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EN
Changes taking place in the environment of modern enterprises affect the evolution of the main success factors on the market. Nowadays, one of more important issues which concern building permanent competitive advantage is the application of more and more sophisticated strategies and methods of management. Technological progress and also the globalization processes, product development, fast innovation flow are only some of the factors influencing the competitiveness of enterprises. Apart from the necessity of competing in the area of prices, technical and organizational fields, there is a need to present an enterprise as a credible, reliable and honest business partner. With regard to such expectations the idea of Corporate Social Responsibility came into being. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is the philosophy of running a business activity which involves creating permanent clear relationships with all interested parts. CSR is a new direction of changes used in management which affects creating useful conditions for economic, social and ecological development. There are three domains of an enterprise activity in the field of interest of CSR and they refer to: the economic aspect referring not only to generating maximum profit but also creating innovations or increasing competitiveness of an enterprise, the ecological aspect, referring to the protection of the natural environment against the activity of an enterprise, the social aspect, on the one hand, referring to employees as the most important resource of an enterprise, and on the other, to the society in which an enterprise functions.
EN
According to the theory of forest growth cycle, forest communities are dynamic mosaic systems composed of patches in different development stages. On basis of measurement of the four patch types [gap phase (G), building phase (B), mature phase (M) and degenerate phase (D)], the distribution pattern of different patch types and heterogeneity of the light and temperature along an altitudinal gradient were analyzed. The study forests were located in Larix chinensis forests in the Taibai Natural Reserve, and the whole forest was divided into three transects, i.e. low altitude (2900–3000 m a.s.l.), middle altitude (3100–3200 m a.s.l.) and high altitude (3300–3400 m a.s.l.). The implications of environmental heterogeneity on species coexistence and maintenance of species diversity were discussed in this paper. Our results were as follows: (1) In different elevation gradient, the proportions of the four patch types were different. Compared with low elevation and high elevation, in middle elevation, the proportions of gap phase and building phase were obviously lower; while the proportions of mature phase and degenerate phase were noticeably higher. In different elevation gradient, the distribution pattern of the four patch types was changed to some extent. (2) The daily change patterns of light and temperature in different patch types in forest cycle were different. The light intensity was much greater in gap phase than in the other three phases. The light intensity and its amplitude of changes in different patch types followed the order of G>D>B≥M. Air temperature in different patch types followed the order of G>B>D≥M. The amplitude of diurnal temperature changes in air and soil surface followed the order of G>D>B>M. (3) With elevation increasing, light intensity, the biggest air temperature, biggest soil temperature and temperature difference in four patch phase increased significantly, and average air temperature and average soil temperature significantly decreased. The spatio-temporal heterogeneity of ecological factors in different patch types in forest cycle provided a basis to maintain the coexistence of different species with different characteristics within forest community.
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