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DAS WECHSELSPIEL VON TEXT UND KONTEXTEN – GEORG BÜCHNERS DANTON'S TOD UND DIE ZWEI GESICHTER DER REVOLUTION

100%

Holl M.-K.

World Literature Studies

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2014

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tom 6 (23)

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nr 3

51 - 78

EN

This reflection begins with a scandal: In 2007 Martin Mosebach the recent prize-winner of the prestigious Georg-Büchner-Preis provoked a public outcry with his thesis comparing Saint-Just, Büchner and Himmler for their dealing with violence in giving ideological excuses. It shows how extreme interpretation can be. Especially Georg Büchner´s Danton’s Tod is since its existence a battle field of ideological standpoints between left and right concerning Georg Büchner’s sight towards revolutionary action and the needs and risks of violence. Up to our days we can see that ideological battle in the first discussions about the Marburger Ausgabe (the critical edition of Büchner’s literal work in 2000) and the crucial edition of Danton’s Tod. There it is shown once more how different the same literal communication can be interpreted and judged especially if it is focused on a single item like the speech of St. Just in II, 7 as a standpoint of the author himself – pro or contra violence. We should transparently control our methods without cutting new and creative approaches. Methods more close to the text and methods more focused on history of ideas, historical and social contexts could deliver an answer how Georg Büchner wanted to show the problems of terror in avoiding old ideological discussions. The sociological approaches like Niklas Luhmann ́s theory of systems and Jan and Aleida Assmann ́s theory of collective (social) memory deliver a good framework helping to show changes in the shapes of production, reception and interpretation. In the view of Niklas Luhmann’s theory of systems the French Revolution marks the turning point towards a modern functionally orientated society.

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ON THE ONTOLOGICAL STATUS OF HUMAN LANGUAGES, THE FUNCTIONS, THE TASKS OF LINGUISTICS AND LANGUAGE PEDAGOGY (Zum ontologischen Status menschlicher Sprachen, zu ihren Funktionen, den Aufgaben der Sprachwissenschaft und des Sprachunterrichts)

84%

Grucza F.

Kwartalnik Neofilologiczny

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2010

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tom 57

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nr 3

257-274

EN

As a first step, the author takes into consideration the ontological status of the phenomena called human languages. In terms of their status, the author divides these phenomena into two categories. One of them includes the phenomena denoted by such terms as the Polish language, the German language, the English language etc. These phenomena are not real languages. In fact, they are (more or less adequate) models of real languages. Such models are autonomous entities, existing outside concrete human brains (minds). In contrast, real languages do not exist outside concrete human brains (minds). They are parts of the mental spheres of concrete human brains (minds) that enable them to produce concrete expressions, to make them meaningful, to identify expressions and their meanings etc. The second part of the article is devoted to a discussion about the function of real languages and their functional correlation with relevant real cultures. The third part presents a view about the goals of linguistics. Like any other empirical science, linguistics is supposed to present not only descriptive and historical knowledge, but also applicative knowledge. The ultimate goal of linguistics is to help people to understand one another worldwide. In other words, linguistics should try not only to reconstruct the structures of real human languages, to describe their functions etc., but also to find out how people can improve their communication, achieve their communicative goals more effectively, develop their multilingual and multicultural communicative competence in a shorter time, etc.

3

Audiovizualnost z aspektu masmedialnej manipulacie

67%

Rozenberg S.

Communication Today

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2010

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tom 1

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nr 2

22-38

EN

Media information manipulation in the present days has lost its features of an extraordinary, extremely non-ethical and mainly inacceptable banned mean. Information manipulation has been used everywhere where there are for a particular subject no reasons, opportunities, possibilities and means from the view of its particular (utilitarian) interests to purposely influence attitudes, opinions, motivation and behaviour of individuals and social groups. To conclude and to do it gently, it is to be called the manipulation with the public opinion. When examining particular aspects of this issue it is impossible to rely upon the terminology which would be sufficiently complex, in Slovak conditions stable and generally accepted. This fact causes it is impossible to start examining particular problems, as before doing so it is necessary to explain and define the basic points and draw the line of a possible effective approach. The effect of manipulation is the change of an existing or creation of a new evaluating viewpoint and relation of the recipient to something definite what influences (manipulates) its future actions, behaviour, opinions and attitudes. The viewpoint from the aspect of basic information and communication knowledge theory is crucial: if some of the real information systems reach the dominant mass media position and are used as the source of prevailing inadequate or redundant information, logically, instead of processes deepening the composition of information system - such as human consciousness (shaping and development of personality, its autonomy and integrity), it initiates the growth of entropy in mind. It is true that each piece of inadequate information, which is 'pressed' on the structure of system, changes it as a whole and from the human viewpoint devalues the system as it weakens its ability to regenerate. Positive, full-value informedness can be achieved only through the exchange of adequate and additive information.