Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

UMENIE ŽIVOTA MEDZI SÓKRATOM A EPIKTÉTOM

100%

Suvák V.

Filozofia (Philosophy)

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2017

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tom 72

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nr 2

81 – 91

EN

The concept of philosophy as an art or a way of life is an invention of Socratic philosophy. During the Hellenistic era, later Stoics developed the original Socrates’ conviction of the care of the self into a systematic attitude called “art of living”. The paper deals with differences we see between Socratic and Stoic concepts of philosophy on the background of the lectures on ancient problematization of life given by Michel Foucault. The main purpose of the paper is an interpretation of Epictetus’ concept of art of living as a philosophical attitude to the life of the individual, which is not primary connected with philosophical knowledge (mathēsis) but rather with constant work of the self on the self (askēsis).

2

SOME SKETCHY NOTES ON THE REAPER ARGUMENT

100%

Marko V.

Organon F. medzinárodný časopis pre analytickú filozofiu

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2012

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tom 19

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nr 3

361 – 387

EN

The paper deals with the possible readings of The Reaper Argument premises. Some conjectures related to the Stoics’ alleged proof of the argument are discussed.

3

RANOKRESŤANSKÁ TRANSFORMÁCIA GRÉCKEHO POJMU LOGOS VO FILOZOFII JUSTÍNA MARTÝRA

88%

Gažík P.

Filozofia (Philosophy)

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2008

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tom 63

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nr 2

169-173

EN

Justin Martyr has adopted and elaborated the term 'logos' primarily for the apologetic reasons. Although he himself was inclined more to Platonism, it was the philosophy of the Stoics which become the ground of his considerations. Divine 'Logos' fully manifested itself in Jesus Christ, although in the past it was also partially present in the various testimonies of God - not only in the Old Testament prophets, but also in the Greek philosophers. They participated on God's revelation since they were influenced by the rudiments of 'logos'. In Justin Martyr's opinion, this rudimental, spermatic logos (logos spermatikos) is present in every human being and therefore everyone could, to some extent, know Christ even before His incarnation. Justin Martyr's interpretation of 'logos' was meant to address the educated helenized readers and listeners. In his opinion, both the Jewish law and the Greek philosophy found their fulfillment in Jesus Christ as the revealed 'Logos'.

4

Determinizm a odpowiedzialność

75%

Smakulska J.

Archeus. Studia z bioetyki i antropologii filozoficznej

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2013

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tom 14

109-125

EN

The aim of the article is to discuss the possibility of keeping the notion of responsibility valid, despite the inborn determinism of a human being. In the context of responsibility, the incompatibility of free will and determinism, is one of the most complex and diﬃcult philosophical issues. B. Wolniewicz and S. Pinker are both the supporters of genetic determinism, however they do not negate responsibility. They claim that the idea of justice, or natural law, is deeply rooted in human nature. The main reason why people demand punishment for criminals is due to the fact that criminals contravene the moral order. Progress which is taking place in biological sciences might be perceived as a threat to the idea of justice, because some discoveries in this ﬁeld may be used by lawyers for justifying criminal deeds by evolutionary reasons and eventually proving their innocence. In fact, there is no such a danger, as explaining someone’s conduct is not the same as justifying it. Understanding does not mean forgiving. Biological sciences might be helpful in more profound understanding of the problem.

5

NAOZAJ FREGE PLAGIZOVAL STOIKOV?

75%

Gahér F.

Filozofia (Philosophy)

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2021

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tom 76

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nr 7

499 – 520

EN

The similarity between logic and semantics of the Stoics and Frege has long been known, and it can be explained in various ways. In 2021, Susane Bobzien published a work in which she explains this similarity rather surprisingly: she hypothesizes that Frege helped himself generously with the foundations of Stoic logic as it was published in the first volume of History of Logic in the West by Carl Prantl. However, this hypothesis encounters various problems. The key point of the whole accusation is founded on the formulation of a general proposition in language using implication and anaphora, which Frege took supposedly from the Stoics, although in Prantl’s text there is only one example of a sentence with this structure. On the contrary, there are many examples of such sentences in contemporary professional (e.g. legal) texts. Many examples of semantic similarities that Bobzien presents are based only on the similarities between isolated concepts; however, that is regularly the case for such concepts with the same conceptual basis. Bobzien presents a significant number of matches only on the basis of results that could be inferred allegedly from the texts. However, this cannot be considered as a proof of plagiarism. Bobzien does not consider many sources for the continuity of interpretation such as the so-called hypothetical syllogism found in available textbooks of logic. Last but not least, her claims do not consider many differences between Stoic and Frege’s logic. All this leads us to the conclusion that Bobzien does not present sufficient facts and connections between them that would confirm her hypothesis about Frege’s plagiarism of the Stoic logic: Frege simply was not a plagiarist.

6

ANTISTHENÉS A PAIDEIA. K SÓKRATOVSKÉMU MODELU VÝCHOVY

63%

Cepko J.

Filozofia (Philosophy)

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2011

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tom 66

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nr 6

535-544

EN

The article focuses on Antisthenes' concept of paideia, which, undoubtedly, must have been inspired by Socratic tradition. The decisive fragment - 'the beginning of education is the research in names' - points to the connection between logic and ethics as it is witnessed in Xenophon's and Plato's dialogues. However, there are several differences as well. The author compares Antisthenes' paideia with the rhetorical ideal of Isocrates. Then he displays several variations of the Socratic model inside the Socratic circle. Antisthenes shows no interest in the metaphysical development of his Teacher's thought and he offers a positive ethical ideal to be followed. This is the point where Cynics and Stoics carried on the Socratic tradition, the former putting stress on ethics and the letter completing it with logical studies.