnym wieku geologicznym są możliwe do obalenia (sfalsyfikowania) na gruncie paleontologii.

7

Viticultural landscapes in transition: permanence and change

71%

Miętkiewska-Brynda J. , Makowski J.

Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development

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2018

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tom 22

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nr 2

63-68

EN

This article concerns the transitions of cultural landscapes, especially of viticultural landscapes. The authors do not aim to present new definition of the term “landscape” but base their study on the existing output of Polish and foreign scholars. The fact that cultural landscapes are in a constant state of flux is stressed, and periods of both development and regression are included. These phenomena are illustrated with reference to the transformations of Poland's viticultural landscapes, the cultural landscapes of the Palmeral de Elche, and the mouth of the Vistula, as well as the metamorphosis of the landscape of Alto Douro. These examples may be an apt illustration of F. Braudel's concept of “longue durée”.

8

Vineyard's Cultural Landscape in Castilla-La Mancha (Spain): evolution and transformations

71%

Cañizares M. C. , Ruiz Pulpón Á. R.

Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development

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2018

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tom 22

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nr 2

90-94

EN

The autonomous community of Castilla-La Mancha is the region with the biggest vineyard area of Spain. The rural landscape is totally adapted to the geographical conditions of the Mediterranean Europe, with signs of proper identity derived from its historical tradition and a peculiar way of working the territory by the population. Its natural dynamics and complexity, consequence of the capacity to adapt to social and economic processes which have conditioned it over time, is united to the importance of the agricultural structure. This work has the objective to analyse that kind of process with the analysis of the vineyard's historical evolution, transformations derived from the application of the Common Agrarian Policy of the European Union, and its undeniable cultural nature that means an interesting potential to contribute to the territorial development.

9

Man in a modern world. Reflections on the new philosophy of nature

71%

Legocki A. B.

Nauka

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2008

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nr 1

EN

Philosophical theories developed concurrently with scientific thoughts and have consequently contributed to the identification of the main purposes of cognition, thus influencing the essence of progress in civilization. One of the main questions posed here was whether the development of living species in nature is subject to a blind chance in evolution only. Rapid development of science and its exceptional culmination in the 20th century redefined the special place of human being and its natural environment.

10

Geodynamic evolution of the Carpathian Foredeep Basin – a global perspective

71%

Golonka J. , Oszczypko N. , Ślączka A.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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1999

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tom nr 387

100--101

11

Pre-Alpine evolution of Carpathian Foreland within the limits of the Ukraine

71%

Pavlyuk M. , Rizun B. , Pobigun I.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2001

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tom nr 396

119-120

12

Meso-Cenozoic geodynamic evolution of the Western Carpathians

71%

Plasienka D. , Michalik J. , Sotak J. , Kovac M.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2001

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tom nr 396

123-124

13

Natural Selection or Problem Solving. Critical Re-evaluation of Karl Popper's Evolutionism

71%

Boldachev A.

Studia Humana

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2014

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tom 3

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nr 3

29-42

EN

Among the philosophers and the educated audience the name of Sir Karl Popper is usually associated with the critical method, evolutionary epistemology, falsification as a criterion for the demarcation of scientific knowledge, the concept of the third world and with his dislike to dialectics and contradictions. This article is aimed to show in what way all these things are connected in the evolutionary researches of the philosopher and the new conceptions, which he contributed to studying the mechanisms of evolution. Also there is an attempt to comprehend the evolutionary views of Popper, test them for falsification, relate his epistemology with his claims, which he puts forward to the theory of objective knowledge evolution and show the obvious contradiction between them.

14

Krása v kontexte evolučných prístupov

71%

Démuthová S.

Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)

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2019

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tom 67

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nr 4

591-604

EN

Beauty is a meaningful quality of objects that we not only manage to perceive but which evoke positive emotions in us, catching our attention in an appealing way. We have a tendency to prefer beautiful objects. It is apparent that the perceptual and cognitive apparatus of a person is endowed with mechanisms that are able to perceive this quality. The question is, what is the significance of the presence of beauty in the objects themselves and why is it so important for those who perceive these objects. Why does the aesthetic exist at all? This study attempts to point out the evolutionary-biological conception of beauty and uses examples of the attractiveness of the human figure and the human face to shed light on the possible significance of the presence of this quality. It postulates the thesis that from an evolutionary point-of-view beauty is a specific means of presenting biologically important information and the perception of it by an individual is an unconscious mechanism ensuring the survival of one’s own genes.

SK

Krása je významnou kvalitou objektov, ktorú nielenže dokážeme percipovať, ale vyvoláva v nás aj pozitívne emócie, zasahuje pozornosť a pôsobí príťažlivo. Krásne objekty máme tendenciu preferovať. Je zrejmé, že percepčný a kognitívny aparát človeka disponuje mechanizmami, ktoré sú schopné túto kvalitu vnemov postihnúť. Otázkou je, aký význam má prítomnosť krásy u samotných objektov a prečo je tak dôležitá pre tých, ktorí tieto objekty vnímajú. Prečo vôbec estetická skúsenosť existuje a aký je jej účel? Štúdia sa pokúša poukázať na evolučne-biologické koncepcie krásy a na príkladoch atraktivity ľudskej postavy a ľudskej tváre objasniť možný význam prítomnosti tejto kvality. Postuluje tézu, že krása je z evolučného hľadiska špecifickým spôsobom prezentovania biologicky dôležitých informácií a jej vnímanie jedincom je neuvedomelým mechanizmom zabezpečenia prežitia vlastných génov.

DE

Schönheit ist eine bedeutende Qualität von Objekten, die wir nicht nur wahrnehmen können, sondern die in uns auch positive Emotionen hervorruft, unsere Aufmerksamkeit anregt und anziehend auf uns wirkt. Wir neigen dazu, schöne Objekte vorzuziehen. Der Wahrnehmungs- und Verständnisapparat des Menschen verfügt offensichtlich über Mechanismen, die in der Lage sind, diese Qualitäten von Eindrücken zu erfassen. Die Frage ist, welche Bedeutung die Anwesenheit von Schönheit für die Objekte selbst hat und warum sie so wichtig ist für diejenigen, die diese Objekte wahrnehmen. Warum gibt es überhaupt die ästhetische Erfahrung und welchen Zweck hat sie? In der Studie wird auf das evolutionsbiologische Konzept der Schönheit hingewiesen und anhand von Beispielen der Attraktivität der menschlichen Gestalt und des Gesichts die mögliche Bedeutung der Anwesenheit dieser Qualität erläutert. Dabei wird die These aufgestellt, dass die Schönheit in evolutionärer Hinsicht eine spezifische Art der Präsentation biologisch wichtiger Informationen darstellt, und dass ihre Wahrnehmung durch den Einzelnen ein unbewusster Mechanismus zur Sicherung des Überlebens der eigenen Gene ist.

15

A Textual Analysis of John Paul II’s Teaching on Evolution

71%

Chaberek M.

Studia Gilsoniana

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2019

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tom 8

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nr 2

231-247

EN

The author considers John Paul II’s treatment of the topic of evolution in order to retrieve its full content. He starts with an analysis of the Pope’s 1996 Address to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, especially addressing the problem of the meaning of the words that “the theory of evolution . . . [is] more than a hypothesis,” and the problem of hominization. Then, he explores papal statements from 1985 and 1986. Finally, he concludes that John Paul II’s teaching on evolution appears as fragmentary and ambiguous and, as such, requires greater precision and further development, especially for the sake of the Catholic theology of creation.

16

Ewolucje ustroju i funkcjonowania administracji publicznej w Polsce w pierwszej dekadzie XXI wieku

71%

Szewc T.

Organizacja i Zarządzanie : kwartalnik naukowy

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2010

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tom nr 3

125-141

PL

W artykule opisano, jakie czynniki i w jaki sposób wpłynęły na zmianę przepisów regulujących funkcjonowanie administracji w pierwszej dekadzie XXI w.

EN

This paper describes factors and ways of evolution of public administration in the first decade of XXI century.

17

Integrated Education Programmes Evolution in Poland

71%

Marek E.

Problemy Opiekuńczo-Wychowawcze

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2019

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tom 583(8)

17-30

EN

One of the aspects of reforming education in Poland is the curricular reform. Since 1999 until today there have appeared four core curricula of the general education (1999, 2009, 2014, 2017) and several programmes of the integrated education. The purpose of the presented research was to show the changes taking place in early childhood education programmes in 21st century. The research used contents analysis of the following documents: the core curricula and teaching programmes. The presented text includes the synthesis of the programmes research that the author has carried out over the past two decades. Research shows that the most new programmes appeared in 1999, nonetheless, the quantity did not always match the quality. Their authors lacked theoretical foundations and practical experience in constructing such programmes. The research shows that the authors of programmes are increasingly aware of the paradigms that should be present in child education, hence the preferred place they give to constructivism. To the positive changes in the programmes I include the following elements:: individualisation of the education process, applying the diversified methods of working with child, change in the position of a teacher manifested in departing from the transfer of knowledge in favour of diagnosing and supporting child development as well as animating the process of discovering knowledge, indicating the role of parents as school partners. Especially noteworthy are the programmes that arose as a result of competitions and projects implemented in our country. Unfortunately, the fast pace of transformations causes that they have not been disseminated, and their interestingly developed e-learning platforms have disappeared from the Internet. The analysis of the programmes that were created in 2017 shows that they have regressed.

18

According to Newton, the evolution of Classical Physics: epistemological point of view

71%

Borges de Meneses R. D.

Prosopon. Europejskie Studia Społeczno-Humanistyczne

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2018

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nr 3(24)

93-105

EN

Suppression of new ideas that seriously modified the officially accepted explanations was enforced within the religious system, but mere models like the copernian system were tolerated as a way of representing appearances so long as the interpretations were not present as the absolute truth in conflict with official church position. brahe recorded the motions of a comet that moved in the space between the crystalline spheres, but this result was absorbed by the scholastic foundations. meanwhile, on this paper, i explain the positions and foundations of mechanics by the centuries. To Physics is very important role plays the mechanic by the epistemologic questions.

19

Próby interpretacji nauki o grzechu pierworodnym w świetle teorii ewolucji w teologii katolickiej

71%

Stwora T.

Studia Ełckie

|

2012

|

tom 14

453-468

EN

Attempts of explaining the Catholic doctrine of original sin in the light of the theory of evolution are important in the interdisciplinary dialogue between theology and natural sciences. Solutions, proposed by theologians, can be divided into three main groups. Initially the dominating concepts justified monogenism (Adam as the only origin of humanity), while taking the neutral position towards natural sciences, and basing on conclusions drawn from the doctrinal teaching of the Church and biblical exegesis (e.g. young K. Rahner, L. Scheffczyk). In the 60s of the twentieth century, there were studies which were open to natural sciences and the evolutionary vision of the world. There were attempts of reconciling polygenism (a primary community instead of an indi-vidual Adam) with the dogma of original sin, while respecting the indivisible source of the origi-nal sin (late K. Rahner, Z. Alszeghy, M. Flick, R. Schwager). Concurrently, there were theologi-cal suggestions which under the influence of interdisciplinary dialogue gave up on monogenism, individual sinner, and any first sinful community (P. Teilhard de Chardin).

20

Maritime tourism space

71%

Butowski L.

Turyzm

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2014

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tom 24

|

nr 1

51-57

EN

The aim of this article is to provide a description of the processes which take place within offshore and coastal areas treated as contemporary tourism space. The article presents the evolution of maritime space towards the formation of maritime tourism space. It also offers a classification of maritime tourism space types according to types of sailing tourism (investigated on a global scale). The analysis has covered the main geographical-structural conditions and forms of adaptation (with particular focus on coastal areas). The analysis covered seaside areas as well, but only in the context of their functional relation with sea areas. The entire investigation was conducted from the perspective of maritime sailing tourism (yachts and other recreational crafts).