Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Reconstruction of the equation of state for the cyclic universes in homogeneous and isotropic cosmology

100%

Bamba K. , Yesmakhanova K. , Yerzhanov K. , Myrzakulov R.

Open Physics

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2013

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tom 11

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nr 4

397-411

EN

We study the cosmological evolutions of the equation of state (EoS) for the universe in the homogeneous and isotropic Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) space-time. In particular, we reconstruct the cyclic universes by using the Weierstrass and Jacobian elliptic functions. It is explicitly illustrated that in several models the universe always stays in the non-phantom (quintessence) phase, whereas there also exist models in which the crossing of the phantom divide can be realized in the reconstructed cyclic universes.

2

Wstęp do bayesowskiej metodologii współczesnej kosmologii

100%

Kurek A. , Kukier Ł. , Szydłowski M. , Tambor P.

Zagadnienia Filozoficzne w Nauce

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2009

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nr 45

62-96

PL

The Bayesian framework is used in reconstruction of modern cosmology which actually concentrates on estimation of model parameters. The authors demonstrate that observational cosmology should be treated as an effective theory of the Universe. It realizes dream of science proposed by logical empirism in some sense, i.e. science should be founded on empirical data from the very beginning, and it formulates and amplifies the hypothesis through new empirical data. They have also shown some limitations of the Bayesian approach as well as its advantages when this approach is applied to cosmology.

3

Does time exist in quantum gravity?

80%

Kiefer C.

Zagadnienia Filozoficzne w Nauce

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2015

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nr 59

7-24

EN

Time is absolute in standard quantum theory and dynamical in general relativity. The combination of both theories into a theory of quantum gravity leads therefore to a “problem of time”. In my essay, I investigate those consequences for the concept of time that may be drawn without a detailed knowledge of quantum gravity. The only assumptions are the experimentally supported universality of the linear structure of quantum theory and the recovery of general relativity in the classical limit. Among the consequences are the fundamental timelessness of quantum gravity, the approximate nature of a semiclassical time, and the correlation of entropy with the size of the Universe.

4

Czy filozof powinien bać się Stephena Hawkinga?

80%

Grygiel W.

Zagadnienia Filozoficzne w Nauce

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2011

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nr 49

46-62

PL

Scientists, who have made signiﬁcant contributions to the deepening of knowledge in their area of research, often engage in discussions concerning the ultimate explanations of the Universe. This is particularly visible in cosmology for the theories presented directly refer to the major questions raised by the philosophers such as the origin and the fate of the Universe, the nature of the physical laws and the existence of God. Stephen Hawking has made himself known as one of the most vocal speakers in this regard by insisting that the no-boundary Hartle-Hawking model can be used to explain away the need for any external agent in the creation of the Universe. In his recent popular book entitled The Grand Design written together with Leonard Mlodinow, Hawking declared the death of philosophy on the grounds that it did not stood up to the challenges of science by not answering the ultimate questions the way science is now capable of doing. The article aims at demonstrating that Hawking’s and Mlodinow’s radical claims rest on very strong and ill-justiﬁed philosophical assumptions of the model dependent realism. Although it is a philosophically legitimate standpoint, its reductive character does not permit the extent of generalization as suggested in The Grand Design.

5

Kosmologia wczoraj i dziś - przeżywanie kawałka historii

80%

Heller M.

Zagadnienia Filozoficzne w Nauce

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2010

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nr 46

92-99

PL

Short recollections of an author who with his own eyes witnessed the development of cosmology from purely theoretical speculations to the mature experimental science.

6

Selected Aspects of the Relationship Between Theology and the Natural Sciences

80%

Tambor P.

Roczniki Teologiczne

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2018

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tom 65

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nr 9: Teologia fundamentalna i religiologia - English Online Version

153-172

EN

The article is an elaboration and a critique of certain aspects of the discussion on the relationship between theology and the natural sciences, with special consideration given to the methodological level. In the paper, I will show that in the domain of the natural sciences, there is a crucial and substantial evolution of methodology in terms of the scientific explanation, theories of truth, methods for justifying scientific hypotheses, etc. I will point out the specific loci where theology can effectively meet science, conserving, however, its autonomy and specificity. Modern cosmology is presented as a special case study in this discussion.

7

Dlaczego jest mnóstwo rzeczy raczej niż prawie nic? – „słabe pytanie Leibniza”

80%

Lamża Ł.

Zagadnienia Filozoficzne w Nauce

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2014

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nr 55

91-127

PL

The original Leibniz’s question „Why is there something rather than nothing?” is rephrased in a „weak” way: „Why is there a lot of things rather than almost nothing?”. The first part of the article argues for two propositions: 1) We may not reasonably expect a real answer to the original Leibniz’s question, mostly because the concept of „nothingness” cannot be defined in a way that makes sense and is operational. 2) The „weak” version of the question retains the philosophical „spirit” of the original. In the second part a methodology for answering the weak Leibniz’s question is presented - one of an analysis of the cosmic evolution in terms of the reasons and causes for the emergence of new types of natural objects and processes („things”). A representation the structure of the Universe is presented that is based on a list of ca. 900 names of things derived from the Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) catalogue, representing all natural sciences. Further analyses concern the properties of the Universe and its evolution that cause new things to emerge all the time - although one may imagine and precisely describe a scenario where new things stopped appearing shortly after the Big Bang and now there is almost nothing in the Universe.

8

On the origin of space

80%

Herrmann R.

Open Physics

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2013

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tom 11

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nr 10

1212-1220

EN

Within the framework of fractional calculus with variable order the evolution of space in the adiabatic limit is investigated. Based on the Caputo definition of a fractional derivative using the fractional quantum harmonic oscillator a model is presented, which describes space generation as a dynamic process, where the dimension d of space evolves smoothly with time in the range 0 ≤ d(t) ≤ 3, where the lower and upper boundaries of dimension are derived from first principles. It is demonstrated, that a minimum threshold for the space dimension is necessary to establish an interaction with external probe particles. A possible application in cosmology is suggested.

9

Light refraction in the Swiss-cheese model

80%

Csapó A. , Bene G.

Open Physics

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2012

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tom 10

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nr 4

821-835

EN

We investigate light propagation in the Swiss-cheese model. On both sides of Swiss-cheese sphere surfaces, observers resting in the flat Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) space and the Schwarzschild space respectively, see the same light ray enclosing different angles with the normal. We examine light refraction at each crossing of the boundary surfaces, showing that the angle of refraction is larger than the angle of incidence for both directions of the light.

10

Paradoks grawitacyjny

80%

Pabjan T.

Zagadnienia Filozoficzne w Nauce

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2011

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nr 48

111-126

PL

Philosophical as well as scientific disputes about the role gravitation plays in the structure of the universe took place long before the high-tech cosmology emerged. One of the main topics of these disputes was the problem of the so-called gravitational paradox, which appears when one applies the Newtonian laws of gravity to the whole material content of the universe. According to these laws, gravitation should cause a global collapse what is obviously inconsistent with observations. Various formulations of this paradox are analyzed and their historical context is presented.

11

Od kosmografii do „systemu świata”. Rosyjska kosmologia wieku Oświecenia

80%

Artiemjewa T. W. , Mikeszin M. J.

Zagadnienia Filozoficzne w Nauce

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2009

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nr 45

140-151

12

Matematyka i kosmologia

80%

Heller M.

Zagadnienia Filozoficzne w Nauce

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2012

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nr 50

63-74

PL

The mathematical and cosmological works of a group associated with the Copernicus Center for Interdisciplinary Studies in Cracow are summarized. The group consists mainly of M. Heller, L. Pysiak, W. Sasin, Z. Odrzygóźdź and J. Gruszczak. The first paper by members of the group was published in 1988, and research has been continued to the present day. The main mathematical tool used in the first part of the group’s activity was the theory of differential spaces and, in the second, methods of noncommutative geometry. Among the main topics investigated have been classical singularities in relativistic cosmology and the unification of general relativity with quantum mechanics.

13

The Cosmos and Human Beings from an Interdisciplinary Perspective. “Paradigmatické zmeny v chápaní kozmologickej a antropologickej problematiky. Minulosť a súčasnosť,” [“Paradigmatic Changes in the Understanding of Cosmological and Anthropological Issues. Past and Present”] edited by Zlatica Plašienková, Univerzita Komenského v Bratislave, Bratislava 2021, pp. 308 (rev.)

80%

Zolcer Š.

Studia Philosophiae Christianae

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2023

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tom 59

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nr 1

EN

This book presents a complex picture of the universe and man from historical and contemporary perspectives, including philosophical, theological, and scientific perspectives. It consists of several papers by authors from various fields, and it is divided into three main parts. The first part addresses some interesting questions from the history of philosophy and theology; the second part focuses on contemporary astrophysics and astrobiology and the question of extraterrestrial life; the third part considers the ethical and environmental dimensions of these questions.

14

New results in the use of a “reverse engineering” method in cosmologies with scalar field

80%

Vulcanov D.

Open Physics

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2008

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tom 6

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nr 1

84-96

EN

The method of “reverse engineering” for designing potentials in cosmologies with “quintessence” scalar field is systematically used for several types of cosmologies (through the time behavior of the scale factor). The general recipe is introduced and then applied when matter other than the scalar field is present, and for tachyonic scalar fields. The possibility of using this method for prescribing initial data in numerical simulations in cosmology is investigated.

15

Anaximandrova geometrie

70%

Kočandrle R.

Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)

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2013

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tom 61

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nr 2

163-180

EN

According to tradition Thales brought geometry to Greece from Miletus. Although discussion of the nature of Thales’ geometry has not arrived at a consensus, it seems that the theorems formulated were retrospectively applied in his concrete measurements. So far, however, we have no information about the geometry of Thales’ pupil and successor, Anaximander of Miletus. An exception is presented in the lexicon Suda which claims that Anaximander “in general showed the basics of geometry”. This lexicon at the same time states the points at which the employment of the geometry can be discerned. Most importantly, we have the question of the gnomon, with the help of which an order of measurement is realisable. Clear signs of the application of geometry are likewise shown by Anaximander’s whole conception of cosmology: the shape of the earth and its position at the centre of the universe, and the very description of the heavenly bodies. In addition one can discern geometry involved in the map of the world and the sphere. Thus, although Anaximander is not explicitly connected with geometry, extant texts demonstrate that he significantly exploited geometrical knowledge when he connected concrete observation with the geometrical organisation of the universe as a whole.

CS

Podle tradice přenesl geometrii do Řecka Thalés z Mílétu. Ačkoli v diskusích o povaze Thalétovy geometrie nepanuje konsensus, zdá se, že zformulované teorémy byly až dodatečně uplatněny na jeho konkrétní měření. Již o Thalétově „žákovi a nástupci“, Anaximandrovi z Mílétu, však nemáme žádné zprávy, které by se týkaly geometrie. Výjimku představuje lexikon Súda, který uvádí, že Anaximandros „vůbec ukázal základy geometrie“. Lexikon zároveň vyjmenovává momenty, v nichž může být užití geometrie spatřeno. V prvé řadě se jedná o gnómón, s jehož pomocí mohla být realizována řada měření. Zřejmé znaky uplatnění geometrie vykazuje též celá Anaximandrova koncepce kosmologie: tvar Země a její umístění ve středu univerza, i samotný popis nebeských těles. Podobně lze uplatnění geometrie spatřovat za mapou světa a sférou. Ačkoli tedy Anaximandros není explicitně s geometrií spojován, dochované texty ukazují, že její poznatky významně využil, když propojil konkrétní pozorování s geometrickým uspořádáním celého univerza.

16

Sources of inertia in an expanding universe

70%

Prytz K.

Open Physics

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2015

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tom 13

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nr 1

EN

In a cosmological perspective, gravitational induction is explored as a source to mechanical inertia in line with Mach’s principle. Within the standard model of cosmos, considering the expansion of the universe and the necessity of retarded interactions, it is found that the assumed dynamics may account for a significant part of an object’s inertia.

17

Neutrinos from the Early Universe and physics beyond standard models

70%

Kirilova D.

Open Physics

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2015

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tom 13

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nr 1

EN

Neutrino oscillations present the only robust example of experimentally detected physics beyond the standard model. This review discusses the established and several hypothetical beyond standard models neutrino characteristics and their cosmological effects and constraints. Particularly, the contemporary cosmological constraints on the number of neutrino families, neutrino mass differences and mixing, lepton asymmetry in the neutrino sector, neutrino masses, light sterile neutrino are briefly reviewed.

18

Pochodzenie materii meteorytowej

70%

Kozłowski S.

Acta Societatis Metheoriticae Polonorum

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2023

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tom 14

100-113

EN

In this article, I briefly review the history of the elements in the Universe, starting from cosmic inflation and ending at the creation of elements and minerals that we find in meteorites.

19

Spaces with differential structure and an application to cosmology

70%

Cherenack P. , Ntumba P.

Demonstratio Mathematica

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2001

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tom Vol. 34, nr 1

161-180

EN

Categorical relations between the categories of differential, Frolicher, structured and F-structured spaces are determined and some of the forgetful functors defined on these categories are seen to be topological. The category of differential spaces is seen to be not Cartesian closed (the category of Frolicher spaces is Cartesian closed). Finally, a concrete simple example showing how the the radiation filled Robertson-Walker universe (one space dimension) has a suitable Frolicher space but not of necessity a structured space model is given.

20

Cosmological sigma model with non-minimal coupling to the target space

70%

Shchigolev V.

Open Physics

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2014

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tom 12

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nr 1

32-41

EN

A homogeneous and isotropic Universe in the framework of a nonlinear sigma model with non-minimal coupling to the target space is considered. Preliminary investigation of a two-component model of this sort is conducted. Some solutions for this model are given. Perspectives and directions of development of such a sort of models are discussed.