Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Zagrożenie bezpieczeństwa transportu ropy naftowej i piractwem morskim. Projektowana budowa kanału Kra w Tajlandii w celu ominięcia Cieśniny Malakka

100%

Wardin K.

Rocznik Bezpieczeństwa Międzynarodowego

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2008

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tom 3

133-143

EN

Energy and security are the most important and indispensable elements of a new order at the beginning of XXI century. All countries are interested in keeping this kind of security as its priority especially with in the areas of so called chokepoints, straits and canals, which are very important parts of maritime routes for such powers as The USA, China, Japan or France. The Malacca Straits is one of these important chokepoints. It is also one of the most dangerous seas where robbery and piracy and even terrorism is very common it defi nitely holds up the traffi c in this region and makes it very dangerous. There are some ideas which would possibly could help the problem and one of them is the idea of building The Kra Canal in Thailand. It has been considered for many years, but some other important matters has not allowed to start this plan. Year 2001 brought new possibilities to bring this idea to reality with the international help of countries interested in better security in this part of the world.

PL

Bezpieczeństwo energetyczne jest niezbędnym elementem światowego ładu i porządku w XXI wieku. Jego zabezpieczenie jest priorytetem wszystkich państw, a szczególnie w obrębie tak zwanych „wąskich gardeł”, czyli cieśnin i kanałów stanowiących bardzo istotny fragment tras żeglugowych dla takich potęg, jak USA, Chiny, Japonia czy Francja. Jednym z takich „wąskich gardeł” jest Cieśnina Malakka, na wodach której regularnie dochodzi do aktów piractwa i terroryzmu, co znacznie utrudnia żeglugę w tym regionie. Rozwiązaniem, które spowodowałoby bezpieczną i krótszą przeprawę na tym akwenie, jest budowa Kanału Kra w Tajlandii. Pomysł ten był rozważany od bardzo dawna, ale różnego rodzaju przeciwności nie pozwoliły na rozpoczęcie inwestycji. W roku 2001 pojawiła się ponownie możliwość wybudowania Kanału Kra przy międzynarodowej współpracy państw zainteresowanych bezpieczeństwem w tym regionie.

2

Geodynamics of Sibumasu Block in Southern Thailand: Interpretation from Heat Flow Map

100%

Kongpet P. , Kanjanapayont P.

Geotourism / Geoturystyka

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2023

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tom nr 1-2 (72-73)

37--37

EN

Southern Thailand, located on the thick and stable Sibumasu continental block, is known for its high heat flow despite lacking volcanic activity (Sautter et al., 2017). This study employs the Curie Point Depth (CPD) calculation, an indirect method, to evaluate land heat flow (e.g., Hsieh et al., 2014; Li et al., 2017; Qudsi, 2019). By analyzing airborne magnetic data and utilizing spectral analysis, the study generates CPD, thermal gradient, and heat flow maps for southern Thailand (e.g., Carrillo-de la Cruz et al., 2020; Núñez Demarco et al., 2021). The findings reveal heat flow values ranging from 61.54 mW/m² to 154.25 mW/m², with an average of 90.36 mW/m², surpassing the typical heat flow of 65 mW/m² for continental crust (Turcotte & Schubert, 2002). The study identifies five distinct zones characterized by higher heat flow compared to the surrounding areas: the Ranong fault zone (RF), Khlong Marui fault zone (KMF), coastline of Surat Thani and Nakhon Si Thammarat, Trang and Satun zone, and the Bentong-Roab suture (BRS). The RF and KMF represent active strike-slip faults that penetrate the continental crust into the upper mantle (Kanjanapayont et al., 2012; Sautter et al., 2017), while the BRS denotes a weak zone marking the suture between Sibumasu and Indochina terranes (Metcalfe, 2000), potentially extending into the mantle. The elevated heat flow observed along the coastline of Surat Thani and Nakhon Si Thammarat, as well as in the Trang and Satun zone, may be influenced by burial faults or fractures. Interpretation with P-wave tomography suggests a possible high heat mantle anomaly under southern Thailand (Huang et al., 2015). These initial findings suggest that the high heat flow in the thick and stable continental crust of Sibumasu originates from mantle upwelling caused by surrounding subducted plates under Eurasia. These heat sources manifest through weak zones in extensional regimes such as the RF, KMF, and possible undefined burial faults or fractures, as well as the BRS. The study provides preliminary understanding of present-day geodynamics of the Sibumasu block and its potential implications for mineral resources, petroleum exploration, geothermal energy, and carbon capture and storage.

3

Geological origin of the Permian bedded chert succession distributed in Central Plain of Thailand

100%

Kamata Y. , Phromsuwan W. , Ueno K. , Charoentitirat T. , Sardsud A.

Geotourism / Geoturystyka

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2023

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tom nr 1-2 (72-73)

33

EN

The geotectonic divisions, which are distributed as narrow zones in the north-south direction, are clear in the northern Thailand, but not clearly recognized in the Central Thailand. The Chao Phraya Plain, which occupies the central part of Thailand, is broadly covered with Quaternary sediments. Therefore, the basement rocks of the Paleozoic and Mesozoic are scattered in the form of residual mounds, and due to the lack of stratigraphic and age-determination data, the geological origin of these rocks have been not sufficiently discussed. In this presentation, we will report the results of a study on the geological belongings of bedded chert sporadically exposed in the Chao Phraya Plain, Central Thailand by the microfossil age and geochemical characteristics. The study areas are Thung Saliam (TS) (50 km northwest of Sukhothai) in the northern part of the plain and the Nakorn Sawan–Uthai Thani (NS-UT) area in the central part of the plain. About 20 outcrops of chert were surveyed in both areas. The cherts are distributed in scattered, and most of the cherts are recrystallized and are considered to have undergone contact metamorphism. Chert of the TS is well-bedded with red and the direct contact relationship is unknown, but tuff and limestone (marble) are exposed around it. Chert of the NSUT is also well-bedded with red, black, gray and milky white in color. Altered slatey shale and sandstone accompany the chert and form monadnocks. These cherts might be categorized into typical pelagic cherts because they contain radiolarian tests and sponge spicules in a matrix consisting of very fine clay minerals and microcrystalline quartz, and do not contain coarse-grained terrigenous materials. Sashida & Nakornsuri (1999) reported the occurrence of Pseudoalbaillella simplex, Ruzencevispongus sp., and so on from the TS chert and they assigned their age to Wolfcampian. Whereas, Saesaengseerung et al. (2007) report radiolarian occurrence of the Ps. loemntaria Assemblage (Artinskian) and Follicucullus scholasticus Assemblage (Capitanian-Wuchiapingian) from the NS-UT chert. Whole-rock chemical analysis was performed on three sections their ages were determined by radiolarians. In the Chondrite-normalized REE pattern, TS chert indicates negative anomaly of Ce, and NS-UT chert shows relatively flat and profile of the downward-sloping in the LREE. The geological age of the study sections and their REE patterns are similar to those observed in the Sa Kaeo area in southeastern Thailand. The Permian bedded cherts exposed in TS and NS-UT areas are often accompanied by thin layers of fine-grained siliciclastics and tuff, which are weakly metamorphosed and foliated. Since the chert itself has a relatively thin thickness (several meters to 10–20 m) in each outcrop, and basically has a north-south strike. These cherts occurrence and lithofacies of both areas are similar and indicate that cherts of both areas are geologically comparable as pointed out by Ueno et al. (2012). Ueno et al. (2012) clarified that the central part of Thailand, where the geotectonic division was unclear, can be divided into three geotectonic units from west to east: Sibumasu Block, Sukothai Zone and Indochin Block. However, the origin of the Permian chert has not been clarified. Paleozoic and Mesozoic cherts distributed in Thailand remind us bedded cherts deposited in the Paleo-Tethys from the Devonian to the Triassic. However, no cherts other than the Permian have been reported in the central part of mainland Thailand. Instead of the Paleo-Tethys chert, the Sa Kaeo-Chanthaburi suture and the Nan-Uttaradit suture are well-known as geological units containing Permian chert in southeastern Thailand. These sutures have been understood as a closed remnant of the Permian to Triassic back-arc basin stretched between the Indochina Block and the Sukhothai Arc. The fact that the Permian cherts of the central plain are distributed in the eastern part of the Sukhothai Zone and near Indochina Block suggests that these Permian cherts comparable to the Permian chert of the Sa Kaeo-Chanthaburi Suture. In addition to the geological evidence, the geochemical features of the Permian chert represented by the REE pattern are similar to those of the Permian chert in the Sa Keo area. Line of evidence mentioned above suggests that the Permian bedded chert distributed the central Thailand (TS and NS-UT areas) have originated to the Permian chert of the Sa Kae-Chanthaburi or Nan-Uttaradit sutures which is a remnant of backarc basin.

4

Pierwsza w Tajlandii

88%

W.K.

Biuletyn Informacyjny Ośrodka Badawczo-Rozwojowego Przemysłu Płyt Drewnopochodnych w Czarnej Wodzie

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1993

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tom 34

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nr 1

41-42

5

The occurrence of Capitanian fusulinoidean fauna and giant bivalve Alatoconchidae from Khao Khwang Formation, Central Thailand

88%

Charoentitirat T. , Sirot S. , Maneerat W.

Geotourism / Geoturystyka

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2023

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tom nr 1-2 (72-73)

14

EN

Khao Khwang Formation is widely distributed in central Thailand. It is represented by Late Pennsylvanian to Middle Permian thick-bedded limestone with chert nodules. Rock samples belonging to this formation have been collected. They are light to dark grey, thick-bedded to massive limestone with black nodular cherts. The abundant and extraordinarily gigantic bivalve Alatoconchidae together with fusulinoidean fauna (Verbeekina verbeeki, Colania douvillei and Pseudodoliolina pseudolepida), fragments of coral, ammonoid, brachiopod, sponge, gastropod, etc. were observed. Based on the characteristic fusulinoidean fauna, it indicates Capitanian in age. Microscopically, limestone samples were classified as bioclastic rudstone and packstone. The detailed lithologic and carbonate microfacies observations, Alatoconchidae beds, deposited parallel to the bedding plane and related with oncoids and microbial, are autochthonous in shallow marine. Condensed accumulation of other fossil fragments found in the study areas might be transported by gravity flow.

6

Radiolarian age and geochemical characteristics of the Permian bedded chert sequence in the Soi Dao area, Chanthaburi, Southeast of Thailand

75%

Phromsuwan W. , Kamata Y. , Ueno K. , Charoentitirat T. , Sardsud A.

Geotourism / Geoturystyka

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2023

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tom nr 1-2 (72-73)

56--56

EN

Permian chert and siliceous mudstone in the Soi Dao, Chanthaburi Thailand are extracted the details on radiolarian assemblage and age, change of depositional environment, and geochemical characteristics. Permian radiolarians were obtained in three study areas (ASD01, ASD14 and ASD09); which radiolarian age of each section is as follows: ASD01: Early Asselian to Early Sakmarian, ASD14: Late Sakmarian to Artinskian, and ASD09: Capitanian to Early Changhsingian. Considering the lithofacies, ages, and chemical composition of the rocks, a preliminary stratigraphy consisting of basaltic rock, radiolarian bedded chert, siliceous mudstone, and coarse-grained clastic of alternation of sandstone and mudstone in ascending order can be reconstructed. Data on geochemistry analysis, particularly chondrite-normalized REEs patterns of chert and siliceous mudstone, present a gradual change in that degree of the Ce negative anomaly decrease toward the stratigraphical upper position. These changes indicate that the depositional site of the Permian rocks transferred from a state of high hydrothermal activity to a state of weakened activity and that the influx of terrestrial clastics increased. Permian bedded cherts accompanied by basalts and siliceous mudstones recognized in the study area closely resemble to the Paleo- ‑Tethys bedded cherts in terms of their lithofacies and microscopic features; however, their depositional period is much shorter than that of the Paleo-Tethys, indicating that it was deposited in another oceanic basin. The chemical compositions also show that the influence of hydrothermal activity weakened from the strong state, and the terrigenous clastics rapidly supplied.

7

Uwagi na temat problemow miejskich Tajlandii.

75%

Winidowa J.

Czasopismo Geograficzne

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1999

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tom 70

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nr 1

85-92

8

Impact of entrepreneur education on entrepreneurial self-employment : a study from Thailand

75%

Chienwattanasook K. , Jermsittiparsert K.

Polish Journal of Management Studies

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2019

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tom Vol. 19, No. 1

106--116

EN

The prime objective of the current study is to investigate the impact of communication and innovation on the views of self-employment of entrepreneurial graduates of business schools in Thailand. Particularity, two direct hypotheses of two dimensions of entrepreneur education namely communication skills and innovation for their effect on views on self-employment of graduates of business schools in Thailand. In addition to that, the current study has examined the moderating role of technical knowledge in the relationship between innovation, communication skills and views on self-employment of graduates of business schools in Thailand. Study used structural equation modelling and regression approaches for the data collected from the students of top five business schools in Thailand. Findings of the study indicate that there is significant and positive impact of communication skills and innovation on views about self-employment. While significant and positive moderation of technical knowledge on the relationship between communication skills, innovation and views about self-employment.

PL

Głównym celem artykułu jest zbadanie wpływu komunikacji i innowacji na poglądy na temat samozatrudnienia absolwentów szkół biznesu w Tajlandii. Przedstawiono dwie bezpośrednie hipotezy o dwóch wymiarach edukacji przedsiębiorcy, a mianowicie umiejętności komunikacyjne i innowacje i ich wpływ na poglądy na temat samozatrudnienia absolwentów szkół biznesu w Tajlandii. Ponadto zbadano moderującą rolę wiedzy technicznej w związku między innowacjami, umiejętnościami komunikacyjnymi i poglądami na temat samozatrudnienia absolwentów szkół biznesu w Tajlandii. W badaniu wykorzystano modelowanie równania strukturalnego i podejście regresyjne do danych zebranych od uczniów pięciu największych szkół biznesu w Tajlandii. Wyniki badania wskazują na znaczący i pozytywny wpływ umiejętności komunikacyjnych i innowacji na poglądy na temat samozatrudnienia. Znaczące i pozytywne moderowanie wiedzy technicznej na temat relacji między umiejętnościami komunikacyjnymi, innowacjami i poglądami na temat samozatrudnienia.

9

Mosty przez Chao Phraya w Bangkoku

75%

Stańczyk A.

Drogownictwo

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2014

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tom nr 5

177--181

PL

Tajlandzkie mostownictwo kojarzy się nam przede wszystkim z mostem na rzece Kwai. Niesłusznie. Mosty przez Chao Phraya w Bangkoku, który traktujemy jako miejsce przesiadki z samolotu do autokaru są tak interesujące i różnorodne, że warto zatrzymać się nawet kilka dni, by obejrzeć je z „tramwaju” wodnego i z brzegów.

EN

When we think of Thai bridges we think above all of the bridge on the Kwai river. We tend to ignore the bridges across the Chao Phraya river in Bangkok, which we think of as mere places of transit between airplane to bus. Yet these bridges are so interesting and varied that it is worth stopping even for a couple of days to observe them from the water tram and from shore.

10

Charakterystyka cyklonów tropikalnych występujących na obszarze Tajlandii w poszczególnych porach roku i towarzyszących im warunków pogodowych na podstawie danych z lat 2000-2009

75%

Krystkowiak A.

Badania Fizjograficzne nad Polską Zachodnią. Seria A: Geografia Fizyczna

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2014

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tom 65

11

The Indigenous Fisherman Divers of Thailand: Diving-Related Mortality and Morbidity

75%

Gold D. , Geater A. , Aiyarak S. , Wongcharoenyong S. , Juengprasert W. , Johnson M. , Skinner P.

International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics

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2000

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tom Vol. 6, No. 2

147--167

EN

The Urak Lawoi are indigenous fishermen on Thailand’s west coast. The population includes an estimated 400 divers who dive using surface-supplied compressed air. In a cross-sectional survey conducted among the 6 major communities of Urak Lawoi, questionnaire-based interviews were administered to active divers, ex-divers, and families or colleagues of divers who had died in the previous 5 years. Six deaths resulting from diving-related accidents were identified, indicating a diving-related mortality rate of approximately 300 per 100,000 person-years, while in the same 5-year period 11 divers had been disabled owing to diving-related events, indicating a diving-related disabling event rate of approximately 550 per 100,000 person-years. Among 342 active divers interviewed, one third reported having suffered from decompression illness, although based on reported current symptoms over 50% were classified as suffering from recurring non-disabling decompression illness. Physical examination conducted on a subset of 98 active divers revealed the presence of spinal injury (clonus, raised muscle tone, and heightened reflexes) and of joint damage (pain in one or more joint, crepitus, or restricted movement) in 24 and 30% respectively. Improved primary prevention and medical treatment are needed to reduce mortality and morbidity among this population.

12

Tajlandia jednym z największych na świecie producentów i eksporterów ryżu. Import zbóż zdominowany przez pszenicę

75%

Przegląd Zbożowo-Młynarski

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2017

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tom 61

|

nr 5

13

Osady po tsunami z południowej Tajlandii

75%

Siepak J. , Frankowski M.

Przegląd Komunalny

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2006

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tom nr 9

82-82

PL

Przemieszczająca się po oceanie fala tsunami nie niesie ze sobą osadów, natomiast cały zdeponowany materiał w strefie wybrzeża pochodzi z przybrzeża, plaży i lądu. Dlatego też osady tsunami mogą być bardzo różne w zależności od tego, jaki materiał jest dostępny dla fali. Ponadto na skład osadów po tsunami wpływa wiele innych czynników, np. ukształtowanie terenu, typ roślinności oraz rodzaj i ilość powstających fal, wpływających na zróżnicowanie procesów sedymentacyjnych.

14

Lasy, owady i nie tylko – impresje z północy Tajlandii

75%

Tracz H. , Mokrzycki T. , Mazur S. , Borowski J. , Byk A.

Studia i Materiały Centrum Edukacji Przyrodniczo-Leśnej

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2013

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tom 15

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nr 4[37]

15

The Indigenous Fisherman Divers of Thailand: Diving Practices

75%

Gold D. , Aiyarak S. , Wongcharoenyong S. , Geater A. , Juengprasert W. , Gerth W. A.

International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics

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2000

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tom Vol. 6, No. 1

89--112

EN

Diving practices of a group of indigenous people living on Thailand’s west coast were investigated. Village chiefs were first interviewed using a questionnaire. Three hundred and forty-two active divers were then interviewed by health care workers using a second questionnaire. Field observation was used to further develop information and confirm diving practices. Divers in 6 villages, whose basic means of making a living is from diving for marine products such as fish and shellfish, have diving patterns that put them at substantial risk of decompression illness. Breathing air from a primitive compressor through approximately 100 m of air hose, these divers have long bottom times coupled with short surface intervals. Forty-six point two percent of the divers indicated that they would not make a stop during ascent from a long deep dive (40 m for 30 min). When comparing their previous day of diving to the U.S. Navy Standard Air Decompression Table (U.S. Navy, 1993), 72.1% exceeded the no-decompression limits set by the tables. Diving patterns point to a need for more in-depth research into the diving patterns of this indigenous group. Future research should include the use of dive logging devices to record depths and times. There is also a need to provide divers with information and training to reinforce positive practices and strengthen knowledge of the risks associated with their current diving practices.

16

Władza niekolonialna: studium przypadku. Historia Tajlandii po polsku

75%

Flasiński T.

Dzieje Najnowsze

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2022

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tom 54

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nr 4

249-263

EN

The article reviews the Polish edition of the classical synthesis of Thai history written by Chris Baker and Pasuk Phongpaichit. While both the book and the translation are of high quality and worth reading, the former contains a few omissions and dubious opinions, and the latter some mistakes.

PL

Artykuł omawia polskie wydanie klasycznej syntezy historii Tajlandii pióra Chrisa Bakera i Pasuk Phongpaichit. Jakkolwiek książka jest wysokiej jakości i warta lektury, a przekład oddaje jej sprawiedliwość, zwrócić należy uwagę na kwestie pominięte w pracy i wyrażane w niej wątpliwe opinie oraz na pewne błędy w tłumaczeniu.

17

Assessment of energy consumption by a numerical method technique to decide on installing solar power plants in Thailand

75%

Trerutpicharn S. , Kongsong W. , Kongbenjapuch K.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2021

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tom R. 97, nr 6

144--153

EN

A solar power system was designed for sustained loads; however, there was a problem when using the system for a long period of time, so it could not function as designed. This research found methods or tools to solve the problem or reduce the above problems to an acceptable level to make long-term use for loads that would continuously function. As a result, there was higher performance and reliability from the study of the tools and methods for solving the problem. It was found that numerical methods could be used to solve these problems and were responsive to the engineering applications. This paper was research on developing a model and presenting the analytical content in another form according to the research report, so to be developed in terms of energy considerations and system design to make the use of the system most efficient and beneficial. This was due to the use of solar power systems with an improper design as backup power systems. Hence, there are often problems in terms of economics and system performance involved. In addition, the size of the system must be too large in order to provide a sufficient energy supply to the energy storage system.

PL

Zaprojektowano system zasilania energią słoneczną do ciągłych obciążeń; jednak wystąpił problem podczas używania systemu przez długi czas, więc nie mógł on działać zgodnie z przeznaczeniem. W ramach tych badań znaleziono metody lub narzędzia do rozwiązania problemu lub zredukowania powyższych problemów do akceptowalnego poziomu w celu długotrwałego wykorzystania obciążeń, które będą stale funkcjonować. W rezultacie uzyskano wyższą wydajność i niezawodność. Stwierdzono, że do rozwiązania tych problemów można zastosować metody numeryczne i są one przydatne w zastosowaniach inżynierskich.

18

The evidence of Palaeotropics and the Gondwana-derived terrane: an alternative scenario of the Palaeotethys divide in SE Asia

75%

Udchachon M. , Burrett C. , Thassanapak H.

Geotourism / Geoturystyka

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2023

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tom nr 1-2 (72-73)

73--74

EN

Along the Northern part of the West Thailand Region (NWTR), a long-lasting belt of radiolarian cherts, separates Pennsylvanian to Permian palaeotropical limestones of the Inthanon Zone to the east from Permian limestones in the west containing a temperate marine fauna in the Roadian and a biogeographically distinctive fusulinid fauna in the Wordian. Highly abundant but low diversity of Kungurian radiolarians in silicified shales as well as temperate faunas in limestones from the south and the west of Thailand, respectively support constrains in the temperate environment during the period of deglaciation in peri-Gondawana. The well-known underlying diamictite and overlying temperate sediments with the succeeding fully tropical limestone sequences support a gradational palaeoclimate transition. Devonian faunas found in condensed sequences of the NWTR were deposited in a deep platform or ramp environment. A lack of basalts in the NWTR does not suggest oceanic environments for any Palaeozoic sequence within the NWTR and a paucity of basalts in the northwestern part of the Inthanon Zone also does not provide good evidence of an oceanic realm. Indeed, ‘continental margin’ Carboniferous sandstones appear to underlie the palaeotropical limestones and their plant fossils and their benthonic faunas do not suggest oceanic conditions in the northwestern Inthanon Zone. We, therefore, suggest that an autochthonous or para-autochthonous Inthanon Zone origin for these Carboniferous sandstones is more likely than deposition within a subducting Palaeotethyan Ocean. A strong contrast between the ‘temperate’ Permian limestones of the NWTR and the tropical limestones of the Inthanon Zone further emphasises the Mae Yuam/Mae Sariang Fault Zone (MYMS FZ) as a reactivated oceanic boundary between Gondwana and ‘Cathaysia’ and is supported by the oceanic lithosphere origin of the detrital Cr spinels in the Triassic foreland basin siliciclastics of the NWTR. The limestones of the Inthanon Zone range from Visean to Permian and possibly Triassic and were deposited in shallow, tropical seas for over 90 million years. This longevity is either not possible or highly unlikely for shallow marine carbonates on volcanic seamounts supported on subducting (and therefore cooling and sinking) ocean crust (Huppert et al., 2020) but is possible on isolated carbonate platforms on continental crust separated by narrow basins with limited volcanism. Carboniferous sandstones and Devonian-Permian radiolarian cherts from the Inthanon Zone are continental marginal and are neither pelagic nor oceanic and are interpreted as deposited in extensional, deeper basins between the isolated carbonate platforms. We suggest an alternative hypothesis to the overthrust/ allochthon model where the NWTR is the eastern platform margin of the Sibumasu Terrane from the Devonian through to the Triassic and separated from the Inthanon Terrane by an ocean in the position of the MYMS FZ. It is suggested that Inthanon rifted from Gondwana in the Early Devonian and the NWTR, as part of the Sibumasu Terrane, rifted off in the early Permian. As the Inthanon Terrane ribbon continent drifted northwards the continental crust thinned and extended and small rift basins allowed basalts to be extruded associated with deep-water, continental margin, hemipelagic, non-hydrothermal radiolarian oozes. Isolated carbonate platforms were established on Carboniferous sandstone bases and were separated by deep-water but non-pelagic extensional basins. Turbidites originating on the carbonate highs supplied carbonates clasts containing Devonian through Permian conodonts, to the adjacent basins (Udchachon et al., 2018). We provisionally suggest that the Sukhothai Terrane rifted with Inthanon with its older siliciclastic successions of the Siluro-Devonian (?) Khao Kieo Formation and the unconformably overlying Carboniferous (Dan Lan Hoi Group) (Bunopas, 1982; Ueno & Charoentitirat, 2011) supplying siliciclastic and volcaniclastic debris to the Inthanon Zone. This hypothesis is broadly in accord with Dew et al.’s (2018) ‘explanation A’ for the crustal geochemistry of the northern Thailand terranes. In the early Permian (Kungurian) Sibumasu was probably in cool to temperate seas but by the middle Permian, the NWTR had rifted from Gondwana and was in the southern hemisphere tropics (13° ±2° S, Zhao et al., 2020). Terrane collision occurred during the Triassic (Ishida et al., 2006; Mitchell et al., 2012; Cai et al., 2017; Hara et al., 2021) with the establishment of a thrust front along the Mae Sariang Thrust Zone and the deposition of the mainly siliciclastic Mae Sariang Group on the NWTR within a foreland basin.

19

Światowe potęgi cukrowe wspierają ich rządy

75%

Rozanska A.

Poradnik Plantatora Buraka Cukrowego

|

2015

|

nr 2

20

Proces sądowy w Tajlandii

75%

W.K.

Biuletyn Informacyjny Ośrodka Badawczo-Rozwojowego Przemysłu Płyt Drewnopochodnych w Czarnej Wodzie

|

1993

|

tom 34

|

nr 3